Browsing by Subject "nutrients"
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Item Aquatic Plants from Minnesota Part 4 - Nutrient Composition(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1973-04) Goodrich, R.D.; Linn, J.G.; Meiske, J.C.; Staba, E. JohnSamples of 22 freshwater aquatic plants were analyzed to determine their potential feeding value for ruminants. Proximate analyses (mean +/- SD), on a dry matter basis were: crude protein, 12.7+/-4. 4%; either extract, 1.46+/-.98%; crude fiber, 19.2+/-6.4%; ash, 2.05+/-1.24%; and NFE 64.6+/-6.5%. NDF, ADF, and ADL contents averaged 41.6+/-13.4%; 32.0+/-9.6% and 6.35+/-2.76%, respectively. Mineral contents (mean +/-SD) of the 22 aquatic plants were: P,o.25+/-0.19%; Ca, 1.83+/-1.68%; K, 1.54+/-.92%; Na, 0.30+/-.25%; mg, 0.31+/-.16%; Fe 924=?-730 ppm; Zn, 80.6+/-96.6 ppm; Cu, 13.8+/- 34.0 ppm; Mo, 19.7+/-9.7 ppm and Mn, 269+/-152 ppm. Van Soest's estimated apparent digestibility averaged 63.0+/-8.3%.Item Characterization of streams and rivers in the Minnesota River Basin Critical Observatory: water chemistry and biological field collections, 2013-2016(2017-09-06) Dolph, Christine, L.; Hansen, Amy, T.; Kemmitt, Katie, L.; Janke, Ben; Rorer, Michelle; Winikoff, Sarah; Baker, Anna; Boardman, Evelyn; Finlay, Jacques, C.; dolph008@umn.edu; Dolph, Christine, L.This dataset was collected to inform the Water, Sustainability and Climate Minnesota River Basin Observatory, and was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1209402 Water, Sustainability and Climate (WSC) – Category 2, Collaborative: Climate and human dynamics as amplifiers of natural change: a framework for vulnerability assessment and mitigation planning. The dataset contains point locations, watershed areas and water quality information for 231 ditch, stream, river and wetland sites located in the Le Sueur River, Chippewa River, Cottonwood River, Cannon River, Wantonwan River and Blue Earth River basins of Minnesota. Study sites ranged in size from 1st order ditches and streams to an 8th order river. Each of these sites was sampled at least once between 2013-2016 (most sites were sampled multiple times) for one or more of the following parameters: 1) water chemistry (total dissolved nitrogen, nitrate-N, nitrite-N, ammonium-N, particulate nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, total phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, particulate carbon, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, delta-H-2 and delta-O-18 stable isotopes of site water, specific UV absorbance (SUVA) of site water, fluorescence index (FI) of site water); 2) stable isotopes (delta-C-13, delta-N-15, delta-H-2) of invertebrate consumers, particulate carbon and potential food sources; 3) denitrification rates and characteristics of benthic sediment in agricultural drainage ditches; and 4) stream discharge. This dataset also includes spatial data files containing study site locations and watershed areas delineated for each site.Item Development of a Mathematical Model to Predict the Role of Surface Runoff and Groundwater Flow in Overfertilization of Surface Waters(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1971-06) Johnson, Jack D.; Straub, Conrad P.A nutrient enrichment accounting mathematical model was devised for the New Prague watershed in Minnesota. The New Prague watershed is 23.3 square miles in area and is predominately a rural watershed. Model input data was collected over a 2 1/2 year period from a stream gauging station and two automatic sampling stations. Over 800 water samples were analyzed. Extensive effort was placed on better understanding the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. It is evident that the spring runoff process and accumulative winter fertilizer applications constitute the major portion of diffuse sources of nutrients in the watershed. Point sources from feedlots and municipal and industrial effluents contribute only 11 percent of the annual EN (total nitrogen, four components) and 7 percent TP (total phosphorus). Disperse sources accounted for 89 percent of EN and 93 percent of TP, with spring runoff in the two months of March and April accounting for 79 percent of the annual EN and 64 percent of the TP. The nutrient output from the watershed could be decreased by increasing penetration of the large amounts of EN and TP in snowpacks into the soil through land terracing to restart rapid spring runoffs and sub-surface drains to allow rapid drainage during the crop season.Item Do evergreen and deciduous tree differ in their effects on soil nitrogen availability(Ecological Society of America, 2012) Mueller, Kevin E; Hobbie, Sarah E; Oleksyn, Jacek; Reich, Peter B; Eissenstat, David MEvergreen and deciduous plants are widely expected to have different impacts on soil nitrogen (N) availability because of differences in leaf litter chemistry and ensuing effects on net N mineralization (Nmin). We evaluated this hypothesis by compiling published data on net Nmin rates beneath co-occurring stands of evergreen and deciduous trees. The compiled data included 35 sets of co-occurring stands in temperate and boreal forests. Evergreen and deciduous stands did not have consistently divergent effects on net Nmin rates; net Nmin beneath deciduous trees was higher when comparing natural stands (19 contrasts), but equivalent to evergreens in plantations (16 contrasts). We also compared net