University Digital Conservancy :: Browsing by Subject "gender"

Browsing by Subject "gender"

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The 2007 Tucker Center Research Report: Developing Physically Active Girls: An Evidence-based Multidisciplinary Approach
(Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport, 2007) Kane, Mary Jo; LaVoi, Nicole; Wiese-Bjornstal, Diane; Duncan, Margaret; Nichols, Jeanne; Pettee, Kelley; Ainsworth, Barbara
The Affective Flows of Financial News Media
(2016-11) Cormany, Diane
Abstract At the start of the 21st century, the financial turn and the affective turn swept through critical cultural studies. The former recognized how society was being shaped by financialization—essentially the expansion of securities markets and market logics to all areas of daily life (Martin 2002). In order to understand the impact of finance capitalism’s incursion into private and social life, scholars including Brian Massumi and Lauren Berlant turned towards affect, which refers to the flow of sensations within and between bodies. At the same time, financial news media shifted to focus primarily on market movement, often replacing contextual analysis in the process. Drawing from media studies, theories and histories of financialization, affect theory, and cultural studies, my dissertation examines the intersection of these sociohistoric and contextual phenomena. I evaluate financial news media across both broadcast and print platforms: The Closing Bell (CNBC), Marketplace (American Public Media), and The Wall Street Journal as case studies for theorizing how financial news media operates as both a reflection of and a technology of financialization. My dissertation does so by situating financial news media within the context of neoliberal regulatory and ideological change that affected both the expansion of finance capital and changes in the media industry. In addition, I undertake close readings to evaluate the genre-specific aesthetics and the definitional forms of each text in order to understand how they interact with market logics. In the process I have discovered a common focus on incremental market movement across my case studies. These aesthetic forms may be considered affective by focusing on movement as productive and change-worthy (Massumi 2002). Likewise, while each of my dissertation texts imagines a different investing audience based upon their responsiveness and involvement in the market, the demographics comprise the educated and financially elite. Therefore, my project evaluates how media communicates engagement with the market as exclusive and hegemonic.
Buying Single, But Not Alone: Homeownership and a Successful Single Gendered Adulthood
(2022-05) Moore, Sarah Catherine
With couples making up the majority of homebuyers, singles navigate homebuying and homeownership in unequal, gendered ways that both draw on and challenge entangled cultural narratives of how marriage and homeownership fit into successful adulthood. In these ways, we can see homeownership as a site where social actors engage in gendered institutions. They use various gendered schemas to orient their choices as single homebuyers and homeowners. Singles constantly negotiate how their singleness fits into a coupled understanding of homeownership. They both draw on cultural understandings of coupled homeownership to orient their choices as singles to match them, but they also carve out another version of successful adulthood that decouples homeownership from marriage and parenthood.
"Changes in Time": A Transgender Journey in Three Acts
(2012-05-30) Boatner, Ethan
"Changes in Time" is a trilogy of plays dramatizing three key moments in my transgender protagonist's life over a span of time from the mid-1950s to a somewhat unspecified present. In the first, "Wishes," Lorraine McGowan is a 14-year-old just beginning to see how different she is; in "Dresses," Lorraine is in her mid-30s, on the cusp of emerging into her self; while "Changes" introduces Laurence, now transitioned and in charge of his life. The plays are set in an earlier era to show how powerfully the strictures of culture and time affect a person's ability to seek - or to find - help. Each play casts just one other character - Lorraine's friend, mother, or father - so that each can bring out facets of Lorraine/Laurence's emotions and explore the difficulties involved in claiming his proper gender.
Citizenship, Gender, and Intimacy: First Ladies in the Television Age
(2017-09) Jurisz, Rebecca
The figure of the first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) initially gained visibility thanks to the media technologies of the industrial age, but in the TV era this visibility exploded, and with it came a stark intensification of the potential for intimate connection between figures at the highest levels of national governance and citizen subjects watching at home. In the same years that broadcast television was at the height of its power, neoliberalism and post-identity politics were on the rise, and worked to refigure definitions of citizenship to be more concerned with the health and prosperity of individuals and families, and less concerned with collective struggle against structures of injustice. For women, this privatized and atomized regime of intimate citizenship fit with the contours of traditional femininity, even as they were being updated to reflect postfeminist imperatives that called women to engage in civic and economic life while still maintaining the primacy of their commitments to home and family. FLOTUS TV became an essential technology of citizenship for women viewer/voters working through these ever-more complex formulations of ideal femininity. This project traces both real and fictional representations of first ladies on television from the inception of the medium in the 1950s, to the declining hegemony of broadcast and cable in the 2010s, to demonstrate how the heightened visibility of first ladies made FLOTUS TV a site of both instruction and debate over definitions of femininity and citizenship that were increasingly narrow, frequently contradictory, and did little to pose substantial challenges to structures of injustice. Ultimately, these apolitical politics of intimate citizenship seem to have worked to (partially) defuse progressive and feminist challenges to power, and disciplined the ambitions of women who wished to rule.
