Dr. Clifford M. Wetmore

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Selected References from the Reprint Collection of Dr. Clifford Wetmore
(2015) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichens and air quality in Three Prairie Parks, Effigy Mounds National Monument-Iowa, Homestead National Monument-Nebraska, Wilson's Creek National Battlefield-Missouri: Final Report.
(1997-06) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Bennett, James P.
This study of the lichens of three prairie parks being studied by the National Park Service was designed 1) to collect lichens for lichen species lists, 2) to collect lichens for elemental analysis, 3) to study the health and distributions of species most sensitive to air pollution, and 4) to assess the effects of air quality on lichens. The parks were Effigy Mounds National Monument (EFMO), Homestead National Monument (HOME), and Wilson's Creek National Battlefield (WICR). Each park is treated in a separate section of this report. Eleven localities were studied in EFMO, three localities in HOME, and 10 localities in WI CR. Samples of two species were also collected at localities in each park for elemental analysis. The lichen floras are reasonably diverse for each area. There were 79 species present in EFMO, 19 species present in HOME, and 88 species present in WICR. Two undescribed new species were found in WICR and one additional new species in EFMO. All of the lichens found were in good health and with normal fertility. The lichens studied by elemental analysis showed elevated levels of soil contamination and some elevation of anthropogenic elements in HOME but all elements in EFMO and WICR were comparable to other clean areas. There seemed to be no indications of threatening air quality problems (primarily from sulfur dioxide) in these parks. Recommendations are for periodic (5 year) restudy of the lichens by elemental analysis. A complete lichen restudy of the lichen flora should be done every 10-15 years. The localities where undescribed species were found should receive protection. If construction or maintenance activities are planned within these areas a lichenologist should be consulted to prevent loss of species.
Catalogue of the lichens of the Falkland Islands.
(1964) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichens and air quality in Grand Portage National Monument: Final Report.
(1992-10) Wetmore, Clifford M.
This study of the lichens of Grand Portage National Monument was designed to collect lichens for a lichen flora and for elemental analysis, to study the health and distributions of species most sensitive to air pollution, and to assess the air quality on the lichens. Six localities were studied, both near the shore of Lake Superior and on the Pigeon River. Samples of four species were collected and analyzed for element accumulations. The lichen flora was quite diverse for so small an area. There were 183 taxa of lichens present and numerous species very sensitive to sulfur dioxide. The distributions of the most sensitive species did not show patterns that would suggest air quality problems. The lichens studied by elemental analysis showed, in most cases, normal accumulations. The reason for the higher magnesium in three species at Fort Charlotte is unknown but the slightly elevated lead levels at Mt. Rose may be due to automobile traffic. Therefore, there seem to be no indications of air quality problems in the park now. Recommendations are for annual elemental analysis of lichens to detect any changes due to the reactivation of the power plant at Schroeder. A complete restudy of the lichen flora should be done every 3-5 years.
Lichens and air quality in Hercules Glades Wilderness of Mark Twain National Forest: Final Report.
(1992-06) Wetmore, Clifford M.
This study of the lichens of Hercules Glades Wilderness was designed 1) to collect lichens for a lichen flora census, 2) to collect lichens for elemental analysis, 3) to study the health and distributions of species most sensitive to air pollution, and 4) to assess the effects of air quality on lichens. Seventeen localities were studied throughout the wilderness. Samples of two species were collected at five localities for elemental analysis. The lichen flora is quite diverse. There were 179 species present and several species very sensitive to sulfur dioxide. The distributions of these sensitive species do not show patterns that would suggest air quality problems. All of the lichens found were in good health and with normal fertility. The lichens studied by elemental analysis show normal levels of all elements with the possible exception of levels of manganese at Coy Bald. Therefore, there seem to be no indications of air quality problems in the wilderness. Recommendations are for periodic (5 years} restudy of the lichens by elemental analysis. A complete lichen restudy of the lichen flora should be done every 10-15 years. If extensive manipulation of the vegetation of the balds is planned, a lichenologist should be consulted to prevent loss of species that grow only in the balds.
Keys to the Lichens of China
(2003) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichens of Yellowstone National Park Phase II: Final Report.
