Browsing by Subject "Structural equation modeling"
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Item Analysis Of The Relationship Between Psychosocial Factors And Self-Efficacy On Self-Management Behaviors In Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes(2013-11) McClernon, SusanObjectives Only 20% of patients with type 2 diabetes implement recommended self-management behaviors (DAWN study) (Funnell, 2006). In this research, psychosocial factors significantly influenced self-management behaviors and A1c, having more influence than SES factors. The integrated conceptual model illuminated complex relationships between psychosocial factors, self-management(SM) and A1c levels. It posited self-efficacy (SE) as mediator between self-management and other psychosocial factors. Method This study explored direct and indirect relationships between diabetes social support (DSS), knowledge, affect, self-efficacy and dependent variables including diet, exercise, competency in adult patients with type 2 diabetes with suboptimal glycemic control (A1c <&ge> 7%) using cross sectional data from the IDEA study using structural equation modeling. Results The conceptual model fit test statistics are <&chi>;a1c2= 379 (df = 112; n=564, <&rho>-value = 000). The RSMEA estimate was .043 (.037 - .051 CI), SRMR was .045, and GFI was .94. The direct effects for knowledge (<&beta> = .647, <&rho> value ≤ .001) influenced SE and SE indirectly influenced A1c (<&beta> = .253, <&rho> value ≤ .001). DSS directly influenced knowledge (<&beta> = .579, <&rho> value ≤ .001) and SE (<&beta> range = .482, <&rho> value ≤ .001). Affect directly influenced knowledge (<&beta> range = .296, <&rho> value ≤ .05) and indirectly influenced SE (<&beta> = .192, <&rho> value ≤ .05). A second hypothesis found SE mediated SM and A1c only for knowledge, not for DSS or affect. DSS, knowledge, and affect indirectly influenced SM behaviors and A1c significantly (affect only for exercise and A1c). Knowledge was a mediator for DSS to SE. Conclusions The theoretically integrated conceptual model has merit. Affect and DSS (mediates) are directly influencing knowledge, with is significantly linked with SE. SE mediates SM and A1c. This new knowledge of relationships between psychosocial factors may assist caregivers in better engaging their patients with diabetes in improving SM behaviors and outcomes.Item Data-Driven Support Tools for Transit Data Analysis, Scheduling and Planning(Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute Center for Transportation Studies, 2011-07) Liao, Chen-FuMany transit agencies in the U.S. have instrumented their fleet with Automatic Data Collection Systems (ADCS) to monitor the performance of transit vehicles, support schedule planning and improve quality of services. The objective of this study is to use an urban local route (Metro Transit Route 10 in Twin Cities) as a case study and develop a route-based trip time model to support scheduling and planning while applying different transit strategies. Usually, timepoints (TP) are virtually placed on a transit route to monitor its schedule adherence and system performance. Empirical TP time and inter-TP link travel time models are developed. The TP-based models consider key parameters such as number of passengers boarding and alighting, fare payment type, bus type, bus load (seat availability), stop location (nearside or far side), traffic signal and volume that affect bus travel time. TP time and inter-TP link travel time of bus route 10 along Central Avenue between downtown Minneapolis and Northtown were analyzed to describe the relationship between trip travel time and primary independent variables. Regression models were calibrated and validated by comparing the simulation results with existing schedule using adjusted travel time derived from data analyses. The route-based transit simulation model can support Metro Transit in evaluating different schedule plans, stop consolidations, and other strategies. The transit model provides an opportunity to predict and evaluate potential impact of different transit strategies prior to deployment.Item Integrating social considerations into managing white-tailed deer in Minnesota.(2009-11) Cornicelli, Louis JamesIn Minnesota, 500,000 deer hunters annually harvest in excess of 200,000 deer and recent population size can be described as historically high. Integrating social carrying capacity with biological population objectives is a new concept for agency professionals who have historically managed white-tailed deer populations primarily for hunting interests. To manage overall population size, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) sets harvest objectives to determine the number of deer that should be taken in a given area. However, those objectives were set with no clearly defined deer population objective or long-term strategy for managing over-abundant populations, nor was there a mechanism to address situations where harvest opportunity was exhausted. To that end, I developed a method to identify statewide deer population objectives using a public