Constructing and Contesting “the Girlhood of Our Empire”: Girls’ Culture, Labor, and Mobility in Britain, South Africa, and New Zealand, c. 1830-1930
(2019-04) Dillenburg, Elizabeth
This dissertation studies girls’ complex, often paradoxical roles in the British Empire and analyzes how discussions about the education, employment, and emigration of girls both reflected and shaped broader political, economic, and social debates. Although girls are marginalized in studies of colonialism, concerted efforts to educate and emigrate girls reveal how the project of empire building depended on the mobility and labor of girls and young women. This dissertation begins by considering the ways in which youth organizations sought to transform girls into “empire builders” and girls’ roles as migrants, settlers, laborers, and creators and transmitters of colonial knowledge. Girls supported the empire, but they also challenged systems of colonial power and resisted prescribed roles in various ways, from penning criticisms of false imperial propaganda to absconding from exploitative situations. While most histories of childhood focus on one region, “Constructing and Contesting ‘the Girlhood of Our Empire’” employs a multi-sited framework that examines girlhood in different areas of the empire—concentrating specifically on Britain, New Zealand, and South Africa—to elucidate variations within broader colonial processes. As explored in the second part of the dissertation, emigration programs for British girls to New Zealand and South Africa faced innumerable obstacles, and their limited success exposed fault lines within the colonial project. The third part of the dissertation focuses debates over the employment of African and Māori girls as domestic servants in British colonial households and how these debates reveal the ways in which ideas of girlhood and girls’ lives were intertwined with conceptualizations of the nation, empire, and race. The nature of the colonial archive means that girls’ experiences rarely appear in the traditional sources, but their voices do emerge in letters they wrote to family and friends, articles they composed for children’s periodicals, scrapbooks they crafted, and photographs and artwork they created. Utilizing these myriad sources, “Constructing and Contesting ‘the Girlhood of Our Empire’” provides new insights into girls’ roles in the empire and more nuanced understandings of how class, race, and geography mediated girls’ experiences of and engagement with colonialism.
Data from Liking of Food Textures and Relationship with Oral Physiological Parameters, Part 2
(2016-08-23) Kim, Sophia C; kimx1564@umn.edu; Kim, Sophia C
The data from Part 2 of the thesis "Liking of Food Textures and Relationship with Oral Physiological Parameters,"contains the raw and processed data files in which participants evaluated their liking of 106 texture attributes and then classified themselves into one of the mouth behavior groups. The saliva flow rate, biting force, variance of hue, and particle size difference threshold of each participant were also measured. Age and gender information is also included. The data can be used for various analyses in order to examine the relationships among the different types of variables.
Documenting and Understanding the Link between Climate Change and Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights Using a Case Study in Buikwe District, Uganda
(2023-05-05) Buetow, Kristyn A; Kubrom, Selam Y; Shannon-Tamrat, Sisay E; Walkenhorst, Megan E
The University of Minnesota Humphrey School of Public Affairs, in partnership with Regenerate Africa, collaborated on a study with two main objectives: 1. Conduct an assessment of Uganda´s capacity for integration of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the National Adaptation Plan processes 2. Document and understand the linkage and interconnectedness of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights/Family Planning and climate change. Researchers conducted 12 Key Informant Interviews and eight Focus Group Discussions with various expert stakeholders. The Focus Group Discussions were conducted within two communities of Ssi-Bukunja Sub-County, Buikwe District and shaped the case study model. The case study findings were then extrapolated to the larger Ugandan context by speaking to key informants in the Buikwe District and beyond. This report aims to provide Regenerate Africa and other key stakeholders with evidence on the link between climate change and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights/Family Planning in Uganda, and to apply this link to policy recommendations. The policy recommendations in this report are intended to be used in the comprehensive National Adaptation Plan for Uganda, which currently lacks a focus on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights/Family Planning. In addition, some recommendations are specific to local government, healthcare, and Civil Society Organizations. The Regenerate Africa team will disseminate this study’s findings and the findings of their larger study to policymakers and leaders of the other organizations mentioned. This report is intended to inspire more research with the inclusion of other communities throughout Uganda who have valuable insights on this topic. This project also marks the first capstone collaboration between the University of Minnesota Humphrey School of Public Affairs and Regenerate Africa, and encourages the continuation of this relationship.
