Browsing by Subject "Movement"
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Item Analysis of upper body measurement change using motion capture(2012-06) Sohn, MyungHeeAn understanding and clear descriptions of the human body in motion is important to achieve good fit of garments (Bye et al, 2006; Gill, 2009). However, to date there is still limited research on measuring the dynamic body and its application to clothing, and no previous studies have focused on measuring the dynamic body across body sizes. The purpose of the research was to explore the research method to examine body measurements using the motion capture system. This study tested the accuracy and reliability of a motion capture system in measuring a human body in comparison to the 3D body scanner. The second purpose was to investigate the body measurement changes in motion and to examine the measurement changes in motion across body sizes. The exploratory research was developed based on the framework for micro and macro levels of fit. The methods for this study were developed to examine body measurements using a motion capture system. The upper body movements in relation to the shoulder girdle were selected for a motion test for this study. The selected motions were the arm rotation and golf swing. Measurements were selected based on their application to pattern development. A total of the 25 women participated in this study. All of them participated in the golf swing test; six were the golf team members and 19 were novices. Of the 25 participants, 19 participated in the arm rotation test. Markers, needed for the optical motion tracking system, were placed at locations on the body corresponding to the selected measurements. Once the markers were attached, the participants were scanned in a natural and relaxed posture using the body scanner, and then their movements were recorded three times using a motion capture system. The quantitative data from the body scanner and motion capture system were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a paired t-test, and an independent t-test. Descriptive analysis of the body measurement change in the two different motion tests in this study indicated that upper body measurements increased or decreased corresponding to the shoulder joint and scapula movement. The shoulder and back arc at the armpit showed the greatest measurement change. The back arc at the armpit increased the most, while the shoulder width decreased the most in the upper body during the motion that involved the arm and torso movement. When the participants performed the arm rotation motion, the shoulder width (-38.45%), back width (16.08%), and back arc at the armpit (27.69%) showed the most change. The locations that changed measurements the most were the same as the results from the golf swing test. When the participants performed the golf swing motion, the shoulder width (-14.47%), back width (15.58%), and back arc at the armpit (20.65%) changed the most. An independent t-test indicated that the measurement changes in the golf swing test were different between the novice and expert golfers due to their golf swing poses. There was a significant difference in the decreases of the shoulder width, and the increases of the lower back arc, right side length, and left diagonal on the back of the body. The results of this study suggest that the measurement changes and percent changes increased as body size increased in two different motion tests. This study suggests that the motion capture system can be successfully used as a body measurement method. The motion capture system can be a reliable method to collect body measurements and to examine the body measurement changes in motion. The motion capture system allowed considering variations in continuous movements among individuals across sizes for dynamic anthropometric studies.Item Influence of Spatial Layout on Physical Activity and Face-to-Face Interactions in the Work Environment(2015-05) Bae, SuyeonLack of enough activity during the day in the workplace has become a serious issue resulting in obesity and health problems. This research explores how interior layout of workspace can affect employees' number of steps and face-to-face- interactions and also investigates whether face-to-face interactions relate to job satisfaction. Twenty one participants were recruited and the data was collected through completing self-report forms to report the number of steps and interactions the participants had daily for ten business days. The data was analyzed using the linear mixed effect models, correlations, ANOVA, and t-tests. The findings support both social ecological model and space syntax theory with positive relationships among distance, depth, the number of steps and interaction, and moderate variables (personal, organizational, and environmental factors). However, there is no significant correlation between interactions and job satisfaction. Since limited studies have been conducted to examine a correlation between movement and interaction in work environments, this research fills the gap of findings from previous literature and makes recommendations for future research.Item Moose movement in Minnesota and the use of known moose movement to evaluate the random encounter model(2021-12) Hinojoza-Rood, ValerieAbstract. Moose (Alces alces) are cold-adapted ruminants with a relatively low tolerance for warmer temperatures. The movement and activity of free-ranging moose can be recorded simultaneously through GPS locations