Nmin rates beneath pairs of co-occurring genera. Most pairs of genera did not differ consistently, i.e., tree species from one genus had higher net Nmin at some sites and lower net Nmin at other sites. Moreover, several common deciduous genera (Acer, Betula, Populus) and deciduous Quercus spp. did not typically have higher net Nmin rates than common evergreen genera (Pinus, Picea). There are several reasons why tree effects on net Nmin are poorly predicted by leaf habit and phylogeny. For example, the amount of N mineralized from decomposing leaves might be less than the amount of N mineralized from organic matter pools that are less affected by leaf litter traits, such as dead roots and soil organic matter. Also, effects of plant traits and plant groups on net Nmin probably depend on site-specific factors such as stand age and soil type.Item Effects of Agricultural Drainage on Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review(2009) Blann, Kristen, L.; Anderson, James, L.; Sands, Gary, R.; Vondracek, BruceItem Effects of Enrichment on Lake Superior Periphyton(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1973-05) Krogstad, B.O.; Nelson, R.R.; Odlaug, T.O.; Olson, T.A.; Ruschmeyer, O.R.The primary objective of this research as carried out in the summer and fall of 1969 and 1970 was to determine the possible changes which would take place in Lake Superior periphvton when polluting or enriching substances were added to the lake Hater. To this end, two natural rock basins were constructed at the lakeside along the north shore at Castle Danger, Minnesota for the purpose of exposing naturcll1y grown and regrowth periphyton to higher-than-normal levels of phosphate and nitrate. At weekly intervals, samples were collected and productivity was measured by enumeration of organisms, chlorophyll analysis, and weight, dry and organic. Lake Superior periphyton responds dramatical1 y to increased additions of phosphorus and nitrogen. If the near-shore area of Lake Superior ever received nutrients, such as those added to the experimental test pool at Castle Danger, a drastic change in the Lake.'s biota could occur. For example, as enrichment increased, the predominant clean-water diatom forms could eventually be replaced by the more tolerant green or blue-green algae. In addition, the very composition of the macrobenthic forms found in Lake Superior could be altered as a result of their dependence on the periphyton, which, as primary producers, form the first link in the food chain. Likewise, certain fish which depend on benthic organisms for their food may be adversely affected as an indirect result of a changing periphyton community. Having established that enrichment of Lake Superior water will drnmatically change the normal periphyton growth, another baseline has been established for future reference in the event that phosphorus and nitrogen rich wastes should be added to the 1ake. If certain types of algae appear as replacements of the normal flora now characterizing the periphyton and the productivity increases, one will have a means [or assessing the possible changes taking place in the water quality of Lake Superior.Item Fire Affects Ecophysiology and Community Dynamics of Central Wisconsin Oak Forest Regeneration(1990) Reich, Peter B; Abrams, Marc D; Ellsworth, David S; Kruger, Eric L; Tabone, Tom JIn order to understand better the ecophysiological differences among competing species that might influence competitive interactions after, or in the absence of, fire, we examined the response to fire of four sympatric woody species found in intermediatesized gaps in a 30-yr-old mixed-oak forest in central Wisconsin. Selected blocks in the forest were burned in April 1987 by a low-intensity controlled surface fire. The fire had significant effects during the following growing season on community structure, foliar nutrient concentrations, and photosynthesis. Acer rubrum seedling density declined by 70% following the fire, while percent cover increased several-fold in Rubus allegheniensis. In general, leaf concentrations of N, P, and K were increased by the fire in all species, although the relative enhancement decreased as the growing season progressed. Daily maximum photosynthetic rates were 30-50% higher in burned than unburned sites for Prunus serotina, Quercus ellipsoidalis, and R. allegheniensis, but did not differ between treatments for A. rubrum. Mean sunlit photosynthetic rates and leaf conductances were stimulated by the burn for all species, with the greatest enhancement in photosynthesis measured in Q. ellipsoidalis. Leaf gas exchange in R. allegheniensis was most sensitive to declining leaf water potential and elevated vapor pressure gradient, with Q. ellipsoidalis the least sensitive. Fire had no discernable effect on water status of these plants during a year of relatively high rainfall. In comparison with other species, A. rubrum seedlings responded negatively after fire-both in terms of survival/reproduction (decline in the number of individuals) and relative leaf physiological performance. Fire enhanced the abundance of R. allegheniensis and the potential photosynthetic performance of R. allegheniensis, P. serotina, and particularly Q. ellipsoidalis. We conclude that post-fire stimulation of net photosynthesis and conductance was largely the result of enhanced leaf N concentrations in these species.Item Impacts of Soil Health Management