The Emergence of Gendered Phonetic Variation in Preschool Children: Findings from a Longitudinal Study
(2021-06) Koeppe, Kiana
Gendered speech variation has been found in adults and children. In adults, sexual dimorphism is an important component of this variation, but prepubertal children lack this anatomical differentiation. Research has shown that adults also use learned behaviors to perform their gender, and a growing body of research has suggested that gendered speech variation in children is also due to learning. One of those learned sociophonetic variations is seen in the production of /s/. In this study, the development and variation of /s/ and /ʃ/ production between 55 children assigned male at birth (AMAB) and 55 children assigned female at birth (AFAB) was analyzed. A systematic comparison of /s/ and /ʃ/ accuracy and spectral properties at 28-39 months old and at 53-66 months old suggested that /s/ variation is a possible gender marker that is learned early in life.
Employee Motives for Engaging in Environmentally Sustainable Behaviors: A Multi-Study Analysis
(2015-08) Klein, Rachael
This research examines motives for environmentally sustainable (or “green”) employee behavior. Although individuals’ motives for pro-environmental behavior were previously explored in non-workplace domains, systematic attempts to identify the barriers and motives of employee green behavior are lacking. Thus, the aim of this research is to understand and assess why employees engage in green behavior, build a nomological network around these motive constructs, and explore the implications for how employee green behavior can be best supported given different motivations. These overarching research questions were addressed through a series of studies. First, in Study 1, a taxonomy of motives of and barriers to employee green behaviors was developed through an analysis of critical incident interviews with U.S. employees and then replicated in the U.S. and cross-culturally with a European sample. Sixteen motives and barriers were identified. In Study 2, sex differences in pro-environmental behaviors and its determinants were examined. The meta-analysis included environmental motivation (social responsibility, self-efficacy, expectancy, social norms, lack of knowledge), motivationally-relevant variables (environmental values, concern, commitment, behavioral intentions), environmental attitudes, and informational variables (environmental awareness, environmental knowledge) as well as pro-environmental behaviors (general, avoiding harm, conserving, influencing others, responsible product choices, and taking initiative). Generalizable sex differences were observed, with women more likely to report higher levels of specific environmental concern, greater motivation stemming from social norms, self-efficacy, and social responsibility, and more behaviors aimed at avoiding environmental harm. Men were more likely to have higher levels of environmental knowledge, however this effect seems to be diminishing over time. In the third study, the taxonomy of motives and barriers was used to develop an Environmental Sustainability Motives Scale to assess motives for green behavior performance and omission, as well as ungreen commission and avoidance. Exploratory factor analyses revealed four similarly interpretable factors across these behavioral quadrants: Prosocial, Enabling Capabilities, Extrinsic, and Image motive factors. Examinations of the nomological network of these factors showed differing relationships with how factors related to the Big Five personality factors and facets, sex, and green behavior across behavioral quadrants. The findings in this dissertation highlight the benefits of identifying and being able to measure the motivational determinants and barriers of employee green behavior in promoting environmental sustainability in organizations.
