Browsing by Subject "stress"
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Item Animal-Assisted Interactions for College Student Mental Health and a Conceptual Model of Practice: A Three-Paper Dissertation(2021-08) Bailey, TanyaPeople have long found comfort and support by interacting and sharing their lives with animals, and from this interest has led to a specific modality in human healthcare called Animal-Assisted Interactions (AAI). One application of AAI in higher education has gained much attention in the past 10 years. University campuses are a setting where suicide is the second leading cause of death and where college student mental health is in crisis. However, a robust understanding of the development, implementation, and impact of these programs in relation to these immense challenges remains vastly understudied. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore campus-based AAI programs for college student mental health, and as a three-paper manuscript, the information is presented in a progressive fashion. In the first paper, I describe a scoping review study in which I map the literature on campus-based AAI programs for college student mental health. In the second paper, I present the findings from a repeated, six-year cross-sectional study for academic years 2014/15 through 2019/20 using a secondary analysis of existing data from a campus-based AAI program. In the third paper I define a conceptual model of practice that I developed called the PACE—Practitioner, Animal, Client, and Environment—Model for AAI to frame the way AAI programs are established and applied. The implications presented from this study can inform future practice, education, policy, and research in the fields of social work, college student development, and AAI.Item Anticipatory Stress (Hmong)(University of Minnesota Extension, 2022) Krekelberg, Emily R.Item Anticipatory Stress (Karen)(University of Minnesota Extension, 2022) Krekelberg, Emily R.Item Anticipatory Stress (Somali)(University of Minnesota Extension, 2022) Krekelberg, Emily R.Item Anticipatory Stress (Spanish)(University of Minnesota Extension, 2022) Krekelberg, Emily R.Item Are We Treating The Patient or the Disease?(University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 2014) Vogt, Eleanor; Shane, Patricia; Kahn, HenryThe evidence abounds. A compelling body of research estimates that psychosocial stressors play a role in a significant number of patient complaints seen in primary care. In addition to the challenges faced by primary care clinicians who must consider their patients' psychosocial stressors, these factors can also affect pharmacists’ care. Patient stress, through a number of mechanisms, can limit the efficacy of medicine as well as our efforts to achieve optimal medication management, and adds a poorly examined complexity to patient care practices. A landmark Institute of Medicine report calls for “whole patient “care, addressing psychosocial health needs, not as an embellishment, but as part of routine care. Whole patient care requires a fundamental shift, with patient needs at the center of healthcare delivery, and psychosocial-linked distress considered as integral to that model. These considerations place this topic squarely within the pharmacists’ scope of practice and urgently call for an expanded approach to patient care and an opportunity for pharmacists to address that need. To parallel this discussion, the contributing role of practitioner stress is briefly reviewed.Item Association between Temporomandibular Disorders Pain, Oral Behaviors, Anxiety and Stress(2019-03) Thakur, PreetanjaliAims: Oral behaviors, anxiety and stress are believed to be related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain. The aims of the study were to investigate the association of TMD pain intensity with oral behaviors, anxiety and stress, and the association of oral behaviors with anxiety and stress. Methods: From among the clinical and community-based participants in the multi-site Validation Project, 721 subjects were included in this study who had completed self-report questionnaires that reported pain intensity (Characteristic Pain Intensity [CPI]), oral behaviors (Oral Behavior Checklist [OBC]), anxiety (Symptom Checklist - 90 revised [SCL-ANX]) and stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]) experienced during the previous month; and anxiety experienced during the previous week. Participants were divided into four groups based on the CPI report: no pain, mild, moderate and severe pain, and were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical differences between groups were evaluated using an F-test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. Spearman correlation coefficients were computed to examine the association of (1) CPI with OBC, SCL-ANX and PSS and (2) OBC with SCL-ANX and PSS. Simple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the bivariate relationships for outcomes CPI and OBC. The multivariate regression analysis with age and sex adjustment was conducted to examine relationship between CPI and dependent variables, and OBC and dependent variables. Results: Using CPI as a categorical variable, pain intensity was associated by a dose-response curve relationship for each of the independent variables: OBC, SCL-ANX, and PSS (ANOVA; p<0.0001). Positive correlations were found between CPI versus OBC (r=0.44, n=721), SCL-ANX (r=0.30, n=720), and PSS (r=0.21, n=721) with p<0.0001 for all