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Item Evaluating the Utility and Causative Genetics of Soybean Mutants(2016-03) Campbell, BenjaminSoybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the second most widely planted crop in the United States by acreage, but yet its genetic resources, mapping methodologies, and breeding improvements lag behind those of other major crop species. In the 20th century, soybean researchers gathered a wealth of natural soybean genetic diversity in the forms of soybean’s wild relative G. soja, soybean landraces, soybean elite lines, and spontaneous mutants. Starting in that same century, researchers began inducing soybean mutations through chemical or irradiation mutagenesis to generate new phenotypes. In the 21st century, these mutagenesis efforts have expanded and have been coupled with new genomics tools to enhance soybean functional genomics. These new mutagenesis efforts and genomics tools will be discussed in chapter one. One of the challenges facing soybean is the difficulties in gene mapping, cloning, and validation. A major focus of this dissertation is the adaptation of new genomics tools and mapping methodologies to soybean in order to facilitate the identification of causative mutants in soybean. Chapter two demonstrates a more classical approach to gene mapping and soybean whole plant transformation to identify the causative loci for three spontaneous chlorophyll deficient mutants. In contrast, chapter three utilizes a combination of new genomics approaches to map and clone a fast neutron induced mutant and validates the result using both a second mutant allele from a historic soybean mutant and transformation of an Arabidopsis mutant. Chapter four builds off of the results of chapter three in leveraging the genomic mapping approach to clone a spontaneous canopy architecture mutant. Several unexpected results and conclusions are reported in the following chapters. Chapter two provides evidence to challenge the widely held idea of gene redundancy in soybean provides an effective buffer against mutations. Additionally, to our knowledge, the research of chapter two reports the first instance of identical mutations affecting two different paralogs resulting in nearly identical phenotypes. Chapter three demonstrates that array comparative genomic hybridization technology and whole genome sequencing of mutant and wild-type bulks can be effectively combined to map and clone a fast neutron mutant from a small F2 population. The chapter also provides an example of the high complexity of mutations that can result from fast neutron irradiation. Chapter four describes the mapping and characterizing a short petiole mutant. The research identifies that the short petiole trait (lps1) is due to a three base-pair in frame insertion in an uncharacterized gene. It was found that the mutation decreases petiole length primarily by decreased cell length and that the short petiole trait could be agronomically beneficial through improved harvest index. The results from chapter four suggest that there is the capacity to improve soybean’s productivity and agronomics through modifications to canopy architecture, as has been demonstrated in other major crop species. The fifth and final chapter discusses potential future directions for soybean genomics research. New population designs with improved efficiency are described. Additionally, suggestions are made for how to utilize current technologies to improve next generation population designs.Item Genetic characterization of multiple disease resistance and agronomical/nutritional traits in hordeum(2013-08) Mamo, Bullo ErenaBarley is an economically important crop plant whose yield and quality is affected by multiple diseases. Landrace and wild barley gene pools can be utilized to enhance disease resistance and nutrition in cultivated barley. To identify and map resistance loci for three important diseases (stem rust, spot blotch and Fusarium head blight [FHB]), and enhanced accumulation of two vital micronutrients (zinc and iron), genetic mapping was employed. The genetics of resistance to stem rust race TTKSK in Swiss landrace and wild barley accessions at the seedling stage was conducted through bi-parental mapping. Genetic analysis of F2:3 families derived from these accessions revealed that a single gene that maps to chromosome 5HL — at or in close proximity to the complex stem rust resistance locus rpg4/Rpg5 confers resistance. An association mapping approach was utilized to identify Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with disease resistance and zinc and iron concentration in 298 Ethiopian and Eritrean barley landraces genotyped with 7,842 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. For stem rust race TTKSK, five seedling resistance loci were identified: one each on chromosome 2HS, 2HL, 3HL, 4HL, and 5HS. The ones on chromosomes 2HL and 4HL are novel, whereas the other three mapped to regions coincident with previously reported stem rust resistance QTL. For stem rust race MCCFC at the adult plant stage, one locus coincident with a known race TTKSK resistance QTL was identified on chromosome 5HL. For spot blotch, SNP markers located in close proximity with known adult plant spot blotch resistance QTL were found on chromosomes 2HL and 4HS in six-rowed barley landraces. For FHB, one common resistance QTL on chromosome 2HL, also associated with deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration, was identified. A locus