Dr. Clifford M. Wetmore

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1993 Elemental Analysis of Lichens of the White Mountain National Forest Wilderness Areas: Final Report.
(1995-04) Wetmore, Clifford M.
In the final report on the lichens and air quality in the White Mt. National Forest Wilderness areas (Wetmore, 1989) it was recommended that a restudy of the elemental analysis of lichens be done every five years. This report is on the first restudy done in 1993. In this study five species of lichens were collected during August, 1993 at the same localities as in the previous study. The methods used were the same as in the previous study. The results of this study showed similar or slightly lower levels of most elements in most species. ANOVA and pairwise comparisons by statistical analysis showed significantly lower levels in 1993 than 1988. No one locality had consistently higher levels of accumulation. The elemental levels in the White Mt. wilderness areas were lower than in the Lye Brook Wilderness of the Green Mt. National Forest. It is concluded that there probably has been no degradation in the air quality in the wilderness and there might have been a slight improvement in the air quality. The recommendation is made that the periodic five-year restudy of elemental analysis be continued.
1995 lichen studies in Apostle Islands National Lakeshore: Final report
(1996-05) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Bennett, James P.
This study of the lichens of the Apostle Islands was in two separate parts. Part one was to survey the lichens on Long Island in all vegetational types noting the species sensitive to sulfur dioxide and the substrates on which the lichens grew. Part two was to make collections for elemental analysis on Long Island and at the three localities sampled in 1987 and compare the results of elemental analysis in 1987 with those from 1995. The lichen flora of Long Island is quite diverse with 88 species found including 14 new species records for the park. There were four species very sensitive to sulfur dioxide. All of the lichens found were in good health and with normal fertility. The new species records are mainly due to the abundance of jack pines and red oaks. The lichens studied by elemental analysis show normal ranges of all elements in 1995 with no correlation between elements and localities. In comparison of the 1995 data with the 1987 data there are several noticable changes. Some elements have increased and some have decreased. The increase of Cr and Ni should be studied further as possible indicators of anthropogenic pollution. Recommendations are made for protection of Long Island, for moving the elemental monitoring site on Raspberry Island and for periodic (5 years) restudy of the lichens by elemental analysis.
1997 Elemental analysis of Boundary Waters Canoe Area lichens of the Superior National Forest: Final report
(1998-03) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Bennett, James P.
In the final report of the first study of the lichens and air quality in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (Wetmore, 1987) it was recommended that a restudy of the elemental analysis of lichens be done every five years. A restudy was done in 1992 (Wetmore 1993a) and the present report is on the second restudy done in 1997. In the present study four species of lichens were collected during August, 1997 at the same localities as the previous studies. The methods used were the same as in the previous studies. Statistical analyses of data from all three years showed that species differences are highly significant but locality and year differences are of much less significance. The Isabella Lake and the Trap Lake localities have unusually high levels of some elements and that the enriched levels of Cd in Hypogymnia physodes at Basswood Lake, Isabella Lake, and Lake La Croix may be nearing damaging levels for this species. The recommendation is made that the periodic five-year restudy of elemental analysis be continued. USPS staff should attempt to determine the reasons for the high levels of some elements at Isabella Lake and Trap Lake.
2000 Elemental Analyses of Lichens in three Arkansas and Missouri Wilderness Areas: Final report
(2001-04) Bennet, James P.; Wetmore, Clifford M.
In the final report of the first study of the lichens and air quality in the Hercules Glades Wilderness of the Mark Twain National Forest (Wetmore, 1992a) it was recommended that a re-study of the elemental analysis of lichens be done every five years. The present report is on the restudy done in 2000. This report also includes comparison with new collections from Caney Creek Wilderness of the Ouachita National Forest and Upper Buffalo River Wilderness of the Ozark National Forest. In the present study lichens were collected during May, 2000 at the same localities as the previous studies in Hercules Glades by the second author. The methods used were the same as in the previous studies. The increases at Hercules Glades appear to be occurring in the eastern part of the wilderness near Hercules Lookout Tower and Long Creek. Nutritional elements have decreased concurrently in the same part of the wilderness compared to the western part. Elemental analysis values for Caney Creek and Upper Buffalo River were comparable to other areas studied and seem to be in the normal range for clean areas. It is also recommended that further studies be done in Hercules Glades to discover the causes for the increases in elemental levels since the original study.
2000 elemental analysis of lichens in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and George Washington Carver National Monument: Final report
(2001-04) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Bennett, James P.
In the final report of the first study of the lichens and air quality in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) (Wetmore 1988) and George Washington Carver National Monument (GWCA) (Wetmore 1992) it was recommended that a restudy of the elemental analysis of lichens be done every five years. This report is on the results of a restudy done in 2000. In August; 2000, four species of lichens were collected at three of the same localities in SLBE as the previous studies. In GWCA only one species was resampled at one locality in May, 2000. The methods used were the same as in the previous studies. Statistical analyses of data from SLBE indicated that of the 15 elements measured in both years, six were significantly different for Cladina: Cd, Cr, Mn, Na, Pb and S. Chromium, Mn and Na all increased, while the other three decreased. The analysis of the GWCA data showed that twelve elements out of 23 plus ash changed significantly between 1991 and 2000, although this is based on very small sample sizes. The recommendation is made that the periodic restudy of elemental analyses of both areas be continued but on a more frequent interval in GWCA and with more samples to determine if the changes are consistent. The five-year periodic restudy in SLBE seems to be adequate.
2001 Lichen studies in Apostle Islands National Lakeshore: final report
(National Park Servce, 2002-01) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Bennett, James P.