on Environmental Quality: A Research Review for Minnesota(2022-10) Reilly, Evelyn; Cates, AnnaThis review was undertaken to summarize research on the impact of four in-field practices (cover crops, reduced tillage, perennials, and crop rotations) on nutrient losses, soil carbon, and runoff/erosion in Minnesota. Social, economic, and policy considerations, while highly relevant to agricultural decision making and design of incentives, are beyond the scope of this review. To maximize relevance of findings, this review focused on data from studies conducted in Minnesota, along with data from Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, South Dakota and Illinois if applicable. Since Minnesota has unique climatic conditions, findings from meta-analyses were not included, except as background or where regional differences were noted.Item Leveraging Minnesota's Stormwater Data for Improved Modeling and Management of Water Quality in Cities(2024) Finlay, Jacques, C.; Janke, Ben D.; Trojan, Michael; Wilson, Bruce; Marek-Spartz, MaryThis Minnesota Stormwater Research Council project distilled recent urban stormwater data into a curated database representing more than 14,000 storm events across 91 sites in Minnesota. The database represents the outcome of hard work and large investments in collection of stormwater data by many individuals and organizations over the past 15 years. We applied the database to generate characterization of runoff quantity and quality specific to Minnesota, and used it to reveal prominent features of stormwater quality and identify relationships between land cover, climate, and major stormwater pollutants. In this report, we present the database, major findings from our analyses, and discuss further opportunities to leverage stormwater data collection to research and management.Item Light, earthworms, and soil resources as predictors of diversity of 10 soil invertebrate groups across monocultures of 14 tree species(Elsevier, 2016) Mueller, Kevin E; Eisenhauer, Nico; Reich, Peter B; Hobbie, Sarah E; Chadwick, Oliver A; Chorover, Jon; Dobies, Tomasz; Hale, Cynthia M; Jagodziński, Andrzej M; Kałucka, Izabela; Kasprowicz, Marek; Kieliszewska-Rokicka, Barbara; Modrzyński, Jerzy; Rożen, Anna; Skorupski, Maciej; Sobczyk, Łukasz; Stasińska, Małgorzata; Trocha, Lidia K.; Weiner, January; Wierzbicka, Anna; Oleksyn, JacekManagement of biodiversity and ecosystem services requires a better understanding of the factors that influence soil biodiversity. We characterized the species (or genera) richness of 10 taxonomic groups of invertebrate soil animals in replicated monocultures of 14 temperate tree species. The focal invertebrate groups ranged from microfauna to macrofauna: Lumbricidae, Nematoda, Oribatida, Gamasida, Opilionida, Araneida, Collembola, Formicidae, Carabidae, and Staphylinidae. Measurement of invertebrate richness and ancillary variables occurred ∼34 years after the monocultures were planted. The richness within each taxonomic group was largely independent of richness of other groups; therefore a broad understanding of soil invertebrate diversity requires analyses that are integrated across many taxa. Using a regression-based approach and ∼125 factors related to the abundance and diversity of resources, we identified a subset of predictors that were correlated with the richness of each invertebrate group and richness integrated across 9 of the groups (excluding earthworms). At least 50% of the variability in integrated richness and richness of each invertebrate group was explained by six or fewer predictors. The key predictors of soil invertebrate richness were light availability in the understory, the abundance of an epigeic earthworm species, the amount of phosphorus, nitrogen, and calcium in soil, soil acidity, and the diversity or mass of fungi, plant litter, and roots. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that resource abundance and diversity strongly regulate soil biodiversity, with increases in resources (up to a point) likely to increase the total diversity of soil invertebrates. However, the relationships between various resources and soil invertebrate diversity were taxon-specific. Similarly, diversity of all 10 invertebrate taxa was not high beneath any of the 14 tree species. Thus, changes to tree species composition and resource availability in temperate forests will likely increase the richness of some soil invertebrates while decreasing the richness of others.Item Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Wild Rice Sulfate Standard Mesocosm Study: Water, Sediment, and Porewater "Synoptic" Sampling 2013 and 2015(2017-05-30) Myrbo, Amy; amyrbo@umn.edu; Myrbo, AmyThis dataset represents opportunistic, "synoptic" sampling of 30 experimental mesocosms for chemical parameters. The mesocosm experiments were undertaken by Dr. John Pastor (UMN-Duluth) and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) to improve the understanding of why wild rice (Zizania palustris, manoomin, psin) is observed to thrive only in waters with low sulfate (SO4), and to contribute to evaluation of Minnesota Rules 7050.0224, promulgated in 1973, which seeks to limit the exposure of wild rice to sulfate concentrations exceeding 10 mg/L.The dataset is now released as manuscripts using it are being published.Item The Phytoplankton of Minnesota Lakes - A Preliminary Survey(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1971-06) Brook, A.J.Between