correlations. Positive correlations between OBC with SCL-ANX (r=0.38, n=720) and PSS (r=0.32, n=721) with p<0.0001 were found. Using simple linear regression, OBC accounted for 18% of the variance of CPI versus SCL-ANX and PSS that explained 10% and 5% of CPI, respectively. SCL-ANX and PSS accounted for 12% and 11% of the variance of OBC, respectively. The multivariate regression model estimated that with 1SD increase of OBC, CPI will increase by 9 after adjusting for SCL-ANX, PSS, age and gender. For 1 SD increase in SCL-ANX, CPI will increase by 5 after adjusting for OBC, PSS, age and gender. For 1 SD increase in SCL-ANX, OBC will increase by 2.27 and for 1 SD increase in PSS, OBC will increase by 1.63 after adjusting for age, sex and each other. These statistically significant associations are positive and range from weak-moderate with correlation coefficients of 0.21 to 0.44. Together, these variables with age and sex adjustment explain 22% of the TMD pain intensity variability. Together, anxiety and stress with age and sex adjustment explain 19% of the variability of oral behaviors. Conclusion: Participants with severe TMD pain intensity reported significantly higher frequency of oral behaviors and higher levels of anxiety and stress compared to participants with no and mild pain. Participants with higher frequency of oral behaviors reported significantly higher anxiety and stress compared to participants with lower frequency of oral behaviors. Participants with the highest frequency of oral behaviors (tercile III of OBC) had clinically significantly more TMD pain than those with the lowest frequency of oral behaviors (tercile I of OBC). As predicted by the biopsychosocial model, TMD pain is associated with many factors beyond those assessed in the present study.Item Cardiovascular Health and Occupational Stress in Police Officers(2018-05) Betker, MorganPolice officers have a higher incidence of disease and mortality rates when compared to the general population. Few studies have examined the link between lifestyle factors, occupational stressors and physiological dysfunction and how these factors lead to disease progression among police officers. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the impact of physical fitness, lifestyle and occupational factors, perceived stressors, and sleep quality on various aspects of police officer physical, physiological and psychological health. Specifically, police officers (n = 116) completed several testing methods, both in the lab and field-based settings, assessing physical, physiological and psychological health. The first aim was to understand the influence of lifestyle and occupational factors on cardiovascular fitness and autonomic nervous system function among police officers. Not surprisingly, results indicated that officers who engage in regular exercise and have a low body fat also have higher aerobic fitness. There was not a significant relationship between heart rate variability indices and other lifestyle or occupational factors. The secondary aim was to examine the effect of perceived work stress on physiological biomarker expression for cardiovascular health. Results indicated that high scores on the Police Occupational Stress Survey (POSS) were related to higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)). Finally, the purpose of the third aim was to examine the effect of sleep quality and shift-work on physiological biomarker expression in association with cardiovascular health. Contrary to what was hypothesized, day-time officers had higher levels of cortisol and total cholesterol expression than middle- or night-shift officers. In conclusion, poor lifestyle choices, unmanaged stressors, and constantly rotating shift schedules may contribute to increased allostatic load which can contribute to early, all-cause mortality among police officers. Future studies are needed that further examine cardiovascular health, sources of perceived stress, and sleep disturbances. Additionally, future research should examine the efficacy of interventions that address psychosocial factors and cardiovascular fitness among police officers.Item Comparing the impact of the moderate and heavy exercise domains on autonomic control, circulating cortisol, and next-day endurance performance in trained runners(2022-05) Foreman, NicholasThis thesis examines the impact of exercise in the moderate and heavy domainson aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, cardiac autonomic control, and subsequent high-intensity and maximal endurance performance. To better understand post-exercise autonomic control, we measured heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) during recovery from exercise in the moderate and heavy domains in ten well-trained endurance athletes. Blood was drawn during recovery for measurement of circulating cortisol. The following day, participants completed three high-intensity intervals before running a 3,000m time trial. Exercise in the heavy domain led to a delay in the recovery of HRV after exercise for the first 20 minutes after exercise with no differences at subsequent timepoints. Exercise in the heavy domain did not increase circulating cortisol or alter whole body metabolism during high intensity exercise the following day; similarly, time trial performance was not impaired following exercise in the heavy domain. These findings suggest that exercise in the heavy domain is well-tolerated by endurance athletes. Further research