Are simple gain scores obsolete?
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Are simple gain scores obsolete?
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1996
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Abstract
It is widely believed that measures of gain, growth,
or change, expressed as simple differences between
pretest and posttest scores, are inherently unreliable. It
is also believed that gain scores lack predictive validity
with respect to other criteria. However, these conclusions
are based on misleading assumptions about the
values of parameters in familiar equations in classical
test theory. The present paper examines modified equations
for the validity and reliability of difference scores
that describe applied testing situations more realistically
and reveal that simple gain scores can be more
useful in research than commonly believed. Index
terms: change scores, difference scores, gain scores,
measurement of growth, reliability, test theory, validity.
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Previously Published Citation
Williams, Richard H & Zimmerman, Donald W. (1996). Are simple gain scores obsolete? Applied Psychological Measurement, 20, 59-69. doi:10.1177/014662169602000106
Suggested citation
Williams, Richard H.; Zimmerman, Donald W.. (1996). Are simple gain scores obsolete?. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/119063.
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