(1999-11-01) Eversman, Sharon; Bennett, James P.; Wetmore, Clifford M.; Glew, Katherine
Three hundred sixty-four lichen species in 105 genera have been identified from 84 sites in Yellowstone National Park; 190 species are reported from the park for the first time. About 41% of the species were saxicolous, 25% were corticolous or lignicolous, 18% were terricolous, and 16% were on rotting wood, mosses, litter or other lichens. About 44% of the species were crustose, 34% were foliose, 7% were fruticose; the remaining, including Cladonia, were squamulose or "pin" lichens. Twenty-nine species were collected from 20 or more sites (common), and 174 species were identified from three or fewer sites (rare). Douglas fir burned in 1988 is being recolonized by eight species, and burned soil in a Douglas fir forest zone is being recolonized by Peltigera didactyla and P. rufescens. Forty-three species have been reported as being sensitive or intermediately sensitive to air pollutants. Bryoria fremontii and Letharia vulpina tissues were analyzed for elemental content; except for mercury, the levels of most elements were similar to those recorded in other parts of the region.
1993 Elemental Analysis of Lichens of the White Mountain National Forest Wilderness Areas: Final Report.
(1995-04) Wetmore, Clifford M.
In the final report on the lichens and air quality in the White Mt. National Forest Wilderness areas (Wetmore, 1989) it was recommended that a restudy of the elemental analysis of lichens be done every five years. This report is on the first restudy done in 1993. In this study five species of lichens were collected during August, 1993 at the same localities as in the previous study. The methods used were the same as in the previous study. The results of this study showed similar or slightly lower levels of most elements in most species. ANOVA and pairwise comparisons by statistical analysis showed significantly lower levels in 1993 than 1988. No one locality had consistently higher levels of accumulation. The elemental levels in the White Mt. wilderness areas were lower than in the Lye Brook Wilderness of the Green Mt. National Forest. It is concluded that there probably has been no degradation in the air quality in the wilderness and there might have been a slight improvement in the air quality. The recommendation is made that the periodic five-year restudy of elemental analysis be continued.
Lichens and air quality in White Mountain National Forest Wilderness Areas: Final report.
(1989-05) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichens and air quality in Voyageurs National Park: Final report, chemical analysis supplement
(1984-06) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichens and air quality in Voyageurs National Park: Final report.
(1983-06) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichens of Voyageurs National Park: Final report.
(1980-10) Wetmore, Clifford M.
NPLichen: A database of lichens in the U.S. National Parks: 2005 Final Report
(2005-03-21) Bennett, James P.; Wetmore, Clifford M.
This report describes the history of the development of NPLichen, a database of lichens of the U.S. National Parks, followed by a description of the steps taken to upgrade the database. Since beginning this project in 1992, we have increased coverage by adding more parks, species, and references. The new version is now available as a live database on the internet. A summary of statistics on each park is provided, as well as a discussion of potential errors in the data. Finally, disclaimers on the use of the data are provided, and suggestions for updates and recommendations for future work.
NPLichen: A database of lichens in the U.S. National Parks: 2005 Final Report.
(2005-03-15) Bennett, James P.; Wetmore, Clifford M.
This report describes the history of the development of NPLichen, a database of lichens of the U.S. National Parks, followed by a description of the steps taken to upgrade the database. Since beginning this project in 1992, we have increased coverage by adding more parks, species, and references. The new version is now available as a live database on the internet. A summary of statistics on each park is provided, as well as a discussion of potential errors in the data. Finally, disclaimers on the use of the data are provided, and suggestions for updates and recommendations for future work.
Rare Lichens habitats in Superior National Forest.
(2001-12) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Rare lichen survey of Superior National Forest: Final Report.
(2000-06-06) Wetmore, Clifford M.
The lichens of Sugarload Preserve: Final Report.
(1996-04) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Lichen collections were made at 10 localities in the Sugarloaf Preserve in July, 1995. The total species list shows 134 species present. Additional species lists give the species present at each of the localities. No species were found that are on the Minnesota Endangered/Threatened list. The lichen flora is fairly diverse for this kind of area which has limited vegetational variability. The richest locality for lichens was on the point, especially the rock shores, and the poorest locality was the upper open, flat area near the road.
