Journal of Transport and Land Use
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The Journal of Transport and Land Use (JTLU) was established in 2008 as an interdisciplinary open-access, peer-reviewed journal focusing on the interaction of transport and land use. Domains include engineering, planning, modeling, behavior, economics, geography, regional science, sociology, architecture and design, network science, and complex systems. The University of Minnesota Center for Transportation Studies is the publisher and primary sponsor of JTLU. Since 2011, JTLU has been the official journal of the World Society for Transport and Land Use Research (WSTLUR).
Journal home: www.jtlu.org
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Item The Role of Employment Subcenters in Residential Location Decisions(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Cho, Eun Joo; Rodriguez, Daniel A.; Song, YanIn this paper we employ Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, a polycentric city with 10 employment subcenters, as a case study to explore the role of employment subcenters in determining residential location decisions. We estimate discrete choice models of residential location decisions: conditional logit models and heteroscedastic logit models with both the full choice set and sampled choices. We find that access to certain employment subcenters, measured in terms of generalized cost, is an important determinant of households’ residential location decisions. The proximity to specific employment subcenters varies across households with different income levels. These patterns can be explained by existing land use and transportation patterns, as well as by subcenters’ economic specialization.Item From the Editors(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Levinson, David M.; Krizek, Kevin J.This article introduces the second issue of Journal of Transport and Land Use (vol. 1, no. 2).Item Introducing the Journal of Transport and Land Use(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Levinson, David M.; Krizek, Kevin J.; Dijst, Martin J.; Lo, Hong K.; Guo, Jessica Y.This article introduces the Journal of Transport and Land Use and its inaugural issue.Item Equity Impacts of Transportation Improvements On Core and Peripheral Cities(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Leck, Eran; Bekhor, Shlomo; Gat, DanielThe aim of this paper is to assess the short-term impact of transportation improvements on the reduction of socioeconomic disparities between core and peripheral cities. Data used in the analysis was extracted from the 1995 Israel Census. The methodology applied in the study was to estimate discrete choice models in an attempt to identify key variables affecting commuting decisions. Policy simulations are employed to illustrate the effect of diminishing spatial friction on wage convergence between poor southern towns and affluent core cities. The empirical evidence suggests that transportation improvements, especially in the form of introducing new rail links in underserved cities, could significantly contribute to the alleviation of spatial wage disparities between core and peripheral cities.Item The Role of Urban Form in Shaping Access to Opportunities(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Scott, Darren M.; Horner, Mark W.This study employs a comprehensive suite of accessibility indices to investigate whether American cities are designed in such a way that the locations of goods, services, and other opportunities favor certain socioeconomic groups over others. In so doing, the study’s findings contribute to pressing policy issues such as social exclusion. Seven counties of the Louisville, KY-IN MSA serve as the study area for the investigation. Data are derived from three sources: a geocoded travel diary survey that was conducted in the study area in 2000, a geocoded database of all urban opportunities in the study area, and a database containing shortest path travel times between the locations of households and urban opportunities. Accessibility indices (i.e., gravity, cumulative opportunity, and proximity) are computed for households found in the trip diary survey. Furthermore, these indices are defined for 34 types of opportunities: four aggregate types (i.e., retail, service, leisure, and religious) and 30 disaggregate types representing the 10 most popular destinations for trips for each of the first three aggregate types. Non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests are used to compare the accessibilities of five socioeconomic groups (i.e., individuals residing in rural communities, individuals residing in single-person and single-parent households, individuals residing in low-income households, women, and the elderly) to their counterparts. Except for individuals residing in rural areas, our findings indicate that groups, which conventional wisdom would suggest are at risk of social exclusion, are not disadvantaged in terms of accessibility.Item Counterpoint: Accessibility and Sprawl(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Crane, RandallThis essay provides a counterpoint to Robert Bruegmann's perspective on accessibility and sprawl in this journal volume. Bruegmann's recent work on the history of urban form situates contemporary discussions of sprawl in a well-researched historical context; however, this essay takes a different perspective on several key points in Bruegmann's analysis, particularly in relation to cost-benefit analysis for transportation-disadvantaged populations.Item Cities as Organisms: Allometric Scaling of Urban Road Networks(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Samaniego, Horacio; Moses, Melanie E.Just as the cardiovascular network distributes energy and materials to cells in an organism, urban road networks distribute energy, materials and people to locations in cities. Understanding the topology of urban networks that connect people and places leads to insights into how cities are organized. This paper proposes a statistical approach to determine features of urban road networks that affect accessibility. Statistics of road networks and traffic patterns across 425 U.S. cities show that urban road networks are much less centralized than biological vascular networks. As a result, per capita road capacity is independent of the spatial extent of cities. In contrast, driving distances depend on the size of the city, although not as much as is predicted by a completely centralized model. This intermediate pattern between centralized and decentralized extremes may reflect a mixture of different travel behaviors. The