the years 1965 and 1967, phytoplankton collections were taken in the summer from nearly 200 lakes in a diversity of areas throughout the State. About 220 taxa of euplanktonic algae were identified. The analysis of the Minnesota lake phytoplankton indicates there is a diminution in species diversity in the course of the evolutionary progression as lakes change in character from oligotrophy to eutrophy. Many of the markedly eutrophic lakes have suffered severe disturbance of the natural system due to artificial enrichment. Eutrophic lakes in Minnesota are typically dominated in summer and early fall by water blooms of blue green algae as is usual in most productive lakes of temperate regions. Microcystis aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii, Coelosphaerium naegelianium, Aphanizomenon flos aquae, numerous species of Anabena, Lyngbya birgei, and Gloetrichia echinulata are most common.Item Proceedings of Conference on Inland Lake Renewal and Shoreland Management(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1972-06) Water Resources Research CenterThe program of the Conference included an introduction and overview of the program of the Inland Lake Demonstration and Shoreland Management Project of Wisconsin. Reports were presented on selected lake renewal activities, selected shoreland management and development activities, and shoreland management educational programs. Projects were described involving chemical inactivation of nutrients, nutrient exclusion/dilutional pumping, rehabilitation of a small flowage, urban runoff, characterization private controls for recreational land development, shoreland development, and lake rehabilitation legislation and programs. The progress of Minnesota's shoreland program and activities in lake demonstration projects was described. Alum was used successfully for chemical inactivation of nutrients in an overfertilized small lake in Wisconsin. Dilutional pumping resulted in some success in reducing the phosphorus content of another lake. Plastic sheeting, in combination with sand and gravel blankets on the bed of a millpond, was used to control aquatic plants. With regard to water-oriented recreational developments, it was suggested that an automatic property owners association can provide a mechanism for maintaining and managing the common open space and facilities to which individual lake lot owners have common rights. A nationwide survey disclosed that explicit statutes saying that a local unit of government or State agency is authorized to project, manage, or rehabilitate lakes are rare. The 1969 session of the Minnesota Legislature passed the Shoreland Management Act requiring each county to adopt a shoreland management ordinance to help combat lake problems. Considerable progress has been made in implementing the provisions of the Act.Item Proceedsings of Conference on Inland Lake Renewal and Shoreland Management(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1972-06) Water Resources Research CenterThe program of the Conference included an introduction and overview of the program of the Inland Lake Demonstration and Shoreland Management Project of Wisconsin. Reports were presented on selected lake renewal activities, selected shoreland management and development activities, and shoreland management educational programs. Projects were described involving chemical and inactivation of nutrients, nutrient exclusion/diluational pumping, rehabilitation of a small flowage, urban runoff, characterization private controls for recreational and development, shoreland development, and lake rehabilitation legislation and programs. The progress of Minnesota’s shoreland program and activities in lake demonstration projects was described. Alum was used successfully for chemical inactivation of nutrients in an overfertilized small lake in Wisconsin. Dilutional pumping resulted in more success in reducing the phosphorus content of another lake. Plastic sheeting, in combination with sand and gravel blankets on the bed of a millpond, was used to control aquatic plants. With regard to water-oriented recreational developments, it was suggested that an automatic property owners association can provide a mechanism for maintaining and managing the common open space and facilities to which individual lake lot owners have common rights. A nationwide survey disclosed that explicit statutes saying that a local unit of government or State agency is authorized to project, manage, or rehabilitate lakes are rare. The 1969 session of the Minnesota Legislature passed the Shoreland Management Act requiring each county to adopt a shoreland management ordinance to help combat lake problems. Considerable progress has been made in implementing the provisions of the Act.Item Response of Nearshore Periphyton in Western Lake Superior to Thermal Additions(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1974-10) Drown, D.B.; Odlaug, T.O.; Olson, T.A.The intent of this research was to ascertain what effects a temperature increase in the order of 10 degrees to 12 degrees C would have on the near-shore periphyton assemblage of Western Lake Superior. To this end a field station, complete with holding tanks and a hot water source, was constructed on a rock ledge of the Lake Superior shore near Castle Danger, Minnesota. During the summer and fall of 1971 and 1972 periphyton covered rocks from the