participatory process. Concurrently, I evaluated the attitudes of deer hunters towards regulatory change and implemented a choice methodology to force selection of a management strategy that might achieve a population objective. Over a 3-year period, I also evaluated the attitudes and motivations of hunters participating in experimental regulations to determine factors that contribute to future hunt participation.Item The intention to enroll in Medicare Part D:an analysis in the pre-medicare eligible population(2012-01) Jin, TaoStudies suggested that the wide range of drug plan options and the complexity of drug benefits in the Medicare Part D program might have discouraged the enrollment in the Medicare Part D program. This study used the Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB) as the theoretical framework to understand pre-Medicare eligible individuals’ decisionmaking in the context of Medicare Part D enrollment. Specifically, the objective of this research were (1) to examine correlations between underlying beliefs with attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls variables in the model of the TPB; and (2) to evaluate the strengths of paths among attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral controls, and intentions to enroll in the model of the TPB. This research included focused interviews, pretest study, pilot study, and main study. The instrument was established and evaluated in focused interviews, pretest study, and pilot study. Then a cross-sectional survey design was used in the main study and data was collected by mailed self-administered surveys. The survey was administered to a random sample of 1500 pre-Medicare eligible individuals (62-64 years) living in Minnesota. 689 surveys were returned; 556 out of these 689 surveys were eligible for inclusion criteria. The usable response rate was 40.67%. Descriptive statistics showed that generally pre-Medicare eligible individuals’ evaluations about Medicare Part D (Average score: 3.25 out of 5); their social pressure to enroll in Medicare Part D (Average score: 3.26 out of 5), and their perceived controllability (Average score: 3.34 out of 5) regarding the Medicare Part D enrollment were positive. In addition, their intention to enroll in Medicare Part D was moderately positive (Average score: 3.33 out of 5). Hierarchical regression analyses were employed to explore correlations between underlying beliefs (behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs) and corresponding factors (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls) preceding enrollment intentions. The results revealed that (1) “saving money on medications” (a=1.79, p<0.0001) was significantly associated with pre-Medicare eligible individuals’ attitude toward Medicare Part D and this outcome was perceived significantly beneficial for them. (2) “my spouse/significant other” (a=1.54, p<0.0001) and “my parents” (a=0.42, p=0.03) were perceived to approve of Pre-Medicare eligible individuals’ enrollment in Medicare Part D; however, their motivations to comply with their opinions were not significant; (3) Pre-Medicare eligible individuals believed that “mailing materials about drug plans” (a=0.4, p=0.0042) and “consulting with my pharmacy” (a=0.5, p=0.0056) would make is easier for them to enroll in Medicare Part D. Structural equation modeling methods (confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis) were applied to investigate associations between factors (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls) analyses and pre-Medicare eligible individuals’ enrollment intentions. Results showed that (1) attitude (r=0.39 p<0.001) and subjective norm (r=0.44 p<0.001) were significantly associated with pre-Medicare eligible individuals’ enrollment intentions in Medicare Part D; (2) subjective norm was the stronger predictor (r=0.49) than attitudes (r=0.35) of enrollment intentions in Medicare Part D for male pre-Medicare eligible individuals. However, the difference was not obvious (r attitude-intention=0.42 vs. r subjective norm-intention=0.40) for female individuals; (3) the TPB model had a reasonable good fit of the data to predict Medicare Part D enrollment intentions (R2= 0.616). This study showed that a more favorable evaluation of the Medicare Part D program, and a stronger perception of relevant others’ beliefs regarding enrolling in Medicare Part D drug plans could result in a stronger enrollment intentions of pre- Medicare eligible individuals. This study took the initial step to understand the decisionmaking process surrounding the Medicare Part D program enrollment in those pre- Medicare eligible individuals. Based on an understanding of the decision-making process of the Medicare Part D enrollment, the impact of this study could be enhanced by proving social support for Medicare beneficiaries in enrolling in Medicare programs. However, there was considerable variability in the observed association between behavioral intentions and actual behaviors. Further research is needed to explore the stability between Medicare Part D enrollment intentions of