Methodology review: Principles, procedures, and findings in the application of background data measures

Abstract

This paper provides a review and critique of the background data literature. As a life history measure, the effective application of background data items is based on a developmental strategy in which a pattern of prior behavior and experiences is related to certain forms of criterion performance. This principle provides a framework for discussing the various issues involved in generating an adequate pool of background data items. The four principal methods for scaling background data items are examined: rational scaling, factorial scaling, empirical keying, and subgrouping. The relative strengths and weaknesses of these four techniques are considered along with current research needs in each area. This review indicates that substantial progress has been made in the development and application of background data measures, but that alternatives to the traditional empirical keying strategy should receive more attention.