mapping to a region of chromosome 4HL, known to contain QTL associated with DON, also was detected. The loci identified on chromosomes 2HL and 4HL associated with FHB and/or DON were not associated with heading date or plant height. Two novel loci associated with grain zinc concentration were identified on chromosomes 4HS and 6HL. For kernel weight, a known QTL region on chromosome 2HL was detected.Item Genetics of Rust Resistance in a Wheat Nested Association Mapping Population(2017-10) Manan, FazalWheat is an important food crop in many parts of the world, but its genetic diversity has been eroded due to intense selection in breeding programs. To increase genetic diversity in the Minnesota wheat breeding program, a nested association mapping population was developed by crossing 25 exotic accessions selected from the USDA-ARS Spring Wheat Core Collection with RB07, a Minnesota cultivar selected as the common parent because it has wide adaptation in the region. Virulent races of the stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Pgt), leaf rust (P. triticina, Pt), and stripe rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) pathogens threaten the wheat crop in the region. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to elucidate the genetics of rust resistance in select families of the Minnesota Nested Association Mapping Population (MNAMP) based on qualitative (chi-square tests of Mendelian gene models) and quantitative (quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping with 66,685 single nucleotide polymorphic markers) genetic analyses. Four families segregated for resistance to the widely virulent Pgt races of TTKSK, TRTTF, and TTKST. One to five Mendelian genes and five to 19 QTL conferred stem rust resistance in individual families. One family segregated for resistance to Pt race TFBGQ with Lr21 virulence. One Mendelian gene and two QTL controlled resistance to this pathogen race. Three families segregated for resistance to the Pst races PSTv-37 and PSTv-40. Three to five Mendelian genes and two to 12 QTL conferred resistance to these races in individual families. Rust resistant progeny identified from the MNAMP will be useful for enhancing the resistance of wheat to the three rust diseases.Item Genetics, Sources, and Mapping of Stem Rust Resistance in Barley(2017-04) Case, AustinStem rust is a devastating disease of cereal crops worldwide. In barley (Hordeum vulgare), the disease is caused by two pathogens: Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis (Pgs) and Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). In North America, the stem rust resistance gene Rpg1 has protected barley from losses for more 60 years; however, widely virulent Pgt races from Africa in the Ug99 group threaten the crop. To identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stem rust resistance, bi-parental and association mapping studies were undertaken in the Barley iCore Collection (BCC) held by the USDA National Small Grains Collection. Association mapping studies of the BCC were conducted for seedling resistance to Pgt race TTKSK (Ug99 group) in the greenhouse and adult plant resistance (APR) to Pgt TTKSK composite in Njoro, Kenya and Pgt race QCCJB in St. Paul, MN. A major effect QTL (Rpg-qtl-5H-11_11355) for APR in all locations was identified on chromosome 5H. This QTL represents a unique locus for APR and has been confirmed in other studies. Subsequently, 290 of the most resistant BCC accessions, the BCC Selects (BCCS), were screened for resistance Pgt races MCCFC, QCCJB, HKHJC, TTKSK, TTKST, TKTTF, and TRTTF, and also Pgs isolate 92-MN-90. From this investigation, four BCCS accessions were postulated to carry Rpg1, 14 to carry Rpg2, 91 to carry Rpg3, four to carry rpg4/Rpg5, and 59 to carry potentially novel resistance genes. To map the APR genes of Rpg2 and Rpg3 in Hietpas-5 (CIho 7124) and GAW-79 (PI 382313), respectively, two biparental populations were developed with Hiproly (PI 60693), a stem rust susceptible accession. Both populations were phenotyped to the domestic Pgt races of MCCFC, QCCJB, and HKHJC in St. Paul and to Pgt TTKSK composite in Njoro. In the Heitpas-5/Hiproly population, a major effect QTL was identified on chromosome 2H, which is proposed as the location for Rpg2. In the GAW-79/Hiproly population, a major effect QTL was identified on chromosome 5H and is the proposed location for Rpg3. The resistance sources identified and characterized in this study enhance barley breeding programs focused on stem rust resistance.Item Heterogeneous protein distribution during rapid and equilibrium freezing(2013-04) Twomey, Alan MichaelInteractions between proteins and ice were studied in situ using FTIR and confocal Raman microspectroscopy under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions over a range of temperatures. During quasi-equilibrium freezing of aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and bovine serum albumin, preferential exclusion of albumin and/or DMSO was observed. It was hypothesized that the albumin may be adsorbed onto the ice interface or entrapped in the ice phase. To investigate protein-ice interactions during freezing under non-equilibrium conditions, confocal Raman microspectroscopy was used to map the distribution of albumin and the cryoprotective agent trehalose. Microheterogeneity was found in the composition of the freeze-concentrated liquid phase that indicated that albumin was preferentially distributed near or at the boundary of