Browsing by Subject "Watersheds"

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Building Superior Coastal Communities
(University of Minnesota. Minnesota Sea Grant, 2006) Schomberg, Jesse; Hagley, Cindy; Desotelle, Diane; O'Halloran, Sue
Changes to this region and its human population are inevitable. This paper provides a discussion of human-induced stresses and impacts on the Lake Superior basin (runoff, sediment and erosion, nutrient loading, increased water temperatures, bacteria and toxic contaminants). Development pressures (including subdivisions) and economic growth and industrial activities (logging, mining etc.) impact sensitive areas in the Lake Superior basin. Environmental indicators (forest cover, water storage, impervious surfaces) are summarized and explained. The paper describes fundamental management tools (natural resource inventory, comprehensive land use planning, zoning and conservation design). The document provides several examples of innovative coastal projects.
Climate Change Adaptation of Urban Stormwater Infrastructure
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2023-06) Erickson, Andrew J.; Herb, William R.; Gallagher, Noah D.; Weiss, Peter T.; Wilson, Bruce N.; Gulliver, John S.
The final analysis of historical (TP-40), current (Atlas 14), and future predicted storm events for three watersheds in Minnesota (Duluth, Minneapolis, Rochester) has shown that current design philosophy is not sufficient to prevent flooding from 10-year and larger design storm events and that flood depth and duration will increase given current climate projections. Several stormwater infrastructure adaptation strategies were assessed for reducing flood depth and duration: Baseline (existing conditions), adding rain gardens (aka, Infiltration Basins), adding new wet ponds, retrofitting existing stormwater ponds to be ?Smart Ponds, adding new Smart Ponds while also converting existing ponds into Smart Ponds, or upsizing of stormwater pipes to convey more water. In watersheds that are mixed urban, suburban, and rural like Rochester?s Kings Run or Duluth?s Miller Creek sub-watersheds, the most cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy was to build new stormwater wet ponds (Extra Ponds strategy) to treat the impervious surfaces not currently treated by existing wet ponds and other stormwater BMPs. In the fully developed urban 1NE watershed in Minneapolis, the most cost-effective (excluding land costs) climate change adaptation strategy was building wet ponds (Extra Ponds). Securing property for building new stormwater infrastructure in fully developed urban watersheds like 1NE may be a substantial cost compared to other watersheds. Smart Ponds do not require additional land for implementation and thus represent a relatively low-cost alternative that will be more beneficial in watersheds with numerous existing wet ponds.
Determination of Effective Impervious Area in Urban Watersheds
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2015-07) Ebrahimian, Ali; Gulliver, John S.; Wilson, Bruce N.
Impervious surfaces have been identified as an indicator of the impacts of urbanization on water resources. The design of stormwater control measures is often performed using the total impervious area (TIA) in a watershed. Recent studies have shown that a better parameter for these designs is the “effective” impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area that is hydraulically connected to the storm sewer system. Methods to improve estimates of EIA are not highly researched, and need further investigation. The overall goal of this project is to develop a method to estimate EIA in urban watersheds with data that is readily available. First, the existing rainfall-runoff method was improved by reducing the uncertainty associated with EIA estimates and applying it to 40 gauged urban watersheds with different sizes and hydrologic conditions, mostly in the Twin Cities metro area of MN and Austin, TX. The results are then utilized to develop a new method based on the integration of GIS and Curve Number (CN). The GIS-CN method is applicable to un-gauged watersheds and is able to estimate EIA fraction based on TIA and hydrologic soil group (HSG). The results are used to evaluate the potential and the limitations of the GIS-CN method. The outcome and applications of this study improves the rainfall-runoff modelling in urban watersheds and will eventually lead to the design of a more sustainable urban stormwater infrastructure.
Development of Techniques to Quantify Effective Impervious Cover
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2011-09) Janke, Ben; Gulliver, John S.; Wilson, Bruce N.
