JTLU Volume 7, No. 1 (2014)

Persistent link for this collection

https://hdl.handle.net/11299/170180

Table of Contents:

Does travel behavior matter in defining urban form? A quantitative analysis characterizing distinct areas within a region, pp. 1-14

Railroad impacts on wetland habitat: GIS and modeling approach, pp. 15-28

A multi-agent planning support system for assessing the role of transportation and environmental objectives in urban planning, pp. 29-42

Generating French virtual commuting networks at the municipality level, pp. 43-55

The interaction of spatial planning and transport policy: A regional perspective on sprawl, pp. 57-77

The influence of transport infrastructures on land-use conversion decisions within municipal plans, pp. 79-93

The influence of urban form on car travel following residential relocation: a current and retrospective study in Scottish urban areas, pp. 95-104

A brief introduction to London’s underground railways and land use, pp. 105-116

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Does travel behavior matter in defining urban form? A quantitative analysis characterizing distinct areas within a region
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Jacques, Cynthia; El-Geneidy, Ahmed
Research that attempts to characterize urban form is confronted with two key issues: criticism of the use of aggregate units of analysis, such as census tracts, and a general lack of consideration of variables related to elements other than the built environment, such as residents’ behavior. This methodological study explores the impact of travel behavior variables in the quantitative characterization of urban form at the census tract level for the Montreal region. Two separate factor-cluster analyses are performed: the first includes built-environment variables commonly used to typify areas within a region, and a second includes additional travel behavior variables. The results of both models are compared to satellite images to determine which analysis more accurately represents the reality on the ground. The results provide empirical evidence that travel behavior variables, in addition to built form, provide a more accurate representation of urban form at the census tract level. These variables refine the model output by moderating the effect of features that generally led to misleading results. This effect is particularly evident in areas represented by large census tracts. These results suggest that considering both built environment and behavioral characteristics in an analysis of urban form yields more precise results at the (aggregate) census tract level. The findings from this study could be helpful for engineers and planners when conducting property value studies, urban investment analysis, and policy intervention prioritization and when expanding the well-known land use classification of urban and rural categories.
Railroad impacts on wetland habitat: GIS and modeling approach
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Mitra, Subhro; Bezbaruah, Achintya
Deepor Beel is one of the most important wetlands in the Brahmaputra Valley of lower Assam in India and is representative of the wetlands found within the Burma Monsoon Forest biogeography region. Deepor Beel is a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention and is contiguous with Rani and Garbhanga reserved forests. These forests house endangered Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus) in addition to other birds and animals. The elephants depend on the wetland for water and food. Indian Railways con-structed Assam state’s southern railroad through the wetland in 2001. The railroad has fragmented the wetland into at least two subsystems and has segregated the wetland-forest ecosystem. Accelerated degradation of elephant habitat has been observed in the wetland since the railroad was constructed. Further, a number of elephants have died because of collisions with rail traffic. This study quantifies the impacts of the present railroad on the Deepor Beel ecosystem with special reference to Asiatic elephants. Geographic information systems (GIS) and mathematical models are used in impact quantification. The tools developed in this study can be used in analyses of similar ecosys-tems around the world.
A multi-agent planning support system for assessing the role of transportation and environmental objectives in urban planning
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Katoshevski, Rachel; Katoshevski, David; Arentze, Theo; Timmermans, Harry
This paper analyzes 12 city plans that were developed based on environmental-sustainability indicators using a multi-agent model. The plans are based on three city forms and four types of city scenarios, each representing a different planning concept. The environmental indicators concern pollution from transportation, while the sustainability aspects relate to accessibility to facilities. The model supports planners in identifying the best city form considering the selected performance criteria. In this case study, a compact city form, coupled with mixed land-uses, performed best.
Generating French virtual commuting networks at the municipality level
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Lenormand, Maxime; Huet, Sylvie; Gargiulo, Floriana