2002 Elemental Analysis of Boundary Waters Canoe Area Lichens of the Superior National Forest, Minnesota: Final report.
(2003-08-04) Bennett, James P.; Wetmore, Clifford M.
In the 1986 report on the lichens and air quality in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area it was recommended that a restudy of the elemental analyses of lichens be done every five years. A restudy was done in 1992 and 1997. The present report is on the third restudy done in 2002 using the same methods, species and localities. The most significant finding of the fourth sampling is a dramatic decrease in Ph content in the lichens, which continues to decline and not level off. There is also a consistent upward trend in alkali and alkaline earth metals which is unexplained. Sodium shows a significant decrease from west to east, suggesting a source near Lac La Croix. Isabella Lake continues to show high concentrations of some elements. Hypogymnia physodes, an important biomonitoring species in this study, continues to show elevated levels of Ca, Mg and Mn.
2003 Lichen Studies in St. Croix National Scenic Riverway: Final Report.
(2004-05-20) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Bennett, James P.
During 2003 a re-study of the lichens of St. Croix National Scenic Riverway was done. In addition to collections for elemental analysis, new complete lichen collections were made at 15 localities for new species records. There are now 282 lichens found in the park and the new species list should replace the list prepared for the 1991 report. This list includes 20 new species for the park. There are eight species in the park that are on the lists of threatened or endangered lichens for Minnesota or Wisconsin. The number of lichen species increases significantly about eight species per degree of latitude from south to north. The most number of species by county were found in Burnett Co., WI. Lead has decreased significantly overall since the first sampling in 1990, but continues to be higher at Riverside than anywhere else. A local source of lead in this area remains a mystery. Cadmium has not decreased significantly over time, and continues to be elevated at Namekagon Dam. Other lichen species at this locality also have elevated Cd, confirming that there is probably an unknown local source of this element. Unlike the previous two heavy metals, Mn has increased significantly over time, and appears to be very high at Radspur.
2004 Lichen Studies in the Rainbow Lake Wilderness of the Chequamegon National Forest, Wisconsin: Final report
(2005-02) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Barrett, James P.
2006 Stereocaulon Survey in Hiawatha National Forest: Final report
(2006-10) Wetmore, Clifford M.
2008 Lichen Studies in Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Minnesota
(2009-01-12) Wetmore, Clifford M.
The lichen flora of Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Minnesota, was studied by sampling 37 localities along the 110 kilometer long park, resulting in 76 species, which are thought to represent 80% of the complete flora.
Catalogue of the lichens of the Falkland Islands.
(1964) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Elemental Analysis of Boundary Waters Canoe Area lichens of the Superior National Forest: Final report
(1993-10) Wetmore, Clifford M.
In the final report on the lichens and air quality in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (Wetmore, 1987) it was recommended that a restudy of the elemental analysis of lichens be done every five years. This report is on the first restudy done in 1992. In this study four species of lichens were collected during June, 1992 at the same localities as the previous study. The methods used were the same as in the previous study. The results of this study showed some increase in five elements (AI, Fe, Cu, Cr and K) in lichens. These elements may come from airborne dust or their increase may be due to random changes. ANOVA and pairwise comparisons by statistical analysis showed a significant increase in the element group {AI, Fe, Cr, S} in all species at most localities but a decrease in {B} at all localities. The Trap Lake locality was more freqently at the low end of the accumulation scale and Lac La Croix was more frequently at the high end. It is concluded that there probably has been no important change in the air quality in the wilderness. The recommendation is made that the periodic five-year restudy of elemental analysis be continued.
Keweenaw Mine Lichen Study : Report
(2005-11) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Keys to the Lichens of China
(2003) Wetmore, Clifford M.
KEYS TO THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA
(2005) Wetmore, Clifford M.
In preparation for a manual on the lichens of Minnesota numerous new collections have been made in many parts of the state and most of Fink's Minnesota collections have been re- studied. There are about 35,000 Minnesota collections in the herbarium and the lichen flora has increased to over 700 species. These preliminary keys have been prepared as an aid to further work on this flora and also for the use of students studying lichens in this area. The task of identifying the Minnesota lichens and preparation of the keys has been greatly facilitated by the work of Richard Harris and his keys to the Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. The Minnesota keys are mostly new with the exceptions of the key to genera, key to the pyrenolichens and key to Bacidia which are only some what modified from those of Harris. However, all of these keys make use of some of the information in the Michigan keys by Harris and his contribution is gratefully acknowledged. The generic concepts are generally not as narrow as those of some workers but reference is usually made to the placement in the smaller genera. However, generic limits are changing so rapidly it is almost impossible to keep up. A few species not yet found in Minnesota but likely to be found are included but enclosed in parentheses. The 1998 revision adds some genera not included before, updates the nomenclature, corrects typographical errors and reformats the keys. These keys are still arranged according to the old spore-based genera because many of the characters used to distinguish the newer small genera are difficult (ascus tips, HPLC, etc.). In most cases the smaller genera also have their own keys. A few of the old synonyms are also indicated until we learn what the new names are. The 2005 revision adds a few keys and corrects some keys, nomenclature and errors. Some of the recently reported species are not in the keys but are listed at the end before the index.
The lichen flora of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming
(1965) Wetmore, Clifford M.
The lichen genus Nephroma in North and middle America
(1959) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichen Inventory of Ottawa National Forest
(2004-03-08) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichen Survey of Hiawatha National Forest
(2005-05) Wetmore, Clifford M.