Practitioners responsible for the design and implementation of stormwater management practices rely heavily on estimates of impervious area in a watershed. However, the most important parameter in determining actual urban runoff is the "effective" impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area that is directly connected to the storm sewer system. EIA, which is often considerably less than total impervious area and can vary with rainfall depth and intensity, is likely not determined with sufficient accuracy in current practice. A more accurate determination of EIA in a watershed would benefit a wide range of organizations involved in the design of stormwater management, pollution prevention, and transportation structures. This study investigated two existing methods of estimating EIA in a watershed: (1) analysis of large rainfall-runoff data sets using the method of Boyd et al. (1994), and (2) overlay analysis of spatial (GIS) data, including land cover, elevation, and stormwater infrastructure, using the method of Han and Burian (2009). The latter method provides an estimate of connected pavement, but requires the user to input the value of connected rooftop to determine the actual EIA value, which is the sum of these two quantities. The two methods were applied to two urban catchments within the Capitol Region Watershed in St. Paul, MN. The results were used to evaluate the potential of each method and make recommendations for future studies. In summary, the data analysis technique (Boyd et al., 1994) has the advantage of being quick and relatively simple to implement, as it did not require familiarity with specialized software tools (e.g. ArcGIS) and could be completed with any spreadsheet program with graphing capabilities (e.g. Excel). The EIA estimates from the data analysis are the most accurate, but the technique is unable to determine where in the watershed the EIA is located, and cannot be used if runoff discharge and local precipitation data is unavailable. By contrast, the GIS method (Han and Burian, 2009) has the advantage of being applicable to un-gauged watersheds, and also provides the location of EIA in the watershed. This latter feature makes it particularly attractive for honing the development and placement of BMP?s in a watershed. Unfortunately, the accuracy of the GIS method is completely dependent on the ability to faithfully represent the amount of roof connection in a watershed, a process that can add significant time and expense to the EIA estimate.
Ground Water/Surface Water Interaction in Nearshore Areas of Three Lakes on the Grand Portage Reservation, Northeastern Minnesota, 2003–04
(2006) Jones, Perry M
This is a geologic and hydrological study of three lakes on the Grand Portage Reservation and is largely technical in scope. These three lakes have higher conductivity levels than other lakes in the Reservation. Public water comes from surficial water supplies, while ground water is used for private water sources such as wells, mainly within two miles from Lake Superior. Ground water is too saline to use for public water use. Results of the study show that water movement and quality in this geologically-fractured area are complex, and that lake sediment temperature monitoring may be the most reliable method for natural resources managers. Key findings from the report are extracted and reproduced below. “The availability of good quality water from lakes and wetlands on the Grand Portage Reservation in northeastern Minnesota is an important concern of the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Indians. Development and changing land-use practices may affect the quality and quantity of water resources on the reservation. To effectively protect the water quality and quantity of the lakes and wetlands, an understand¬ing of exchanges between ground water and surface water on local and regional scales is needed. Numerous hydrologic studies have been done on the reservation, but none of these studies has focused on determining ground-water/surface-water interactions of lakes and wetlands. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Indians, conducted a study to assess ground-water/surface-water interactions in nearshore areas of three lakes, North, Teal, and Taylor Lakes on the Grand Portage Reservation in 2003 and 2004. These three lakes were selected on the basis of the rela¬tively high specific conductance values of water from these lakes compared to other lakes on the reservation. The high specific conductance values of the lake water may indicate that ground-water inflow is an important component of the water balance of the lakes. The objective of the study was to identify areas of ground-water inflow to the three lakes and surface-water outseepage to local aquifers through the assess¬ment of existing aerial photographs and water-quality data. Results from this study indicate that ground-water and surface-water interactions at the study lakes are complex, and the ability of the applied techniques to identify ground-water inflow and surface-water outseepage locations varied among the lakes. Measurement of lake-sediment temperatures proved to be a reliable and relatively inexpensive reconnaissance technique that lake managers may apply in complex settings to identify general areas of ground-water inflow and surface-water outseepage.”
Lake Superior Lakewide Action and Management Plan Annual Report 2013
(2013) Minnesota Sea Grant
This pdf summarizes progress made toward achieving the goals of the Lakewide Action and Management Plan (LAMP). In 2013, LAMP will focus on invasive species, land use change, biodiversity, chemicals of concern and potential effects of climate change. The findings and recommendations included in the International Joint Commission’s March 2012 summary of findings and recommendations on regulation of water levels in Lake Superior will also be considered. The report lists seven specific sites were progress has been made on clean-ups of contamination in Areas of Concern (AoCs). The report lists ongoing challenges including stressors (contaminants, climate change, chemicals, and the need to monitor these stressors), including the 2012 floods on US and Canadian areas of Lake Superior. The report briefly lists next steps (implementing projects; prevention of invasive species; working with mining and power companies; protecting and restoring habitat, etc.).