approach presented here offers a novel macroscopic perspective on the differences between small and large cities and on how road infrastructure and traffic might change as cities grow.Item Accessibility: Long-Term Perspectives(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Axhausen, KayImproved accessibility and its correlate lower generalized cost of contact, travel and transport have been sought by dynamic human societies for their economic and social benefits throughout recorded history. The paper will reflect about this process at a number of different spatial and temporal scales based on a conceptual model. Looking back at European history, it will trace the interaction between Christaller’s logic of local market areas and the idea of (low contact cost) network cities. Focusing on Switzerland since 1950 it will show how network investment changed the relative distribution of population and employment and how this interacted with changes in the preferences of the travelers. Using a recent snapshot of how a substantial sample of Swiss maintain their social networks over often very large areas, it will try to answer the question of what will happen in the future, if the current trend of ever lower costs of contact will persist.Item A Use-Based Measure of Accessibility to Linear Features to Predict Urban Trail Use(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Ottensmann, John R.; Lindsey, GregThe standard Hansen measure of accessibility is extended to provide a use-based measure of accessibility reflecting the elasticity of use with respect to the level of provision of facilities. This is further extended to provide a measure of accessibility to linear features, such as trails (as opposed to features at point locations such as parks and libraries). Results from a survey on the use of urban trails in Indianapolis, Indiana are used to test the ability of this accessibility measure to predict trail use. The use-based measure of accessibility to linear features provides better predictions of use and more consistent estimates of the effects of distance and level of facility provision on trail use.Item Point: Sprawl and Accessibility(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Bruegmann, RobertThis essay argues that many of the assumptions that have been made about sprawl are misleading or just wrong. Nowhere has this been more the case than in debates about transportation and access. Because of this, it is not surprising that a good many of the policies advocated by proponents of Smart Growth would almost certainly lead to reduced mobility and impaired accessibility for a large part of the population. At very least, the debates over sprawl have pitted private vs. public transportation in a way that has contributed to serious underfunding of transportation infrastructure of all kinds.Item Managing the Accessibility on Mass Public Transit: The Case of Hong Kong(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Lo, Hong K.; Tang, Siman; Wang, David Z.W.Public transit services (PTS) improve mobility and accessibility, and reduce car dependence. It is ideal if PTS are financially sustainable, with affordable fares and expedient quality. The success of PTS on accessibility improvement can be reflected by their level of patronage: do travelers choose to use them in lieu of their private cars? PTS in Hong Kong are renowned for their quality and profitability, superbly addressing the accessibility need for the city; they carry over 90% of the 11 million daily trips. A comparison of the per capita train-car and bus-vehicle kilometer run of PTS in Hong Kong with those in London and Singapore, however, suggests that it is not purely the supply that affects the use or accessibility of PTS in Hong Kong. By tracing and analyzing the development of PTS in Hong Kong over the past two decades, we found evidence that the high level of accessibility on mass public transit in the territory can be attributed to the land use policy of developing compact, high-density township, accompanying transport policies of granting high priority to the development of mass transit facilities and providing ways to ensure the financial viability of privately operated PTS, especially the innovative approach of integrating the development of public transport facility and property so as to exploit their synergy. In this paper, we study and highlight elements that contribute to the development of high accessibility on mass public transit in Hong Kong.Item Integral Cost-Benefit Analysis of Maglev Rail Projects Under Market Imperfections(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Elhorst, J. Paul; Oosterhaven, JanThis article evaluates a new mode of high speed ground transportation, the magnetic levitation rail system (Maglev). The outcomes of this evaluation provide policy information on the interregional redistribution of employment and population and the national welfare improvement of two Dutch urban-conglomeration and two Dutch core-periphery projects. This article also compares the results of an integral cost- benefit analysis with those of a conventional cost-benefit analysis and concludes that the additional economic benefits due to market imperfections vary from –1% to +38% of the direct transport benefits, depending on the type of regions connected and the general condition of the economy. Finally, the article concludes that none of the Maglev projects should be considered socially desirable.Item Book Review: Planning for Place and Plexus(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Handy, Susan L.This article reviews the book Planning for Place and Plexus: Metropolitan Land Use and Transport by David M. Levinson and Kevin J. Krizek (Routledge, New York; 2008).Item Seven American TODs: Good Practices for Urban Design in Transit-Oriented Development Projects(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Jacobson, Justin; Forsyth, AnnIn the past few decades, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has emerged as a popular and influential planning concept in the United States. Physical design is an important aspect of making TOD projects work as it is a crucial means of coordinating relatively intensive land uses and multiple transportation modes. This paper analyzes seven American TOD projects in terms of urban design and concludes with a discussion of “good practices” for future TOD projects focusing on development processes, place-making, and facilities. This paper supplements prior scholarship on TOD that has tended to focus on policy issues such as regulation and financing.Item Correspondence: Urban Mobility