Fabricating the Martial Body: Anatomy, Affect, and Armor in Early Modern England and Italy
(2017-05) Taylor, Amanda
This project investigates the physical nature of what I call the martial body—most prominently represented as the armored knight—in late fifteenth- and sixteenth-century English and Italian culture. Earlier studies assume that there is an innate link between elite masculinity, combat, and armor during this period. In contrast, I identify the martial body as a means by which some women and lower status men could occupy positions, express opinions, and exert influence in ways traditionally limited to the masculine martial elite. Marginalized individuals and groups used the trope of the martial body to justify rhetoric and actions that transgressed codes enforced by the hierarchical and patriarchal social structure. Incorporating methodologies from the history of medicine and warfare that derive from work with medical texts and the study of material objects like armor, my dissertation traces the construction of the martial body and its uses as physical construct and rhetorical trope in the Italian epic romances Orlando innamorato by Matteo Boiardo, Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto, and Gerusalemme liberata by Torquato Tasso and the English Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser. The literary sources are complemented by inclusion of English and Italian anatomical and surgical texts, fencing treatises, and armor. Because of transmission patterns from Italy to England for medical knowledge, armor design, fencing technique, and literary genre, an attempt to study the martial body in England presupposes inclusion of Italian materials. The dissertation is structured so as to define the martial body moving progressively outward, so it begins by asking what the body is made of and then moves to an examination of the body’s surface before turning to the chief marker of the martial body, armor, and ends with a consideration of the martial body in combat. The first chapter investigates what the body was made of in the context of Galenic medical theory, Vesalian anatomical illustrations, and the allegory of the body in Ariosto’s Orlando furioso and Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. The second chapter considers skin and hair in all the epic romances as transactional sites that function by subtle manipulations of color, hardness, and presentation. The third again uses all four romances and turns to the martial body’s most visible marker: armor. It focuses on armor as prosthesis for entry into the hypermasculine space of combat and the complications this poses for the always already inadequate wearer. The fourth uses English and Italian fencing treatises in an examination of combat in the romances. In doing so, I demonstrate that the martial body—the literal figure and rhetorical trope of elite martial masculinity—serves as a vehicle for some women and lower status men to access the very social spheres that seem most hostile to them in order to evade strict social control.
Gender Allyship: Considering the Role of Men in Addressing the Gender-Leadership Gap in Sport Organizations
(2018-08) Heffernan, Caroline
Women’s underrepresentation in positions of leadership in sport organizations has been a persistent problem for sport organizations (Acosta & Carpenter, 2014; Lapchick, 2015, 2016, 2017a, 2017b). The gender-leadership gap has been extensively researched and has used a variety of frameworks (e.g., leadership/gender trait interaction, organizational culture) (e.g., Burton, Barr, Fink, & Bruening, 2009; Sartore & Cunningham, 2007; Shaw, 2006) to understand why women’s underrepresentation persists and have guided interventions to increase women’s representations (e.g., gender ratios, diversity strategies) (e.g., Claringbould & Knoppers, 2008, 2012). The current research has yet to inform a substantial change in women’s representation across the sport industry. Anecdotal evidence of men acting as allies to women in the sport industry challenges the existing literature, which does not include constructive roles for men in increasing women’s representation in leadership positions in the sport industry (e.g., Burton et al., 2009; Shaw & Penney, 2003). Allyship, a framework from the education and social justice literature, is a social change framework that includes members of dominant social groups as critical members in the pursuit of meaningful change (e.g., Bishop, 2002). The purpose of this study was to explore the existence of gender allyship within the sport industry, and if present, develop a substantive theory for how the process of gender allyship occurs. Given the limited perspectives of how men champion women’s leadership and how they work with women to achieve this goal, this was an exploratory study. This study was guided by a combined methodology of grounded theory and critical discourse analysis (CDA). Semi-structured interviews with 17 men and women in working in different types of sport organizations served as the primary source of data. An interview guide was used to capture allies’ insights into hiring processes and how organizational cultures that value gender equity are realized. Data analysis began with open and axial coding to define concepts and develop properties and dimensions (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Throughout data analysis, constant comparison and memos were utilized to ensure that the integrity of the study (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Finally, theoretical coding was performed to integrate categories into a substantive theory of gender allyship (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Findings indicated the existence of gender allyship in the sport industry, where male and female allies actively consider how to increase women’s representation in the sport industry. Three main categories were found that guide the process of gender allyship: awareness, capacity, and ally strategies. The process of gender allyship began with awareness, which is the core category. Awareness is defined as men’s and women’s understanding women’s low representation in leadership positions and their power to influence the hiring of women. Capacity is defined as how gender allies assess individual situations and determine their ability to act as a gender ally. Ally strategies are the intentional strategies that gender allies use to increase women’s representations in the sport industry. This study contributed to the allyship literature by demonstrating allyship’s application to gender and in professional environments. Additionally, this study contributes to the sport and gender leadership literature by demonstrating men’s contributions to the goal of increasing women’s representation in positions of power.
Gender Differences in Buffering Stress Responses in Same-Sex Friend Dyads
(2015-12-14) Pauling, Sydney N.; Doom, Jenalee R.; Gunnar, Megan R.