The Lakeside Stormwater Reduction Project (LSRP): Evaluating the Impacts of a Paired Watershed Experiment on Local Residents
(2011) Eckman, Karlyn; Brady, Valerie; Schomberg, Jesse
Scientists, city utilities staff, and local environmental engineers teamed up with homeowners to determine the best ways to reduce stormwater runoff from the Lakeside residential neighborhood in Duluth. The Lakeside Stormwater Reduction Project (LSRP) used a paired-watershed approach to assess the results of diverse stormwater treatments in the Lakeside neighborhood of Duluth on stormwater runoff into Amity Creek. The project investigated various installations that reduce runoff and can be easily maintained by homeowners. The goal was to identify effective methods to reduce runoff contributing to problems in Amity Creek and the Lester River. To complement extensive biophysical monitoring, a knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) study was done in April 2008. The purpose was to obtain baseline human dimensions data; assess residents’ willingness to participate in the project; and to identify possible barriers to adoption. Baseline information and residents’ views about stormwater issues were obtained in April 2008. The first-round KAP data was used to refine project design, and to identify possible barriers to participation. The study was repeated with the same sample in September 2010 to evaluate outcomes and impacts. Comparison of the pre and post KAP data shows a significant increase in respondent knowledge about stormwater, a positive shift in attitudes, and strong evidence of adoption of stormwater practices as a result of project efforts. The project successfully increased awareness among residents about the impacts of stormwater on Amity Creek and the Lester River, and fostered adoption of stormwater management practices by homeowners, even in the control sample.
Low Impact Development to reduce North Shore runoff: Successes, challenges, and lessons learned
(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2012-04-21) Axler, Richard P; Schomberg, Jesse; Will, Norman; Henneck, Jerald; Carlson, Todd; Ruzycki, Elaine; Host, George E; Sjerven, Gerald; Kleist, Chris; Hagley, Cynthia
The project supported the LakeSuperiorStreams project9s stream monitoring and assessment network and the Superior Regional Stormwater Protection Team’s educational and technical assistance missions by helping to fund: (1) the water quality data and associated interpretive information needed to assess, model and manage threatened trout streams and the coastal zone of Lake Superior; and (2) the dissemination of low impact design information specific to the region to help communities reduce their stormwater runoff and erosion impacts on sensitive water resources. Resource agencies require better estimates of seasonal, year-to-year and stream-to- stream variability in water quality to address stream impairments and develop effect remediation and restoration strategies. The project has continued to produce on-line, no-cost data, data visualization opportunities, GIS landuse and land cover mapping and analytical tools, and educational information for a broad technical and non-technical audience.
The MnDRIVE Transdisciplinary Project Implementation of Smart Bioremediation Technology to Reduce Sulfate Concentrations in NE Minnesota Watersheds
(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2017-07-14) Hudak, George J; Estepp, Lisa; Schoff, Patrick K
This report opens with an Executive Summary, which briefly describes the project’s major accomplishments to date. The body of the report is constructed in sections focused on five related project efforts: 1) Bioreactor Design, Operation, and Performance, 2) Power Management, 3) Microbiology, 4) Chemical Treatments, and 5) Economic Aspects of Sulfate Reduction. Each of these sections, in turn, starts with a brief summary, which is followed by a detailed report. Additional materials concerning bioreactor design, construction, and operation, as well as experimental design, rationale, methods, and data are included in appendices. In addition, the MnDRIVE Project Accountability metrics, which contain a breakdown of particular project tasks, are included as appendices.