is needed to better understand these findings in the context of chronic training.Item Comprehensive Meta-Analyses Of Perfectionism And A Synthesis For Work Psychology(2021-09) Tian, JingyuanResearch on perfectionism has flourished amidst growing evidence of its positive and negative influences across different domains in life. Past research on perfectionism relied on a variety of models of perfectionism and there is still no consensus on the content and structure of this construct. This represents a major barrier to our understanding of perfectionism and how it is related to important work outcomes. This dissertation presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of perfectionism to clarify the nomological net of the construct and provide evidence of perfectionism constructs’ criterion-related validities for work-related well-being, performance and motivational variables. Study 1 identified five facets of perfectionism: Perfectionistic Strivings, Orderliness, Perfectionistic Concerns, Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) and Other-Oriented Perfectionism (OOP), and found two higher-order factors of perfectionism: Adaptive and Maladaptive perfectionism, as well as a general factor of perfectionism. Study 2 found that perfectionism is most strongly related to Conscientiousness and Neuroticism, with Perfectionistic Strivings and Adaptive perfectionism having stronger ties to Conscientiousness, and Perfectionistic Concerns and Maladaptive perfectionism having stronger ties to Neuroticism. In Study 3, sex differences in perfectionism were found to be negligible and age was weakly related with certain perfectionism constructs for adult samples only. Study 4 found that individuals with higher Adaptive perfectionism tend to have higher positive well-being (e.g. positive affect), academic performance, engagement and active coping styles; while those higher in Maladaptive perfectionism tend to have worse well-being (e.g. stress, burnout), procrastinate more and have avoidant coping styles. Perfectionism facets had incremental validity over the Big Five in predicting happiness, quality of life, job satisfaction, burnout, primary coping, broad disengagement, academic performance, engagement and procrastination. Finally, Study 5 identified the criterion profile patterns of perfectionism facets and found that individuals’ perfectionism facet patterns accounted for significantly more variance in nearly all of the criteria examined compared to perfectionism’s level effect (i.e., overall perfectionism). In sum, this dissertation provided evidence for an empirically validated taxonomy of perfectionism constructs that can guide future research on this personality trait. The comprehensive quantitative summary of perfectionism constructs’ nomological nets related perfectionism to a range of important criteria and work outcomes, and thus contributed to knowledge and potential usage of this construct in practical applications.Item Connect [Spring/Summer 2009](University of Minnesota: College of Education and Human Development, 2009-03) University of Minnesota: College of Education and Human DevelopmentSuccess stories: Researchers unlock the secret to childhood resilience in the face of daunting odds. Rising above: Counseling and academic coaching combine to leap across the achievement gap. Keeping kids in class: The groundbreaking Check & Connect model is evolving to address postsecondary persistence. In need of support: Minnesota ranks second to last for the number of K–12 students assigned to each school counselor. Counseling faculty and alumni weigh the impact. Students under stress: Alumni and students stem a tide of mental illness and modern pressure on campus.Item The Development and Refinement of Web-based Interventions to Reduce Distress among Survivors of Interpersonal Violence(2016-10) Nguyen-Feng, ViannMany college students have a history of interpersonal violence (IPV) and are thus at risk of greater mental health problems and dropout. The present two studies evaluated the efficacy of web-based stress management programs targeting present control in promoting well-being among students with and without a history of IPV. In the first study, a previously-developed Present Control Intervention (Hintz, Frazier, & Meredith, 2015) was evaluated. Psychology students from a large Midwestern university were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to the web-based stress management intervention (n = 329) or the waitlist comparison group (n = 171). In the second study, the efficacy of two new versions of the intervention was evaluated relative to the original intervention. Students (N = 314) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: the original Present Control Intervention, an Enhanced Present Control Intervention based on Solie (2013), or a Present Control and Mindfulness Intervention. In both studies, IPV history was assessed preintervention, and self-report measures of four outcomes (perceived stress; symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress) were completed online pre and postintervention. Worry was also examined as an outcome in the second study. The first study assessed two proposed mediators of intervention efficacy (present control and rumination), which were measured online pre and postintervention. In the first study, the intervention group reported less distress than the comparison group at posttest but effects were larger in the IPV group (mean d = .44) than