and activity sensors to analyze the effects of season, temperature, and bout duration on the movement and bedding behavior of moose. Nine adult moose were fitted with GPS collars and dual-axis activity sensors in the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota. GPS locations were recorded every 20 minutes and synchronized with activity counts. Intervals with activity counts of 0 were considered inactive while intervals with activity counts greater than 0 were considered active. Short 20-minute bouts were the most frequent across all seasons and periods where moose moved less than an average of 0.5 m/minute for an hour were more common in bouts over 2 hours long. Activity and distance moved during each 20-minute interval peaked at the middle of each active bout. This pattern may be caused by the smaller comfort movements that characterize the beginning and end of active bouts or by increasing rumen fill during the latter half of active browsing bouts. The duration of inactive bouts decreased as temperature increased while the duration of active bouts increased until reaching a maximum. The percent of each day spent active varied by season with moose spending more time active from Julian day 100 in spring to Julian day 250 in late summer. The male moose had an additional spike at the beginning of rut lasting from Julian day 215 to Julian day 247. Daily moose movement and activity was crepuscular, peaking about 2 hours after sunrise and sunset. Moose activity also increased slightly 1 to 4 hours before sunset in all seasons except winter. Activity and travel distances during daily maximums were highest during summer when nocturnal activity and movement also increased. The maximum bout duration for female moose occurred at a higher temperature than the maximum for the male. The effect of temperature on distance moved was more pronounced during the warmer months where average travel distance stopped increasing around 12 C during spring and decreased around 18 C in summer. Moose modified their activity and movement during warmer temperatures, suggesting feeding behavior during spring and summer may be affected by higher temperatures brought about by climate change.These frequent recordings of moose locations using GPS telemetry were also used to quantify moose populations. Reliable estimates of animal population densities are vital to many wildlife studies and management recommendations. The random encounter model (REM) uses data from field cameras and concepts from the ideal gas model to estimate population densities with less study effort than traditional mark-recapture studies. REM accuracy and precision was assessed using GPS telemetry from moose recorded at 15-minute and 20-minute intervals since these known movements were more realistic approximations of animal movement than computer simulations. REM estimates of moose density had a 5.1 ± 3.3 percent error on average when using daily velocities calculated from all available moose telemetry data. Estimates of moose density had a 0.95 ± 0.78 percent error when using velocities specific to the times and individual moose used within the camera survey. However, precision was low for both surveys with only about 51.3 ± 32 percent of moose densities calculated using the general velocity and 52.2 ± 33 percent of moose densities calculated using the specific velocities within a 25 percent error of the actual population density. When only cameras from forested habitats were used in the survey, accuracy decreased to a 6.8 ± 4.1 percent error and precision decreased so that only 50 ± 31 percent of calculated densities was within a 25 percent error. For all surveys, accuracy increased with study area size, study duration, and percent of the study area within the camera frame of view of a camera. REM precision was most strongly affected by the percent of a study area covered by a camera view so field studies should either increase the camera coverage within the study area or perform replicate REM surveys to increase the accuracy and precision of calculated population densities.Item Pathway Analysis of the Movement of Recovered Cattle From a FMD-Infected Feedlot to Slaughter(2015-12) Evanson, Jessica; Sampedro, Fernando; VanderWaal, Kim; Goldsmith, TimothyItem Risk Assessment for the Transmission of Foot and Mouth Disease via Movement of Swine and Cattle Carcasses from FMD-infected Premises to a Disposal Site(2014) Slingluff, Jamie; Sampedro, Fernando; Goldsmith, Timothy J.The present risk assessment proactively evaluated the risk of infecting susceptible livestock by the movement of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) infected carcasses (swine and cattle) from FMD infected premises. The risk assessment evaluated the most up to date available science and solicited opinion from experts when data was lacking. This risk assessment is proactive in nature and the scenarios, pathways and depopulation practices assessed were based on the current practices and regulations applicable during an animal disease outbreak in the US. The characteristics, types of conveyance methods, and equipment used to transport the infected carcasses were provided from expert opinion and verified through site visits. Different modeling techniques were used to estimate the number of infected animals during a FMD outbreak at various time intervals, the total time estimated from infection to depopulation and the total amount of FMD virus (FMDv) contained in a disposal truck. The main outcomes of the risk assessment