pre-Medicare eligible individuals and their actual enrollment behaviors. That will be more meaningful.Item The Interactions between E-Shopping and Store Shopping: A Case Study of the Twin Cities(2010-08) Cao, Jason; Douma, Frank; Cleaveland, Fay; Xu, ZhiyiThis research aims to reveal the interactions between e-shopping and in-store shopping using a sample of Internet users in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. This report summarizes previous research on the interactions among spatial attributes, e-shopping, and travel behavior and makes eight recommendations for future research. Guided by the recommendations, this study adopts an innovative research design by integrating a conventional shopping survey with an activity diary. This report provides a detailed description of survey development and implementation and points out several common pitfalls in survey administration. This report also presents results on the interactions. Specifically, two ordered probit models and structural equation models were developed to investigate the influence of geography on online shopping usage and the influence of e-shopping on traditional shopping.Item A moral obligation model of landowner conservation norms and behavior(2014-06) Pradhananga, Amit K.Despite efforts to reduce water pollution, water resource managers have yet to find a solution to the problem of non-point sources: pollution from diffusely distributed urban and rural land use practices. Current management approaches to NPS pollution are not regulatory and thus require voluntary human action. Changing human behavior, though, is a challenging task. Any intervention aimed at altering behavior should be based on an understanding of the determinants of behavior. Although varying in their theoretical and methodological approaches, researchers have focused on internal motivators such as values, attitudes, beliefs and norms as a basis to understand pro-environmental behavior. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the factors that influence pro-environmental norms and behaviors in the context of water resource management. To this end, an integrated moral obligation model (MOM) was developed to investigate the relationship between environmental and cultural values, a series of activators, personal norm and behavior. The specific research objectives of this dissertation are to i) determine the factors that activate landowners' personal norms to protect water resources, and ii) determine the influence of activators and personal norm on landowners' civic engagement in water resource issues. Data were collected through a self-administered survey of a random sample of landowners from three Minnesota watersheds: Sand Creek, Vermillion River and Cannon River watersheds. Latent variable structural equation modeling was used to understand the hypothesized relationships between values, beliefs, norms and behavior. Findings provide support for MOM as a useful theoretical basis to understand norms and behaviors related to water resource management. Structural equation modeling revealed that personal norms to act influence pro-environmental behavior. While personal norms are rooted in collectivistic and altruistic-biospheric values, beliefs about consequences of pollution, local responsibility, social pressure to take action and ability to act fuel personal norms. Overall, findings suggest that intervention strategies are likely to be successful if landowners perceive water resource protection as a moral issue and a collective responsibility of local landowners. Further, findings suggest that conservation programs must provide incentives that address real or perceived barriers.Item The paths from walk preference to walk behavior: Applying latent factors in structural equation modeling(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2012) Coogan, Matthew; Adler, Thomas; Karash, KarlaA structural regression model has been developed to explore the relationship among key factors in the explanation of utilitarian walking. The model examines the relationship between and among unobserved, or “latent,” factors that reflect (1) the values and preferences operant at the time of residential selection; (2) the urban form of the neighborhood; (3) the urban form of the residence; (4) the level of auto dependency; and (5) the extent to which the neighborhood is found satisfactory by the participant and those whose opinions he/she respects. The model allows the detailed examination of the paths from initial inclination toward a neighborhood with walkable destinations, through a series of mediating unobserved factors, each of which might either impede or facilitate the adoption of utilitarian walking. Analysis of the model results shows that values and preferences held at the time of residential selection are directly associated with the amount of utilitarian walking undertaken and indirectly associated through their influence on the choice of the built environment and the extent of auto orientation. The model is designed to facilitate the observation of the manner in which the various factors interact.