in the No IPV group (mean d = .10). Increases in present control mediated intervention effects in both the IPV and No IPV groups; decreases in rumination mediated intervention effects in the IPV group only. In the second study, analyses of covariance assessed whether there were differences in efficacy across the three conditions or interactions between intervention condition and IPV status suggesting that the IPV and No IPV groups responded differently to the three interventions. There were significant Condition by IPV interactions for distress symptoms and worry. Paired t-tests suggested that the two new versions of the intervention were more effective than the original intervention and that the Enhanced Present Control Intervention decreased symptoms the most among students with an IPV history (mean within-group d = -.48). These studies provide evidence that web-based universal prevention stress management programs may be a cost-effective way to teach skills to students with an IPV historyItem Developmental influences on stress-based responses to environmental change(2023-05) Shephard, AlexanderA central goal in ecology, evolution, and behavior (EEB) is to understand how individuals and populations respond to environmental change. Many forms of environmental change are stressful, leading to functional impairments, fitness declines, and loss of genetic diversity from natural populations. In this dissertation, I consider factors that explain why organisms vary in their abilities to tolerate stressful environments. Taking a developmental approach, I address this question in the context of three research domains within the broader field of EEB: (1) the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, (2) life history evolution and senescence, and (3) population responses to anthropogenic change. In data chapter 1, I use a nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in generalized plastic responses to stress is associated with reproductive costs. Consistent with a cost of plasticity, I find that genotypes capable of a higher degree of stress response plasticity exhibit lower reproductive performance under non-stressful conditions. In data chapter 2, I use migratory North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) to test how metabolic stress influences life history variation. I find that increased flight activity early in adulthood promotes butterfly longevity and somatic tissue antioxidant production, supporting the idea that metabolic stress is a driver of life history plasticity. In data chapters 3 – 7, I use two butterfly species, D. plexippus and Pieris rapae (the cabbage white), to test a range of hypotheses related to developmental mechanisms associated with tolerance to novel anthropogenic stressors such as heavy metal and salt pollution. In chapters 3 – 4, I find support for the hypothesis that variation in heavy metal tolerance is related to organismal condition (i.e., the total amount of energetic resources individuals can acquire throughout development). In Chapters 5 – 6, I ask how anthropogenic increases in nutrient availability influence the emergence of life history variation. In chapter 7, I show that heavy metal tolerance can vary among insect pollinator species, and I highlight the need for more research on heavy metal tolerance in species of conservation concern. Overall, this work, shows that considering developmental mechanism can help predict stress-based responses to environmental change among a range of disciplines within EEB.Item Differences in Academic Burnout and Coping Styles Between Moroccan and American University Students(2022-11-15) McClintock, LinneaThe aim of this cross-cultural comparative study was to investigate the differences in academic burnout, coping styles, and learning-related achievement emotions between university students in Morocco (studying at the International University of Rabat) and in the United States (studying at the University of Minnesota Duluth). This study addressed three objectives: (1) to evaluate the different perceptions of academic burnout between both cultures, (2) to compare the coping strategies used by Moroccan and American students when responding to stress, and (3) to investigate differences in learning-related achievement emotions. Findings of this study revealed that UMD students reported higher levels of exhaustion in academic-related activities, UIR students had higher levels of hope and pride when learning academic material. Future research might examine how distinct cultural values and environments can have psychological impacts on university students’ academic experiences.Item Drying and Cracking Behavior of Aqueous Particulate Coatings(2018-03) Wu, YanThe goal of this work is to understand the connections between stress, structural and mechanical property development during the drying of particulate coatings containing rigid particles, and the how these conditions are impacted by coating formulation variables and processing conditions. The motivation is to better predict and control the coating performance by optimizing the formulation design and drying condition. Characterizing drying behavior and correlating the stress development with microstructure evolution are critical in this research. In Chapter 3, drying characterization approaches are introduced. To extend the capability of stress measurement, walled substrates with different dimensions and materials were designed. And a shrinkage measurement method allowing