the ice phase. The observed microheterogeneity did not occur under all freezing protocols, which suggests that the technique developed here could be used to develop freezing protocols that would reduce harmful protein-ice interactions.Item Mapping Industrial Clay Potential in the Minnesota River Valley(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1998-12) Zanko, Lawrence M; Oreskovich, Julie A; Heine, John J; Grant, James A; Hauck, Steven A; Setterholm, Dale RItem Promoting the Adoption of Snow Fences through Landowner Engagement(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2022-05) Current, Dean; Read, Aidan; Serra Jr., Airton; Wyatt, Gary; Gullickson, DanSnow and ice problems on Minnesota roadways represent a cost of close to $100 million annually to MnDOT in addition to the associated public safety and environmental costs. MnDOT and the University of Minnesota have collaborated to estimate the costs and benefits of snow control measures as well as the constraints that landowners face to adopt snow fences to control snow and ice problems. Benefits outweigh costs, often by a wide margin, but landowners are constrained by the lack of knowledge and the real and perceived inconvenience of installing, maintaining, and farming around a snow fence. Landowners think that the payments provided by MnDOT to install and maintain a snow fence are an important incentive but want more information about the issues involved with installing and maintaining a snow fence from a trusted source, a peer, or a testimonial. The project goal is to promote greater adoption of measures to address blowing and drifting snow problems through greater landowner and public engagement. To move toward that goal, we 1) carried out and prepared a minimum of 30 case studies of landowners who have implemented snow control measures; 2) entered the case studies into a computer and smartphone-based program that can be accessed by MnDOT and landowners; 3) revised and improved a MnDOT snow fence inventory to assist MnDOT in identifying and reporting on snow fences; and 4) developed curriculum and training materials for MnDOT personnel to prepare them for promoting snow control measures.Item Remote sensing for regional assessment and analysis of Minnesota lake and river water quality(2012-05) Olmanson, Leif GordonBeginning soon after the launch of the first Landsat satellite, researchers began investigating the use of Landsat imagery to monitor the water quality of our lakes and coastlines. The earliest use of Landsat imagery was for simple qualitative observations which included locating and mapping pollution and pollution plumes. Shortly thereafter, field measurements of water quality were correlated with Landsat data and later these correlations were used for quantitative assessment of water quality (e.g., turbidity, chlorophyll and water clarity). This dissertation expands on this earlier work and describes results of research to develop and use remote sensing tools for regional water quality assessment to improve the understanding and management of Minnesota's lakes and rivers. It includes four major components. First, a 20-year, 1985-2005, comprehensive water clarity database for more than 10,500 lakes at approximately five-year intervals for the time period 1985-2005, which includes almost 100,000 individual estimates of lake water clarity, was compiled and evaluated. Second, the results of a statistical analysis of the Landsat database for geospatial and temporal trends of water clarity over the 20-year period, as well as trends related to land cover/use and lake morphometry, are reported. Third, the advantages of improved spectral and temporal resolution and disadvantages of the lower spatial resolution of the global MODIS and MERIS systems are evaluated for regional-scale measurements of lake water clarity and chlorophyll of large lakes in Minnesota and compared with Landsat. Finally, aerial hyperspectral spectrometers were used to collect imagery with high spatial and spectral resolution for use in identifying, measuring and mapping optically related water quality characteristics of major rivers in Minnesota for three time periods that represent different water quality and flow regimes.Item Resurrecting Carthage: Mapping Memory and Identity in the Landscape of the Roman Colony, c. 146 BCE – 200 CE(2023-06) Saladin, ChristopherThe ancient city of Carthage is best remembered for its infamous end. Following a century of struggle with Rome in the Punic Wars, the flourishing North African city was violently destroyed and abandoned in 146 BCE. For centuries, Roman authors wrote of the city as a cautionary tale of Rome’s destructive power. Even today, popular culture erroneously remembers Carthage as a ruined city sown with salt. This image of a desolate Carthage stands at odds with the reality of its resettlement as a Roman colony and subsequent growth into the leading metropolis of Roman North Africa. This dissertation investigates the intersection of memory and identity within the Roman city of Carthage from its Augustan colonization in the late 1st century BCE to its urban boom under the Antonine and Severan emperors in the late 2nd century CE. Examining limited textual references alongside spatial analysis of the archaeological record, I argue that residents of Roman Carthage consciously preserved, erased, or reframed sites of Punic memory in the urban landscape to express locally situated civic identities. The negotiation of memory at Carthage is indicative