Relationship Between Development and Condition of Lakes in Minnesota's Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion
(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1999) Johnston, Carol A; Shmagin, Boris
Human development in shorelands and watersheds has the potential to impact the condition and sustainability of Minnesota lakes. Shoreland and local zoning ordinances have guided development in recognition of this potential impact, but must be based on scientific evidence of land-lake linkages. The impacts of development must also be distinguished from the effects of lake and watershed characteristics that naturally alter lake condition. The objectives of this project were to: (1) develop classification systems for lakes based on (a) measures of lake condition and (b) measures of shoreland population density, and (2)develop methodologies to assess the cumulative effects of development on lakes by relating indicators of human activity to indicators of lake condition. GIS and statistical analysis techniques were used to relate indicators of lake condition, in particular Secchi transparency, to lake, shoreland and watershed characteristics. Existing lake condition data were obtained from two digital repositories: the Minnesota DNR Fisheries Data Warehouse and EPA's STORET database. Data were analyzed for two time periods, 1977-79 and 1994-96, so as to temporally match lake condition with available GIS land use data. The spatial extent of the study is the Northern Lakes and Forest (NLF) ecoregion, which covers 68,243 km2 in northeastern Minnesota and contains 5,408 lakes >. 10 ha, the majority of which are oligotrophic to mesotrophic. Secchi transparency of 589 lakes sampled in 1994-96 ranged from 0.6 to nearly 12 m. Of the eight clearest lakes, three were abandoned mine pits. Average Secchi transparency was 2.75 m for the 1977-79 time period, but increased to 3.17 m for the 1994-96 time period, a significant increase in lake clarity over time. Highly colored lakes were less transparent, and the correlation between Secchi transparency and lake color (r = -0.480, p = 0.000) was greater than the correlation between Secchi transparency and total P ( r = -0.365, p = 0.014). Multivariate analysis of seven lake condition parameters revealed that 73% of the variance in lake condition was explained by just two lake principal components (LPCs): LPCl was positively related to pH, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and conductivity, whereas LPC2 was positively related to Secchi transparency and negatively related to chlorophyll A and total P. These principal components were used to classify lakes into four lake condition classes: deep transparency low alkalinity, shallow transparency low alkalinity, shallow transparency high alkalinity, and deep transparency high alkalinity. The area of lakes studied ranged from 5 to 51, 7 48 ha, and maximum lake depth ranged from 1 to 70 m. Average shoreland land cover within a 1000' buffer surrounding each lake was 69% forest and brushland, 11% wetland, 8% water (ie., adjacent lakes), 6% grassland, 5% urban, and less than 1% cultivation and mining. With the exception of mining within the shoreland zone, which was associated with clearer mine pit lakes, there were no significant correlations between individual measures of development and Secchi transparency. Lakes with people living around them were significantly clearer than those without, indicating that people choose to live on clearer lakes. Shoreland population density was grouped into five classes based on the natural breaks method, but the only significant difference in Secchi transparency were between the most populous class (>. 844.4 people/km2), which represented the three lakes with the most extreme urbanization in the ecoregion, and the two classes with intermediate population densities (37.5-361.1 people/lm12). The transparency of the most populous class was not significantly different than the transparency of the least populous class (0-3 7 people/km2). Stepwise multiple regression between Secchi transparency and original environmental variables revealed that maximum lake depth was the single variable that consistently had the greatest influence on Secchi transparency, the deeper the lake the greater the clarity. Maximum lake depth provided 47 to 75% of the explanatory power of the stepwise multiple regressions developed using original variables, much more than any variable related to development. This means that deep lakes are naturally less sensitive to cumulative impacts than are shallow lakes. Stepwise multiple regression between Secchi transparency and principal components derived from environmental variables revealed that the following natural conditions were associated with clearer lakes: watersheds with loamy vadose soils, watersheds with moderately acid soils of very low erodibility, and lakes with other lakes in their shoreland zone. Lakes with more wetlands in their shoreland and watershed were less transparent. Lakes with urban shorelands were less transparent, but lakes in watersheds with private land ownership were clearer than lakes in watersheds with public non-wilderness ownership. Seasonal home development was associated with clearer lakes, but lakes with the most seasonal home development tended to be deep, which may have overridden any negative effects of shoreland development. Cultivated crops in the shoreland were associated with circumneutral soils, which were associated with reduced clarity. Overall, there was little evidence that development was detrimental to Secchi transparency except at the highest levels of population density and urbanization.
Sediment in the Ice-Block Lakes in Intensively Cultivated Watersheds of Southern Minnesota
(Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, 1983) Cummins, J.F.; Paulson, R.O.; Rust, R.H.; Gruenhagen, S.E.