Social buffering is the ability of an individual to lower or block a close social partner’s physiological response to stress. It is unknown whether friends can buffer children and adolescents’ responses to stress both before and after puberty, and whether buffering by friends differs in boys and girls. The current study will examine these questions using a study of 30 9-10 year old boys and girls and 30 15-16 year old boys and girls asked to prepare for a stressful task with a friend. This task, called the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) involves a public speaking task and a math task conducted in front of judges, which consistently provokes increases in levels of the stress hormone cortisol (Yim, Quas, Cahill & Hayakawa, 2010). Friends assist the participant with speech preparation immediately before the speech, and a variety of behaviors were coded, including: validation, humor, distraction, and sensitivity. In addition, participants provided saliva samples for cortisol assay before speech preparation and every 10 minutes thereafter. After analyses were conducted, this study presented both age and sex differences in a variety of friendship behaviors: positive support, peer/participant anxiety, and humor/distraction. Statistically marginal effects indicate that larger samples were needed in each age/sex group to adequately test our predictions. In addition, peer support did not correlate with cortisol responses; although peer/participant anxiety did. Other measures of stress might have been more sensitive to peer support and should be examined. Considering the pivotal role that peers play in development, especially during the stressful period of adolescence, this is an essential area of future developmental research. Furthermore, taking age and gender into account will deepen the understanding of peer relationships across development.
Gender, Performativity, and Leadership: Department Chairs in Research Universities
(2014-04) Lepkowski, Christine
Women are significantly underrepresented as administrators in higher education leadership. This qualitative study examined the leadership of department chairs at public research universities to better understand how their gender and other identities affected their leadership. The following research questions shaped the study: (1) How do department chairs perceive that their gender and other identities affect their leadership? (2) What do department chairs believe faculty members, students, and administration expect of their leadership? (3) How do department chairs believe others' expectations are related to the chairs' gender or other identities? (4) How do department chairs' perceptions of others' expectations affect their leadership performances? and (5) How do discursive framings of power affect department chairs' leadership? Data for this study were gathered from four women and four men department chairs at public research universities in the Midwestern United States. The data collection methods used included one day of observation with each department chair, focused interviews, follow-up interviews, and document review. The data analysis was conducted utilizing top down and bottom up coding which generated research findings in six areas: (1) perceptions of the effects of gender and other identities on leadership; (2) perceptions of leadership expectations; (3) effects of expectations on leadership performances; (4) definitions and expressions of power; (5) findings by gender composition of discipline/department; and (6) findings by institution. The theories of performativity and feminist poststructuralism were used as theoretical lenses to analyze and make meaning of the data. Discussion of the findings and implications for research, theory, and practice are provided.
Gender/Genre: Gender difference in disciplinary communication
(2015-05) Larson, Brian
Within the professions, writers are expected to express themselves in certain ways, often within genres that are bound by conventions, including linguistic register. The student entering a profession learns those genres as if they are mandatory and static, and conforming or failing to conform to conventions is believed to have ties to career consequences. However, new members of a profession come to it with other habitual language practices affected—according to previous research—by the writer’s gender. Rhetorical genre theory and disciplinary, professional, and technical communication theory do not offer a full account for the ways in which these old habits and new conventions must interact, and previous research in gender and language does not fully account for how gendered persons write when confronted with high-stakes convention- bound writing tasks. I used tools from statistics and natural language processing (NLP) to assess stylistic features that previous research has associated with gender differences in written language: I applied those tools to texts created by law students near the end of their first year of study in the genre of a court memorandum, and I found there was no pattern of difference between male and female writers in these texts. I propose a “cognitive pragmatic rhetorical” (CPR) theory, grounded in work of Straßheim (2010), who attempted to bridge the relevance philosophy of Alfred Schutz (Schutz, 1964, 1966, 1973) and the Relevance Theory of Sperber and Wilson (1995); I have extended Straßheim’s work with insights from rhetoric and cognitive science. CPR theory explains that these apprentice members of a professional community will expend great effort to conform to its conventions and genres because of the students’ goals and the practical effects that depend on conformity. Consequently, we expect them to abandon gendered linguistic habits, at least while they are engaged in early training. This dissertation demonstrates a methodologically rigorous gender-difference study; offers evidence for an “anti-essentialist” view of gender differences in communication; and gives insight into the process by which apprentice members of a profession may adjust their communicative processes in response to their training. It demonstrates the utility of CPR theory and NLP tools in scholarly inquiries in rhetoric and disciplinary, professional, and technical communication.