of larger processes of identity formation in provincial Roman cities. Faced with the realities of imperial rule, Rome’s subjects found creative ways to express both imperial unity and local difference. Provincial populations challenged a singular definition of “Roman-ness” through regional variation in material culture and the active maintenance of local traditions. Carthage’s infamous destruction makes it an extraordinary place to witness such pre-Roman survivals. By tracing the influence of the Punic city on its Roman successor, I rewrite expected narratives of Roman cultural identity and propose a framework for studying the role of memory in colonial urban landscapes.Item St. Louis River Area of Concern (AOC) Data Visualization(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2016-11-30) Will, Norman; Axler, Richard P; Ruzycki, Elaine; Host, George EThe project described here involved 1) compiling and integrating surface water quality date (i.e. manually collected grab samples) collected since the 1950s which have been quality assured as indicated by their inclusion in EPS's STORET data base or via more modern federal and/or state certification programs, into a common database to expand the current (thalwed, i.e. main channel) tool's time range through 2015; and 20 developing a new application that would allow on-lin users to view and animate synoptic data (i.e. data collected from multiple stations on the same date) via bubble plots.Item Statewide Cycloplan: Bicycle Planning Tool & Participatory GIS(Center for Transportation Studies University of Minnesota, 2015-06) Terveen, LorenThis project extended the existing Cyclopath and Cycloplan bicycle routing and planning system. The primary goal of this project was to develop a statewide bicycle map. The map was intended to serve multiple purposes, including: • Giving people throughout Minnesota easy access to bicycle routing information, thus making it easier for them to utilize bicycling as transportation; • Supporting long-distance bicycle travel and bicycle travel outside of urban areas; • Compiling disparate sets of bikeways data -- from different sources and in different formats -- into a single, unified dataset and tool; • Serving as a collaborative tool for public participation and inter-agency cooperation. We achieved these goals by working closely with relevant stakeholders – both end users and planners – over the life of this project. The result is a version of Cyclopath that: • Enables bicycle routing for the entire state of Minnesota; • Features a significantly simplified and improved end-user interface; • Adds useful new features for transportation planners.Item Wetland Inventory and Classification for Carlton and South St. Louis Counties : Final Report and Deliverables(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2008-12-31) Host, George E; Meysembourg, PaulAccurate maps of the type and locations of wetlands are critical for land use planning, particularly for watersheds undergoing rapid develoment or facing increased development pressure. The important role wetlands play in maintaining habitat, water quality and surface and ground-water protection is well documented, but cun*ent information on the types, sizes, and locations of wetlands is difficult to obtain. As coastal environments come under increased pressure from development, this infonnation is essential for zoning, buildout scenarios and numerous other planning objectives. Within the Coastal Program boundary, however，up-to-date information on wetland type and distribution is sparse, outdated, or lacking for many watersheds. While the National Wetland Inventory is the most extensive and commonly used inventory, the limitations with respect to spatial and classification accuracy are well-recogiiized. Over several iterations, we have systematically been mapping wetlands within high- gi*owth areas of the Minnesota's Lake Superior Coastal Program. The objective of the current proposal is to use recent MN DNR aerial photography and other spatial data to delineate and characterize wetlands for the southwestern portion the Coastal Program area. These includes approximately tliree townships in Carlton County and watershed extensions into St. Louis County (Figure 1). Our primary end products are digital maps of classified wetlands and with associated data tables, which are here provided to the Lake Superior Coastal Program for distribution to decision makers and the general public. Wetland maps are delivered in two fomiats. As part of this final report to the MN DNR, we have included a DVD that contains the rectified raw imagery, inteipreted wetland in GIS fonnat, and metadata for the data layers. We have also created, as part of the CoastalGIS website at the Natural Resources Research Institute, downloadable and online versions of the interpreted wetlands. The download versions are delivered in ESRI shapefile fonnat, with associated metadata. We also provide an interactive version using the Arc Internet Map Server, which allows maps to be viewed and manipulated over the Internet with a standard web brower. The NOAA-funded CoastalGIS web site was established in March 2002 to sei*ve as a clearinghouse for spatial data relevant to the Coastal Program. The site currently contains a wide range of data sets on natural resources and infrastructure，and is designed to assist local decision makers and the general public in land use planning. The CoastalGIS web site can be accessed at: http://www. nrri. umn. edu/Coastal GIS