should be reviewed if needed as new data becomes available in the future. Risk estimation: The risk of FMD infection of susceptible livestock associated with the movement of swine and cattle carcasses from FMD infected premises to a disposal site during a FMD outbreak in the United States is negligible when using a standard rendering truck (tailgate sealed and tarp cover) and a Bio-Zip bag, and between negligible and low when using a standard rendering truck or a roll-off /dump truck with a Bio-Zip bag. The risk level in other scenarios (uncovered standard rendering trucks, uncovered roll-off/dump trucks, covered rolloff/ dump trucks and a liner) is between moderate and high. Main results: Time for FMD detection was estimated by a disease spread model to be between 4-10 days for swine and beef cattle and 3-9 days for dairy cattle premises of different sizes. Total time from infection to depopulation (including detection and confirmation) for the first FMD infected case was estimated to be between 10-15 days for swine, 8-12 days for dairy and 10-14 days for beef cattle premises. Total time estimated for subsequent FMD cases was between 7-12 days for swine, 6-9 for dairy and 8-11 days for beef cattle premises. Most of the animals (>65% for the first case and >81% for subsequent cases) were viremic at the time of depopulation. The average concentration of FMDv in a carcass in experimental inoculation studies was 103 Plaque- Forming Unit per gram (PFU/g) for a pig carcass and 106 PFU/g for a cattle carcass. The total amount of infected carcasses moved to the disposal site (relative to the size of the animal carcass and the capacity of the truck trailer) was between 23-390 cattle carcasses and 117-780 pig carcasses per truck. Any small amount of body fluids (1 mL) would contain virus that is equal and greatly exceeds the infective dose by oral and inhalation route for pigs and cattle. The likelihood that swine and cattle carcasses moved from FMD positive premises will contain an infective dose was high. The use of a Bio-Zip bag in a standard rendering truck (tailgate sealed and tarp cover) reduces the likelihood of leakage, spillage and aerosolization to negligible.Item Spontaneous Interpersonal Coordination in Children with Autism(2015-05) Kappes, LisaThis study investigated the ability of pairs of children with Autism (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children to spontaneously coordinate their rocking movements while exposed to visual and auditory stimuli. The central research question sought to determine if children with ASD could coordinate their rocking movements in situations where social interaction was required. Pairs of TD children and pairs of children with ASD performed rocking tasks, while sitting side-by-side. Each pair completed four experimental conditions of three trials each, during which they were instructed to rock while either directing their gaze forward (FF) or directly (DF) at their partner. Participants were also paced with a metronome in two of the four conditions (one FF and one DF). Results revealed a general consistency for rocking frequency between both groups, although TD children demonstrated a more consistent and coordinated syncing ability. Contrary to the hypothesis, children with ASD synced better in DF no paced conditions than in the FF paced condition. However, further studies need to be conducted to determine if all auditory stimuli or only certain sounds (i.e., music vs tick of a metronome) has an effect on the ability of children with ASD to coordinate rocking movements with a partner.Item The Systemic Effect of local Injection of clodronate on orthodontic tooth movement in rats(2013-06) Issa, Omar MohamedClodronate is a non N-containing bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclast maturation and function. The aim of the study was to assess the systemic effect of local administration of Clodronate on orthodontic tooth movement on rats. Two groups of Sparague-Dawley rats were used. Rats in the experimental group were injected with 50 µl of Clodronate solution on the same side every 3 days for 3 weeks and those in the control group received 50 µl saline solution at the same schedule. Two NiTi-coil springs exerting a constant 50 gm-force, were activated across the span from the central incisors to the first right and left maxillary molars. As the first molar tipped mesially, a diastema between the first and second molars was created. A histomorphometric analysis was used to calculate the mineral apposition rate (MAR) and the diastema between the maxillary first and second molars. The results indicate that (i) average diastema was less in Clodronate injection side group (ii) MAR was less in Clodronate injection side (iii) neither the appliance placement nor the injection inhibited the rat's ability to gain weight. Further study is necessary to determine the reproducibility of these effects.Item Teaching Dance Concepts: Moving Toward an Inclusive and Innovative Future(2015-05) Shinar, AnatThis research paper explores how dance education can contribute to continuing education and careers for students in all sectors, through its training in creativity. The paper also examines how conceptual dance education creates environments for inclusion and accessibility. Analyzing research in dance education, dance history, and business trends, I follow the concepts of space, time, effort, body, movement, and form, and demonstrate how these prepare students for careers that require creativity.