Invisible Men: The Risks and Pleasures of Self-Portrayal in the Work of Contemporary American Male Artists
(2014-05) DeLand, Lauren
This dissertation examines the rare phenomenon of self-portrayal in the work of contemporary American male artists. The feminist art movement of the 1970s provided the aegis for many women artists to challenge the gendered dichotomy of artist/subject via the strategic deployment of their own bodies as artistic subjects. Yet remarkably little study has been dedicated to the question of why male artists so rarely make their own, allegedly privileged bodies the subjects of their work. I propose that the shifting definitions of masculinity in postwar America have in fact produced a stringently regulated economy of images of the male body. In four case studies of four contemporary American male artists (Kenneth Anger, Ron Athey, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Glenn Ligon), I employ visual analysis and comparative readings of juridical rulings and institutional policies that dictate the state of the body in contemporary American art.
Kabuki as a Women's Performing Art
(2021-06) Larson, Trae
Kabuki is a performing art that originated in Japan and this art is probably best known for being performed exclusively by males. Despite the fact that this perception of the kabuki is prevalent in not only mainstream sources but also academia, it is simply not an accurate reflection of the history of kabuki. Thus, before diving into the actual contents of this paper, it would first be helpful to understand the research that currently exists in the field of kabuki in relation to women’s involvement. To begin, an already existing literature review by Frank Episale called “Gender, Tradition, and Culture in Translation: Reading the ‘Onnagata’ in English” had the goal of analyzing the last 50 years of English-written kabuki research in relation to gender and culture.1 In this literature review, it cites that Earle Ernst, Faubion Bowers, and A. C. Scott are three authors who were critical to the establishment of kabuki studies within the post World War II United States.2 Episale then goes on to exemplify how these three highly-influential authors made many unreferenced claims and debated historical assumptions with a specific relation to how women are unable to perform kabuki.3 It is likely because of these widely-cited texts that it is also quite common for articles to utilize phrases such as “kabuki, the all-male theater” or “women’s participation in kabuki ended in 1629” to further the point that women are uninvolved in kabuki. Even articles that do not focus on women’s involvement in kabuki tend to dismiss women’s involvement with these quick phrases. These sorts of phrases and/or arguments are seen in the works of Donald H. Shively, Faith Bach, Andrew T. Tsubaki, Mette Laderrière, Yoshinobu Inoura, and Toshio Kawatake just to name a few.4 By no means am I trying to claim that all of these scholars actively attempted to exclude women’s involvement in kabuki, but rather that they simply utilized rhetoric that did so. Additionally to these authors, there are those such as Katherine Mezur and Laurence Senelick who recognize that kabuki is an art that plays with gender, but still reinforce the ideas that being male is necessary to kabuki.5 Nevertheless, in some recent scholarship over the last 20 years, cases of women’s involvement in kabuki has been getting fleshed out as exemplified in the works of Maki Isaka, Satō Katsura, Loren Edelson, Galia Todorova Gabrovska, Barbara E. Thornbury, Hideaki Fujiki, and Ayako Kano.5 With this being said, let me share how this very paper will fit into this existing research. One of the main motivations behind this paper is to help contribute to the existing research by specifically tackling these discourses that exclude women and portray kabuki as being “all-male.” More specifically however, this paper aims to answer the following questions: How has women’s involvement in kabuki shaped the art as a whole? What is the frequency of women’s involvement? How have women been discriminated against in kabuki? How have conceptualizations of sex/gender contributed to the discrimination of women in kabuki? How have these dialogues sought to exclude women from kabuki change over time? These are the main questions I aim to discuss in this paper. With this being said, this paper has two goals: (1) The first goal of this paper is to exemplify that women have been involved in kabuki since its origin and this will be accomplished by presenting a timeline of events of women’s involvements starting from the Edo Period (1603-1868) to the modern periods of Meiji (1868-1912), Taishō (1912-1926), and a little after. This timeline section of this paper will be divided into three parts: one part dedicated to women’s involvement in the Edo Period, a second part will be dedicated to women’s involvement the early Meiji period, and the third part will focus on women’s participation in what I call “kabuki-blended spaces. Although women’s involvement in kabuki does not end after these moments, the scope of this paper will be limited to these points. Next, (2) the second goal of this paper will be to analyze how varying conceptualizations of sex/gender have influenced the discrimination of women’s involvement in kabuki. This second section will be divided into three sections with each section focusing on a major idea that have contributed to the discrimination of women in kabuki. The first related conception that will be analyzed is cultivation, the second related idea will be that of sexology, and the third will be that of naturalism. While I am not claiming these are the three sole ideas that contributed to the discrimination, they are nonetheless three that will prove to have been influential. Now, with the paper now being briefly outlined, let us examine how women were involved in kabuki during the Edo period.