local area of the lake were placed in the experimental holding tanks where they were exposed to a continuous flow of lake water. In addition, denuded rocks were included as part of a regrowth study. One system provided a flow-through of unheated lake water while in the other the temperature was raised above ambient. Growth patterns were followed under both sets of conditions. Periphyton samples were collected on a weekly basis from the ambient control and heated water tanks and were analyzed for photosynthetic pigment concentration, dray and organic weight and total cell count. A quantitative and qualitative examination of the phyletic distribution of algae from the two systems was emphasized. Some of the more important findings and conclusions were as follows: 1. Diatoms were found to be the most prevalent algal type in both heated and cold water tanks. 2. Normal populations of Lake Superior periphytic diatoms (control), in terms of percent composition of the entire assemblage, were not greatly altered by the temperature increases used during the course of this study. 3. Three of the most common algal genera; Synedra, Navicula, and Achnanthes, showed essentially no difference in maximum growth levels attained in cold or heated water other than the fact that, in heated regrowth samples, peak concentrations were reached in a shorter period of time. 4. Several of the periphytic diatoms common to Lake Superior would continue to survive at temperatures well in excess of normal seasonal maxim. 5. Lake Superior contains genera of non-filamentous green algae which have species capable of adapting to extremely high ambient water temperatures. 6. The warm water system was more favorable to green filamentous algae, such as Mougeotia and Zygnema, than was the cold water system. 7. A prevalent green alga found in Lake Superior, Ulothrix zonata, was inhibited by the warmer water conditions. 8. In general, green algae common to Lake Superior are favored by temperatures in excess of those normally found in the lake. 9. Under conditions of these experiments blue-green algae did not increase as a result of thermal addition. 10. Analysis of pheo-pigments indicated that a substantial amount of “apparent” chlorophyll a was actually pheophytin a, a degradation product. Hence, the pheophytin analysis is important to any study dealing with the chlorophyll content of periphyton. 11. Concentrations of pheo-pigments were higher in the cold water tank than in the warm water system. 12. Supplementary observations have suggested that a separate invertebrate community occupied each of the tanks. While the above findings and conclusions indicate that a great deal more needs to be learned of the effects of thermal additions on Lake Superior, this study has pointed out that, if near-shore areas of the lake were warmed to the extent that could occur as the result of a thermal-electric generating station discharge, changes in the phyletic composition of the local periphyton community could be expected. The very nature of a change from diatoms to greens could have serious repercussions on benthic grazers and indeed the entire foodweb of the affected area.Item Spring and summer 2019 seston, excretion, and tissue C:N:P data for quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) in Lakes Michigan and Huron(2023-04-05) Huff, Audrey E.; Zalusky, John; Katsev, Sergei; Ozersky, Ted; huff0114@umn.edu; Huff, Audrey E.; University of Minnesota Duluth Large Lakes ObservatoryData include quagga mussel food, tissue, and excretion C, N, and P concentrations from sites throughout Lakes Huron and Michigan (including Green Bay) in the spring and summer of 2019. Samples were taken along trophic status and depth gradients. Site characteristics analyzed include site depth, seston C, N, and P concentrations, chlorophyll a concentration, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and mussel biomass.Item Temperature and leaf nitrogen affect performance of plant species at range overlap(Wiley, 2015) Fisichelli, Nicholas A; Stefanski, Artur; Frelich, Lee E; Reich, Peter BPlant growth and survival near range limits are likely sensitive to small changes in environmental conditions. Warming temperatures are causing range shifts and thus changes in species composition within range-edge ecotones; however, it is often not clear how temperature alters performance. Through an observational field study, we assessed temperature and nitrogen effects on survival and growth of co-occurring temperate (Acer saccharum) and boreal (Abies balsamea) saplings across their overlapping range limits in the Great Lakes region, USA. Across sampled ranges of soil texture, soil pH, and precipitation, it appears that temperature affects leaf nitrogen for A. saccharum near its northern range limit (R2 = 0.64), whereas there was no significant leaf N ~ temperature relationship for A. balsamea. Higher A. saccharum leaf N at warm sites was associated with increased survival and growth. Abies balsamea survival and growth were best modeled with summer temperature (negative relationship); performance at warm sites depended upon light availability, suggesting the shade-tolerance of this species near its southern range limits may be mediated by temperature. The ranges of these two tree species overlap across millions of hectares, and temperature and temperature-mediated nitrogen likely play important roles in their relative performance.