convenient correlation of the microstructure change with stress development was developed using laser profilometry technique. Chapters 4-6 focus on investigating the role of formulation variables on the drying and cracking of coatings prepared with micron-sized particles. Chapter 4 focuses on studying the effect of particle size distribution. The study showed that with similar average particle size, coatings prepared from particles with a wide particle size distribution form a more compact microstructure, but are prone to cracking due to high tensile stress development on drying. Chapters 5 and 6 study the effect of particle shape on coatings cracking resistance. Different levels of clay particles were added to particulate coating systems prepared from the irregular-shaped ground calcium carbonate (GCC) particles and the spherical-shaped silica particles. The different geometry constraints of the mixed particles have altered impacts on the drying shrinkage and mechanical strength of the coatings, thus different cracking behaviors were observed. Finally, in Chapter 7 attention is shifted from the particulate coatings with the micron-sized particle to those prepared from nano-sized particles. Formulation variables of particle size and shape were characterized using coatings of nano-silica particles, nano-zinc oxide particles, and fumed-silica.Item The Effectiveness of the ACHIEVER Adult Resilience Curriculum in Promoting Teacher Wellbeing(2017-06) Christian, ElizabethTeaching is a multifaceted profession, capturing a range of experiences that are exciting, rewarding, challenging, frustrating, and exhausting. Research has shown that teachers are at high risk of chronic stress and burnout which impacts teacher health, wellbeing, and effectiveness in the classroom. In the present study, the effectiveness of a theoretically based professional development program—the ACHIEVER Resilience Curriculum (ARC)—to increase teacher wellbeing and decrease symptoms of burnout was examined. The ARC training integrates several wellness promotion practices into one comprehensive program. To evaluate the effectiveness of the ARC, a randomized block controlled study with pre-post data collection was performed. The sample included 67 teachers from six schools in one large urban school district. Analyses showed that teachers who received ARC training experienced increased feelings of efficacy, overall subjective wellbeing, and reduced emotional exhaustion compared to an attention control group. In addition, increased feelings of wellbeing and reduced emotional exhaustion were correlated with higher quality teacher-student interactions. Evidence from this study also suggests that demographic variables such as grade level taught or number of years of teaching experience may moderate the effects of the ARC, indicating a need for continued research on the function and effectiveness of this program. Finally, teachers who received the ARC training indicated they found it to be feasible and acceptable for use in schools to promote teachers’ wellbeing. The implications of these findings for teacher training and practice, suggestions for future research, and the limitations of this study are discussed.Item Family Stress in Long-Term Pediatric Critical Care: A Mixed Methods Study(2015-08) Hagstrom, SandraHospitalization in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is stressful for families and disruptive for their normal lives. As new technology has become available, the number of children requiring prolonged stays in the PICU has increased. This mixed methods study explored stress in families whose children were hospitalized in the PICU for more than one week, collecting data one to two weeks after admission, then four to five weeks later. The purpose was to describe sources of stress for families whose children require extended hospitalization in the PICU and explore how sources of stress change over time. Data collection included semi-structured interviews and completion of the Family Inventory of Life Events (McCubbin, Thompson & McCubbin, 1996) and Family System Stressor Strength Inventory (Berkey & Hanson, 1991) at each time point. Nine parents of eight children participated in the first phase of data collection; two mothers participated in the second phase. Data analysis revealed the following themes related to Aim 1 (sources of stress): separation, not knowing, child’s illness and distress, care and caring, emotional stress, physical stress, job and financial stress, and what we’ve been through before. Themes related to Aim 2 (change over time) were: stress builds, and stress decreases as the unknowns become known. Analysis of Time 2 data revealed similarities in sources of stress compared to Time 1, but there was a shift in the relative priority and contribution that each stressor made to the overall perception of stress as hospitalization became prolonged and the child’s condition improved; participants reported aspects of care and caring as most important at this point. A new subtheme in the original care and caring theme was also identified: considering the child’s entire picture. Findings demonstrated sources of stress directly related to the child’s acute illness as well as stress resulting from the child’s hospitalization and ongoing healthcare needs, all of which contributed to the perception of family stress. Over time, stress was compounded and there was a shift from the primary stressors of unknowns and separation of the