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Browsing by Subject "Human"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
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    Derivation of lymphocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells
    (2014-09) Ma, Chao
    Human pluripotent stem cells have the potential to produce essentially unlimited numbers of mature and functional blood lineage populations to study human hematopoiesis. Particularly, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the advantage to provide a source of autologous transplantable blood cell populations suitable for treatment of patient specific hematological diseases. This research aims to derive human lymphocytes from hiPSCs. There are three projects: The overall generation of human lymphocytes (B cell, T cell and NK cell) from hiPSCs is explored in Project I. In Project II and III, based on the derivation of NK cells, two human immunodeficiency disease models, both caused by specific somatic gene mutation, are established using human pluripotent stem cells. The ultimate goal of this research is to use hiPSCs to study the normal development of human lymphocytes in vitro, as well as model human immunodeficiency diseases by combining with gene therapy methods, thus providing a novel approach for immunotherapy. The hypothesis is that human lymphocytes can be derived from hiPSCs and this will enable the establishment of in vitro models to study human immunodeficiency diseases. Specific aims:1. To generate human lymphocytes from hiPSCs in vitro;2. To establish two human immunodeficiency disease models (X-SCID and WAS) through in vitro derivation of lymphocytes from hESCs/hiPSCs.
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    Human auditory source discrimination.
    (2011-07) Gardeen, Stephen J.
    The aim of this study is to examine the auditory system's ability to process low energy frequency transpositions of complex sounds. The auditory processing of complex sounds such as musical instruments, voice, or environmental events is currently an active area of research. Some propose that auditory "objects" are represented by neurons which encode the `invariant' spectro-temporal acoustic properties (Griffiths & Warren,2004). These sound features tend to be heavily damped and very transient and, therefore, frequency rich. This study shows the auditory's sensitivity to detect these adjustments by detecting the pre-attentive magnetic mismatch response (MMNm) from 8 subjects passively listening to complex audio stimulations. Responses were detected from most subjects even though participants could not attentively discriminate the sounds. This result is somewhat controversial in that current views suggests that a mismatch response indicates processing that is available for higher processing i.e. should be attentively discriminable (Näätänen et al., 2010). Localization results suggest the mismatch processing is performed in the auditory associations regions (superior temporal sulcus, insula) of the auditory cortex. These results suggest that transient sounds might be essential to auditory object identification, and that the auditory system is able to distinguish at a sensory level, shifts in the heavily damped spectral structure of complex sounds even though some cannot do so attentively. This could be due to the greater analysis given by the human brain to determining the pitch center rather then the sound timbre, yet some trained musicians have the ability to distinguish these subtle differences (i.e. differences between manufacturers of the same kinds of instruments).
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    Orbital Volume Changes During Growth And Development In Human Children Assessed Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
    (2020-04) Smith, Eric
    Purpose: To measure growth-related changes in orbital volume from childhood to the late teenage years. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Subjects: Healthy Caucasian children (ages 6–18 years) with existing serial craniofacial cone-beam computed tomography scans. The final sample consisted of 65 subjects (24 male, 41 female) and a total of 300 separate orbits. Methods: Each orbit was transformed into a closed space with well-defined boundaries, and orbital volume was measured using manual segmentation. A novel statistical analysis was applied to extract the maximum amount of longitudinal information from the data. Intra- and inter-operator correlation coefficients were calculated from replications performed on 10% of the sample. Main Outcome Measures: Orbital volume (mm3). Results: Orbital volume was found to increase at a rate of 1–2% annually until the late teenage years. Intra- and inter-operator agreement between repeated measurements were >90%. Conclusions: Orbital volume increases by 1–2% per year throughout childhood continuing until the late teens. Although this annual increase is small, it may be clinically relevant as it may lead to less-than-optimal long term surgical outcomes when reconstructive surgery for the pediatric anophthalmic socket is required.