Basin sediment was studied from 20 ice-block lakes associated with nutrient-rich, intensively cultivated soils on landscapes with poorly integrated drainage in southern Minnesota. This sediment is placed in the coprogenous earth class of limnic materials. Rice and Hall Lakes were investigated in detail because of the contrast in size and relief of their watersheds. Bulk density, mineral content, and total phosphorus and potassium were measured in cores taken from the lakes. A core from Rice Lake was sampled at selected depths for radiocarbon dating, examination of minerals, and pollen and diatom content with a petrographic microscope and X-ray analysis of the 2-to 20-micron size particles. Bulk density of the sediments increased from 0.07 g/cm3 in the layers part to 0.36 g/cm3 in the lower. Between 5.4 and 14.5 m, the bulk density fluctuated between 0.25 g/cm3 and 0.30 g/cm3. In Rice Lake, a peaty layer near 4.45 m had a much lower bulk density. Content of phosphorus and potassium increased to a depth of 10m, then decreased slightly with depth to the basin floor. Petrographic microscopic examination and X-ray analysis of the sediment identified only quartz and calcite in appreciable amounts. Crystalline silicates in the sediment are like those in nearby upland soils formed in the calcareous gray glacial drift. Diatomaceous forms and opalized plant remains were abundant. Radiocarbon date and pollen dominance were determined at depths of 4 to 5 m and 14.5 m. The layer at 14.5 m was dated at 9675 ± 144 years before present (B.P.) and spruce pollen was dominant. The peaty layer at 4 to 5 m was dated at 1835 ± 80 B.P. Sediment from Hall Lake had a higher bulk density, more total phosphorus, and more total potassium and mineral material than sediment from Rice Lake. These higher values probably reflect the larger amounts of upland sediment from the larger watershed and the shorter distance from the sample site to an incoming stream. Nevertheless, upland mineral types were present only in trace amounts and in sizes commonly transported by wind. Also, soil surveys located most sediment eroded from hill slopes at the foot slope. We conclude that most of the sediment was generated in the lakes themselves from dissolved nutrients.
Stressor Gradients and Spatial Narratives of the St. Louis River Estuary
(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2014-06-01) Host, George E; Axler, Richard P; Hagley, Cynthia; Drewes, Annette; Bartsch, Will; Henneck, Jerald; Fortner, Rosanne
The St. Louis River Estuary, a recently designated National Estuarine Research Reserve, is a complex mosaic of high quality aquatic habitat intermingled with areas of heavy industrial use, contaminated sediments, and effluents from the surrounding urban landscape. The estuary is Lake Superior’s largest U.S. tributary and home to the Duluth-Superior international seaport. The NOAA Sea Grant Program plays a significant role in promoting education, outreach and stewardship in Great Lakes coastal communities and environments. Geospatial thinking can enhance Sea Grant’s objectives, yet few tools exist to foster such an approach on a regional scale. In this project we conducted an estuary-wide sampling of water quality, wetland vegetation and macroinvertebrates, based on an anthropogenic stressor gradient that stratified sites from the relatively undisturbed riverine upper estuary to the working industrial and commercial harbor. Macroinvertebrate communities, plant communities, and water quality all showed some degree of association with the stressor gradient. The 17 water quality parameters we measured included five usually associated with suspended particulates and the rest with the “dissolved fraction” of the water. Dissolved “bioavailable” nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), chloride, and specific electrical conductivity (a measure of total dissolved salts) were positively correlated with increased environmental stress (Bartsch 2012; Bartsch et al. submitted to JGLR 6/2014) as were suspended sediment and the sediment- associated parameters turbidity, water clarity, and total phosphorus when a factor relating to soil erosion potential was added to the original stressor gradient. These associations were evident for multiple combinations of flow regime and location in tributaries and at near-shore locations within the estuary. Wetland floristic quality was also negatively related to increasing human stress, with disturbed sites and industrial bays of the lower estuary having a greater prevalence of invasive plants and species tolerant of elevated nutrients and sediments. Conversely, sheltered bays and fringing marshes of the upper estuary had lower stress and higher floristic quality. In terms of macroinvertebrates, the Ephemoroptera or mayflies, a common indicator of environmental quality, showed a decline in abundance with increasing overall stress. Overall, these field efforts indicated good potential for developing more robust predictive models as more data becomes available and by improving the spatial resolution of some of the stressor elements - especially soil erosivity and NPDES discharges. By integrating scientific research with spatial narratives, geoquests and deep maps, we created socially and spatially rich tools to increase environmental literacy of the region. Spatial narratives for the St. Louis River Estuary were captured through five vignettes of key activities important to the area: fishing, shipping, wild ricing, recreation, and community; and through perspectives of the local people who told their stories about places and experiences related to these activities. Our research connected aquatic science research on human-based stressor gradients with spatially explicit vignettes of local resource issues and place-based games around those local issues to enhance spatial awareness, engagement with, and stewardship of the estuary.