R9 Species Conservation Assessment for Sticta fuliginoa (Hoffm.) Ach. in The Upper Great Lakes National Forests
(2002-11) Wetmore, Clifford M.
Stictafuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach. is designated as a Regional Forester Sensitive Species on the Superior National Forest in the Eastern Region of the Forest Service. The purpose of this document is to provide the background information necessary to prepare Conservation Approaches and a Conservation Strategy that will include management actions to conserve the species. This conservation assessment provides available information on Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach. and its distribution, habitat, range, status, life history, and ecology. Stictafuliginosa grows on mossy trees and rocks in moist places throughout the temperate parts of the world. In North America it is fairly common on the west coast and in the southern Appalachians. This species is listed as Endangered in Sweden but is not listed in other parts of Europe. In the Great Lakes area common habitat for this species is on old-growth yellow birch in swamps and bogs. It is an R9 Sensitive Species on Superior National Forest in Minnesota. Threats to Sticta fuliginosa are logging or road construction in or near the bogs where this grows. This species is also very sensitive to air pollution.
Lichens and air quality in St. Croix National Scenic Riverway: Final Report.
(1991-06) Wetmore, Clifford M.
This study was to evaluate the lichen flora of St. Croix National Riverway (SACN) with respect to the air quality. Part of SACN is along the border of Minnesota and Wisconsin and the headwaters are entirely within Wisconsin. Parts of the lower SACN are downwind and near several pollution sources, including the metropolitan area of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Lichens are good indicators of air quality and this project uses lichens as air quality indicators. Field work was done in 1988 and 1990 when 2327 collections were made at 77 localities. At some localities additional material of Parmelia rudecta was collected for chemical analysis. While collecting at each locality observations were made about the general health of the lichens. The species list includes 265 species collected for this study and an additional 20 species reported by Fink but not found by me. There were 72 species collected only once in the study. This large number of rare species is probably due to the long length of the park. There were 18 species species with a distinctly northern distribution (from Grantsburg north). Another group of 16 species were found from just south of Taylors Falls north to the upper end of the park. A group of 10 species had a southern distribution extending from about Taylors Falls south to Prescott. There were also a number of species found only on the basaltic rocks around Taylors Falls. Most of the species were found the whole length of the park in suitable habitats. Some lichens were found in this study that are of special significance. Parmelia stuppea, a species on the Minnesota Threatened & Endangered list, was thought to have been eliminated from the region but was found in Minnesota at the locality four miles south of Taylors Falls. This is the first modern record for this species in Minnesota. Sticta weigelei, another rare species was found at Norway Point Landing in the cedar swamp. This species was previously known from northern Minnesota and is probably a new record for Wisconsin. Parmelia rudecta was collected at ten localities for elemental analysis. The sulfur levels range from 620 ppm to 1580 ppm for all samples with the higher levels at the southern end of the park and also at Namekagon Dam (at the most northern end). There are no known sulfur sources near the northern end of the park and no explanation is available for this high sulfur level. The higher levels of sulfur at the southern end (Hudson to Kinnickinnic SP) might be due to industrial activity around Minneapolis/St. Paul or the King Power plant near Hudson. From Taylors Falls north sulfur levels are normal and there are no obvious trends.
2003 Lichen Studies in St. Croix National Scenic Riverway: Final Report.
(2004-05-20) Wetmore, Clifford M.; Bennett, James P.
During 2003 a re-study of the lichens of St. Croix National Scenic Riverway was done. In addition to collections for elemental analysis, new complete lichen collections were made at 15 localities for new species records. There are now 282 lichens found in the park and the new species list should replace the list prepared for the 1991 report. This list includes 20 new species for the park. There are eight species in the park that are on the lists of threatened or endangered lichens for Minnesota or Wisconsin. The number of lichen species increases significantly about eight species per degree of latitude from south to north. The most number of species by county were found in Burnett Co., WI. Lead has decreased significantly overall since the first sampling in 1990, but continues to be higher at Riverside than anywhere else. A local source of lead in this area remains a mystery. Cadmium has not decreased significantly over time, and continues to be elevated at Namekagon Dam. Other lichen species at this locality also have elevated Cd, confirming that there is probably an unknown local source of this element. Unlike the previous two heavy metals, Mn has increased significantly over time, and appears to be very high at Radspur.