We aim to generate virtual commuting networks in the rural regions of France in order to study the dynamics of their municipalities. Since it will be necessary to model small commuting ﬂows between municipalities with a few hundred or thousand inhabitants, we have opted for the stochastic model presented by Gargiulo et al. (2012). This model reproduces various possible complete networks using an iterative process, stochastically selecting a workplace in the region for each commuter living in the municipality of a region. The choice is made considering the job oﬀers in each municipality of the region and the distance to all of the possible destinations. This paper will present methods for adapting and implementing this model to generate commuting networks between municipalities for regions in France. We address three diﬀerent issues: How can we generate a reliable virtual commuting network for a region that is highly dependent on other regions for the satisfaction of its residents’ demands for employment? What about a convenient deterrence function? How can we calibrate the model when detailed data is not available? Our solution proposes an extended job search geographical base for commuters living in the municipalities; we compare two diﬀerent deterrence functions and we show that the parameter is a constant for network linking municipalities in France.
The interaction of spatial planning and transport policy: A regional perspective on sprawl
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Kulmer, Veronika; Koland, Olivia; Steininger, Karl; Fürst, Bernhard; Käfer, Andreas
Urban sprawl is caused by the interlinkage of spatial planning and transport characteristics. However, there are only a few approaches that quantify the cross-impacts of policy options in these two spheres. The purpose of this paper is thus a combined regional analysis of spatial planning instruments and transport policy, with a special emphasis on urban–rural diversities. We link a multi-region computable general equilibrium model that incorporates elements of the new economic geography with a transport forecast model. The general equilibrium model illustrates residential choice between urban and peripheral regions, while the transport model depicts the transport implications thereof. Our results suggest that transport policy is obviously effective in addressing transport externalities, while it would have to be set at a politically infeasible stringency to have an effect on residential patterns. As for spatial planning instruments (i.e., expanding housing supply in central regions or limiting it in peripheral regions), we find a strong potential to influence residential choice and hence urban sprawl. Along this line, spatial planning instruments do have a small but still significant impact on reducing transport volume and number of trips. This impact can be enhanced by a policy promoting public transport
The influence of transport infrastructures on land-use conversion decisions within municipal plans
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Padeiro, Miguel
Transit-oriented development (TOD) is one of the most popular means of public intervention in the field of spatial planning, which aims at reducing land consumption caused by urban sprawl. In this paper, a logit model is computed to assess whether the Municipal Master Plans approved during the 1990s in the Lisbon region (Portugal), currently in force, contemplated public transit stations as a relevant requirement for the location of the planned urban expansion areas and, more specifically, for the conversion of non-urban areas to artificialized areas. It is shown that TOD was not taken as a preferential approach, suggesting that there may be at the outset an inherent resistance to public injunctions on limiting land-use conversion, regardless of other obstacles frequently mentioned.
The influence of urban form on car travel following residential relocation: A current and retrospective study in Scottish urban areas
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Woods, Lee; Ferguson, Neil
Spatial planning and policy continues to be used as a tool to bring about changes in travel behavior. Policy suggests that by creating particular urban forms, demand for travel by car can be reduced. This paper uses data collected in 2006 from 280 households in Glasgow and Edinburgh to analyze the relationships between urban form and vehicle miles driven, with an emphasis on those who had recently relocated. Population densities, housing type, distance to urban center, and measures of mix were collected for the current residential location and prior residence for those who had relocated in the previous three years. An ordinal regression model of change in urban form showed significant associations with reported change in miles driven, although the effect was small compared with the effects of socioeconomic factors and car ownership. While the results give some weight to intensification as a policy to bring about a reduction in average distance driven, there may be an increase in total distance driven in the intensified area with a corresponding increase in congestion. Whether such intensification can be enacted against a backdrop of preferences toward suburban, car-oriented living is contentious. As such, this study calls into question the use of planning policy as a means to reduce car use in Scottish cities.
A brief introduction to London’s underground railways and land use
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Darroch, Nathan
The most common perception of London’s underground railways and land use is that the railway stimulated suburban development and growth of the city. However, the interface between the railway, private property interests, and urban and suburban development is much more complicated than this. This paper introduces a brief overview of the interrelationship between the railway and land use in the central zone of London and some of the complexities involved with the presence of the railway and the development or use of adjoining lands. As this topic appears to be little discussed, evidence is used from London Underground records and specialist knowledge to form the argument that the topic should have greater discussion academically and practically.