Wet Pond Maintenance for Phosphorus Retention
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2022-06) Taguchi, Vinicius J.; Janke, Benjamin D.; Herb, William R.; Gulliver, John S.; Finlay, Jacques C.; Natarajan, Poornima
This report considers the outcomes of the pond maintenance strategies of sediment treatment to reduce internal loading of phosphorus, mechanical aeration, alteration of pond outlet to pull water off the bottom, reduction of wind sheltering, dredging, outlet treatment by iron enhanced sand filtration and reduction of phosphorus loading from the watershed. The strategies were analyzed with the model CE-QUAL-2E, where inputs to the model were initial conditions, morphology, inflow rate and total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations, sediment oxygen demand, sediment release of phosphate, and meteorological conditions. The model as applied in this research simulates stratification, wind mixing, outflow and vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, chloride, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus. The model is calibrated on data from Alameda pond, verified on data from the Shoreview Commons pond, and applied to maintenance and remediation strategies for the Alameda, Shoreview Commons, Langton, and Minnetonka 849W ponds. Costs of maintenance or remediation strategies are estimated and the cost per reduction in total phosphorus release is calculated.
Wildlife species: responses to forest harvesting and management in riparian stands and landscapes
(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001) Hanowski, JoAnn M; Danz, Nicholas P; Lind, Jim; Niemi, Gerald J; Wolter, Peter T.
Breeding birds were surveyed in five watersheds in northern Minnesota for four years. In three watersheds (Knife, Pokegama, Cloquet) 12, 6 to I 0 acre plots were established. In two watersheds (Knife, Gooseberry) one large(> 40 acre) plot was established. Plots were established to assess breeding bird response to harvest type and J:iarvest method in riparian forests. Treatments in the Pokegama watershed included removal of basal area to 25-35 ft within 100 ft of either side of the stream with two different harvest methods (grapple skidding and cut-to-length systems). Uplands adjacent to riparian buffers were clearcut and three total (no harvest) plots were maintained in the watershed as well as three uncut riparian control plots. Before harvest data were collected in 1997, harvest was completed in the fall of 1997, and after harvest data collected in 1998, 1999 and 2000. Treatments in the Knife watershed ranged from clearcut in the riparian area to 25-35 ft residual basal area within 100 feet on one side of the stream. Uplands adjacent to riparian buffers were clearcut and three total (no harvest) plots were maintained in the watershed as well as three uncut riparian control plots. Harvests were not completed on all sites because of poor winter harvest conditions in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Breeding bird data have been collected in all years and will be collected in 200 I if all sites are harvested within this time frame. Treatments on sites in the Cloquet watershed were designed to examine bird response to harvest in the riparian area by leaving residual basal area ( 40 ft2) in either a scattered or clumped pattern. Uplands adjacent to riparian buffers were clearcut and three total (no harvest) plots were maintained in the watershed as well as three uncut riparian control plots. Harvests were not completed on all sites because of poor winter harvest conditions in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Breeding bird data have been collected in all years and will be collected in 2001 if all sites are harvested within this time frame. Bird surveys were also completed on two large sites in Lake County. One site, the Gooseberry was harvested, but the Knife River site was not. No statistical analyses were completed on these data and no additional studies are planned. In addition to breeding bird surveys, two additional tasks were completed and results were presented in the previous biennial report (Louisiana Waterthrush and riparian landscape statistics for the forested regions of Minnesota. No new information is presented in this report on those tasks.

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