family to stressors related to the care and caring provided by the team.Item Forearc Stresses in the Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone(2020-08) Rippke, JosephWe investigate the spatial variation in the state of stress in the overriding plate in the forearc region of northern Cascadia. The key forces that act on the forearc region are the plate coupling force, the northward push of the Oregon block, the gravitational collapse force on elevated topography, and buoyancy of the serpentinized mantle wedge. The latter two forces are expected to cause margin-normal tension at shallow depths in the inner forearc. In this study, we compile available earthquake focal mechanism solutions and determine spatial variations of stress orientation through focal mechanism inversion. The results indicate the maximum compressive stress axis is margin-normal in the outer forearc due to shear stress at the subduction interface and margin-parallel throughout the inner forearc with varying orientations of the intermediate and minimum compressive stress axes throughout the inner forearc, consistent with previous studies. Using a 3-D finite-element code for lithospheric deformation, we explore the effects of gravitational collapse force, the buoyancy of the serpentinized mantle wedge corner, the plate coupling force, the shape of the slab, and the Oregon push on the stress field. The results indicate the buoyancy of the serpentinized mantle wedge corner and the shape of the slab may be as important of contributors to the the state of stress in the inner forearc as the plate coupling force whereas the gravitational collapse force and the Oregon push have a minimal effect on the state of stress in the inner forearc.Item Gender Differences in Buffering Stress Responses in Same-Sex Friend Dyads(2015-12-14) Pauling, Sydney N.; Doom, Jenalee R.; Gunnar, Megan R.Social buffering is the ability of an individual to lower or block a close social partner’s physiological response to stress. It is unknown whether friends can buffer children and adolescents’ responses to stress both before and after puberty, and whether buffering by friends differs in boys and girls. The current study will examine these questions using a study of 30 9-10 year old boys and girls and 30 15-16 year old boys and girls asked to prepare for a stressful task with a friend. This task, called the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) involves a public speaking task and a math task conducted in front of judges, which consistently provokes increases in levels of the stress hormone cortisol (Yim, Quas, Cahill & Hayakawa, 2010). Friends assist the participant with speech preparation immediately before the speech, and a variety of behaviors were coded, including: validation, humor, distraction, and sensitivity. In addition, participants provided saliva samples for cortisol assay before speech preparation and every 10 minutes thereafter. After analyses were conducted, this study presented both age and sex differences in a variety of friendship behaviors: positive support, peer/participant anxiety, and humor/distraction. Statistically marginal effects indicate that larger samples were needed in each age/sex group to adequately test our predictions. In addition, peer support did not correlate with cortisol responses; although peer/participant anxiety did. Other measures of stress might have been more sensitive to peer support and should be examined. Considering the pivotal role that peers play in development, especially during the stressful period of adolescence, this is an essential area of future developmental research. Furthermore, taking age and gender into account will deepen the understanding of peer relationships across development.Item The impacts of social support and early life stress on stress reactivity in children and adolescents(2013-08) Hostinar, Camelia ElenaThe goal of the present study was to investigate the impacts of social support and early life stress on individual differences in HPA axis reactivity in children (ages 9-10) and adolescents (ages 15-16). The primary aims were: 1) to experimentally manipulate the provision of social support in the laboratory and examine its effect on levels of salivary cortisol in response to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children; 2) to investigate parenting quality variables that may moderate the social buffering effect based on coding of videotaped parent-child interactions; 3) to analyze the role of early life stress (orphanage-rearing versus birth family rearing) and current social network characteristics in predicting the cortisol response; and 4) to explore age and sex differences in stress reactivity and the social buffering of stress. A sample of 162 participants was recruited, roughly equally divided between the two age groups, experimental conditions (half were exposed to a parent support condition before the stress task, whereas half received support from a stranger), early life experience (adopted or non-adopted) and by gender. Analyses of cortisol stress responses revealed that in the non-adopted group parent support provided in the laboratory significantly dampened stress reactivity in children but not in adolescents when compared to the stranger support condition. Additionally, participants reared in orphanages showed atypical patterns of HPA reactivity and of responses to social support provided before the stressor. Implications and future directions are discussed.