Masculine Culture, Gender Roles, and the Underrepresentation of Women in STEM Fields
(2023-03) Walters, Ashley
Women are underrepresented in degrees and career fields related to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM; National Science Foundation, 2022), but the gender gap in STEM fields varies widely (Cheryan et al., 2017). Only a handful of studies have looked at gender differences within STEM fields (Cheryan et al., 2017), and no study has directly compared masculine stereotypes and culture across different STEM fields as an explanation for the differential gender gap. Therefore, the present two studies have been designed to examine the impact of masculine culture and endorsement of traditional gender roles as explanations for the underrepresentation of women across STEM fields. Study 1 measured how different STEM fields vary in their degree of masculine culture, and the role of individual-level and perceived organizational-level factors in the continued underrepresentation of women in some STEM fields (i.e., physics, engineering, and computer science), but not others (i.e., biology, chemistry, and mathematics). Study 2 experimentally tested how different STEM company cultures, perceived as masculine or gender-inclusive, influence interest in the company and other outcome measures. Results showed that although both engineering and computer science have similarly low proportions of women, this is likely because engineering is associated with masculine stereotypes whereas computer science is associated with nerd-genius stereotypes. This program of research offers important insight into the potentially different mechanisms that may account for the low proportion of women in engineering and computer science.
Mental Health Disparities Among Caregivers: Implications for Gender and Sexual Minorities
(2018) Cheatham, Alexandra
Informal caregiving in the United States is an extremely commonplace way of assisting and providing for family and friends. Informal caregivers are typically unpaid, female family members investing significant time and mental energy into caring for friends and loved ones. Yet, caregivers themselves can experience adverse mental health outcomes as a result. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) caregivers are an understudied population in the caregiving literature that have unique experiences and needs. Despite the advent of marriage equality in 2015, LGBTQ populations are still facing a multitude of challenges in the United States. While couples can now legally marry and share health benefits across the country, many other protections are administered on a state by state basis. For instance, discrimination policies related to housing, employment, education, conversion therapy, and public accommodations all depend heavily on geographic location. Subsequently, these policies foster a multitude of disparities for the LGBTQ community. One such disparity, and the one of interest to this study, is the mental health disparities experienced by LGBTQ caregivers in the United States.
Mothers with a Dual Identity: Examining Treatment Outcomes and Risk Pathways for Deployed Mothers in the ADAPT and ADAPT4U Studies
(2022-06) Cheng, Cheuk Hei
There has been growing interest in understanding the post-deployment outcomes of deployed mothers, a growing subgroup within the military population. Despite growing research on military families in the last two decades, limited research has been conducted on mothers who deploy. Prior qualitative literature has suggested elevated risk encountered by deployed mothers, due to their dual identities of being a mother and a service member, but few quantitative studies have been conducted to support the qualitative findings. Also, no research has investigated the effectiveness of parenting interventions for deployed mothers. Study 1 employed a multiple regression approach to examine intervention outcomes (observed parenting and self-reported parental efficacy) at one-year follow up of After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools/ADAPT among deployed mothers. Results showed that deployed mothers showed improvement in observed positive parenting but no significant reductions in coercive parenting and no increases in parental efficacy. Study 2 explored the deployment risk pathways, based on the Military Family Stress Model, among deployed fathers, deployed mothers, and non-deployed mothers. Using a multi-group analytical approach, deployed fathers were compared with deployed mothers, while non-deployed mothers were compared with deployed fathers. Indirect pathways from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms to child outcomes via parenting were examined and compared among groups. Results showed that risk pathways were significant among deployed fathers and non-deployed mothers, but not deployed mothers. Group differences on indirect pathways were found, indicating that deployed fathers and non-deployed mothers had higher magnitude risk pathways than deployed mothers. Post-hoc analyses identified that among deployed mothers, military sexual trauma (MST), rather than PTSD symptoms, had indirect effect on child outcomes via parental efficacy. These findings highlight the importance of examining coercive discipline in providing interventions among deployed mothers. The second study highlighted the importance of military sexual trauma in affecting post-deployment adjustment among deployed mothers.

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