The evolution of freezing tolerance in oaks
2024-07-18
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Title
The evolution of freezing tolerance in oaks
Published Date
2024-07-18
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Cavender-Bares, Jeannine
cavender@umn.edu
cavender@umn.edu
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Experimental Data
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Abstract
Freezing tolerance is a critical factor controlling the broad-scale distribution of organisms. Freezing temperatures result in intra- and extracellular ice crystal formation, which can cause physical damage and cellular dehydration, resulting in losses of xylem function. Yet, how rapidly plants can adapt to changing climate and whether there are trade-offs between freezing tolerance and growth remain poorly understood. We grew 48 species of Quercus (oaks) from five sections of the genus under temperate and tropical growth conditions and measured their stem freezing tolerance and growth rate. We found significant differences among species in their freezing tolerance and their capacity to cold acclimate. Species from colder regions have higher freezing tolerance and slower growth rates than species from warmer climates. Nevertheless, a direct evolutionary trade-off did not emerge because deciduousness rather than freezing tolerance appears to constrain growth rates. Deciduous species have consistently slower growth rates than evergreen species regardless of climatic niche but vary markedly in freezing tolerance in step with the broad climatic range they span. In contrast, evergreen species occur only in warm climates and have low freezing tolerance. Species from colder regions also have higher acclimation potential than species from warmer areas, indicating that cold-climate species have evolved higher capacity to acclimate to seasonal fluctuations in climate, while warm-climate species have constraints to surviving in colder climates. Freezing tolerance in the oaks is relatively close to its optimal evolutionary state (r=0.77), however, the phylogenetic half-life is 8.9 Myr (ca. 17% of the crown age of the genus). Consequently, despite a high level of adaptation to the climates in which species occur, evolution towards optimal freezing tolerance has a considerable lag time.
Description
Data on freezing tolerance of oaks from stems in oak saplings grown in greenhouse experiments was collected after freezing stems at different minimum temperatures.
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paper with the same title and authors will be submitted to Ecology Letters
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NSF DBI 2021898 and NSF DEB 1146380
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Fontes, Clarissa; Hoerner, Frank; Hipp, Andrew; Meireles, Jose Eduardo; Cavender-Bares, Jeannine. (2024). The evolution of freezing tolerance in oaks. Retrieved from the Data Repository for the University of Minnesota (DRUM), https://hdl.handle.net/11299/264124.
View/Download file
| File View/Open | Description | Size |
|---|---|---|
| Critical_temperature for MN-NY dataset.csv | Mean and SD for critical freezing temperatures and climate variables for each species | 8.92 KB |
| freezing_1_location.csv | source locations where seeds of each species were collected and the temperatures at which stems were frozen | 43.63 KB |
| MN_NY_Index_of_injury_mean_se_climatic_variables.csv | Mean, SD, and SE for the Index of injury after freezing for each species and the greenhouse location | 7.29 KB |
| RGR_cylinder_cold_all_data.csv | relative growth rate and other growth related variables for all species in tropical and temperate treatments | 90.19 KB |
| sp_means_bio6_min_temp_se.csv | mean minimum temperatures for each species | 6.29 KB |
| Species_section_phenology.csv | Phylogenetic section each species belongs to | 1.97 KB |
| Trait_data_RGR_bio6.csv | mean trait values, growth related traits, acclimation potential and climate variables | 9.45 KB |
| Acclimation potential.R | R script to analyze acclimation potential of trees | 2.43 KB |
| Critical temperature MN and NY data.R | R script to calculate critical temperatures from index of injury at different temperatures for each species | 5.03 KB |
| Extracting climatic variables.R | R script to extract climate variables from the distributions of each species | 181.99 KB |
| Index of injury - MN_NY - Phylo regression.R | R script to calculate the phylogenetic regression between index of injury and climatic niche across species | 3.21 KB |
| RGR-Mixed Models.R | R script to calculate phylogenetic regressions between relative growth rate, climatic niche, and freezing tolerance | 8.89 KB |
| Slouch-evolutionary model.R | R script to run SLOUCH for evolutionary rates | 4.28 KB |
| tree_MN_NY_spp.csv | Phylogeny of the species in the dataset | 2.14 KB |
| readme.rtf | 35.33 KB | |
| oaks_in_winter.png | photo showing oak trees in winter conditions | 18.96 MB |
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