Plans and Accessibility(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2009) Dejeammes, MaryvonneIn France, as in other European countries, towns and cities have committed to reducing the negative effects of automobile traffic—accidents and air pollution—either by regulation or voluntarily in order to improve their inhabitants’ quality of life. Creating urban transport plans (PDUs) involves favoring non-automotive travel modes—walking and cycling—as well as public transport. Investment choices and planning of corresponding facilities are an excellent opportunity for improving accessibility to the town and public transport for disabled people and those with reduced mobility. The French law of February 11, 2005 “for equality of rights and chances, participation and citizenship of disabled people” included an obligation for PDUs to include an accessibility appendix whenever they are created, changed or revised. After a short review of the new regulatory obligations for authorities responsible for public transport and cities, this paper examines how PDUs approved since 1997 have dealt with the issue of accessibility for pedestrians and users of public transport. Two examples are analyzed. The first is the PDU for the town of Mulhouse, the actual decisions made concerning highways and public transports and the lessons learned by following indications and the difficulties encountered in involving local authorities responsible for accessibility modifications. The second example is the experience of Valenciennes in creating a street accessibility plan that will form part of the revision of the PDU. these examples highlight the institutional difficulties encountered and suggest methodological elements to facilitate cooperation between the various partners concerned and agreements with disabled people’s associations.Item Mode Choice of Older People Before and After Shopping(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2009) Su, Fengming; Schmöcker, Jan-Dirk; Bell, Michael G.H.With the population aging in many countries, older people’s travel is recently getting more attention in the transportation literature. However our understanding of factors influencing their mode choice is still limited. In this research the focus is on mode choice for shopping trips as these are the most frequent trips of older people. The study is not limited to trips to the shopping centre, but investigates the combined mode choice of trips to and from the shop in order to understand also which factors influence mode changes. Two types of models - the multinomial logit (MNL) and the nested logit (NL) - are fitted to data from the London Area Travel Survey. The nesting structure is used to test the correlation in mode choice before and after shopping. A particular focus of the models is on the importance of accessibility variables such as bus and rail stop density and service quality for specific areas of London. The results show that mode choice combinations such as “walk to shop and take the bus back” are not as frequent as sometimes thought and that bus stop density is of more significance to older people than attributes describing the quality of the bus services like service frequency.Item Access, Aging, and Impairments Part A: Impairments and Behavioral Responses(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2009) Schmöcker, Jan-DirkThis article introduces vol. 2, no. 1 issue of Journal of Transport and Land Use.Item Assessing the extent of transport social exclusion among the elderly(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2009) Titheridge, Helena; Achuthan, Kamalasudhan; Mackett, Roger; Solomon, Juliet“Social exclusion” is a concept that has become increasingly prominent in the UK and else- where in the last ten years. Social exclusion occurs as a result of a series of problems that prevent people from being able to participate in activities that are considered normal in their society. Some of these problems are related to issues of accessibility. This paper outlines work carried out in the context of the AUNT-SUE (Accessibility and User Needs in Transport in Sustainable Urban Environments) project to develop and model an appropriate set of accessibility benchmarks for older people. Results confirmed that the travel patterns of older people are very different from those of the average person in the UK and that it was necessary to tailor accessibility benchmarks to the characteristics of this group. A set of benchmarks was developed based on ability to undertake different types of activity. these benchmarks are currently being incorporated into AMELIA, a GIS-based tool for assessing the effect of different policy actions on accessibility. Issues that have arisen include how to model the myriad micro-level cir- cumstances that affect the mobility of older people. Some initial analysis has shown that these details can make a substantial difference to the assessment of the accessibility of a destination. Examples are drawn from St Albans in Hertfordshire, UK.Item Book Review: Urban Structure Matters(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2009) Chen, XuemingThe author reviews the book Urban Structure Matters by Petter Naess (Routledge, 2006).Item Older people and local public transit: Mobility effects of accessibility improvements in Sweden(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2009) Wretstrand, Anders; Svensson, Helena; Fristedt, Sofi; Falkmer, TorbjörnSeveral transportation factors concerning older and disabled people are under transition in Sweden at present. By the year 2010, the public transit system must be fully accessible for all passengers. The present survey studied older people, in order to assess the perceived travel opportunities. Questionnaires were sent to a sample of older citizens (75+) in three Swedish mid-sized municipalities. The general conclusions were that even though older people show appreciation of the existing travel opportunities, there was evidence for restricted mobility for some sub-groups of these older people, due to various perceived barriers. These groups have few optional modes, and despite various accessibility measures, special transportation services – the mandatory demand-responsive transport service – continues to provide crucial mobility. Hence, there is more to be done regarding accessibility and usability in public transit for older people. Further studies have to clarify reasons for bus travel cessation. Even larger efforts have to be put into accessibility improvements, in particular intermediate transit solutions in order to meet the regulations and policies.