Browsing by Subject "Chemistry of lake waters/sediments and wetland waters/peats in relation to controlling environmental factors"
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Item Caloric values of organic matter in woodland, swamp, and lake soils energy flow(1967) Gorham, E.; Sanger, J.E.Item The chemical composition of lake waters in Halifax County, Nova Scotia(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1957) Gorham, E.Some chemical properties of natural waters in the Cairn Gorm-Strath Spey area have been investigated. differences of ionic concentrations in twenty-four waters analyzed for pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, IICQ, Cl, Sod, NOS, PO4 and SiOz are interpreted in terms of variation in geology, topography, local climate and vegetation.Item The chemical composition of lakes in the north central United States(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1983) Gorham, E.; Dean, W.E.; Sanger, J.E.Lake waters of the north-central U.S.A. arc classified into five groups, based on increasing specific conductivity and changes in ionic composition from east to west, from Wisconsin through Minnesota to North and South Dakota, The most dilute group of waters has specific conductivities <29 µmhos -cm-’ at 25°C; the most concentrated group has specific conductances that range from 7,000 to 73,000 µmhos. As conductivity increases all major ions increase, but there is a shift in cation dominance from Ca2+ to Mg2’ to Na’, and in anion dominance from HC03- to SOd2-. This shift partly reflects a westward increase in climatic aridity, and partly a westward sequence of glacial drifts from noncalcareous to calcareous and hence to calcareous with abundant sulfur-bearing minerals. Levels of pH, K, Cl, F, B, and SiO, also show a distinct westward increase. Concentrations of NO,- and Mn increase from east to west, but the trend is less distinct. Concentrations of Fe vary widely without any trend over the range of conductivity. Color, mostly from dissolved organic matter, is controlled chiefly by lake depth, except for lakes with extensive peatlands in their drainage basins.Item The chemical composition of lakes in the north-central United States(1982) Gorham, E.; Dean, W.E.; Sanger, J.E.Item The chemical composition of some natural waters in the Cairn Gorm-Strath Spey district of Scotland(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1957) Gorham, E.Some chemical properties of natural waters in the Cairn Gorm-Strath Spey area have been investigated. differences of ionic concentrations in twenty-four waters analyzed for pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, IICQ, Cl, Sod, NOS, PO4 and SiOz are interpreted in terms of variation in geology, topography, local climate and vegetation.Item The chemical composition of some western Irish fresh waters(1957) Gorham, E.Item Environmental factors controlling methane emissions from peatlands in northern Minnesota(1993) Dise, N.B.; Gorham, E.; Verry, E.S.Item The geochemical and biostratigraphic record of natural and pollutional eutrophication of Minnesota lakes.(1975) Gorham, E.; Wright, H.E.Item Geochemical processes controlling concentrations of A1, Fe and Mn in Nova Scotia lakes.(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1990) Urban, N.R.; Gorham, E.; Underwood, J.K.; Martin, F.B.; Ogden, J.G.Concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, major ions, and dissolved organic C (DOC) were measured in 37 lakes in Halifax County, Nova Scotia, to determine the factors controlling the behavior of these metals in acidic waters with relatively high concentrations of organic matter. Concentrations of trace metals ranged from 5 were in equilibrium with gibbsite and amorphous iron hydroxide but highly supersaturated with respect to manganite and Mn(IV) oxides. Concentrations of Mn appear to be determined by the magnitude of the source (i.e. the catchment area) relative to the size of the lake. In lakes with pH < 5, concentrations of Al and Fe seem to be regulated by interactions with DOC. Although the metals and organic C enter the lake separately, we propose that precipitation of metal humates is the major process regulating concentrations of Al and Fe and, to a lesser extent, DOC in these lakes.Item The influence of oxidizing and reducing conditions upon the distribution of some elements in lake sediments(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1965) Gorham, E.; Swaine, D.J.Analyses for Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Co, P, Mo, Ba, Sr, Ti, Li, Rb, Na, K, Be, Cr, V, Y, Ag, Cu, C, S, Sn, Ni, Ga, Zr, and La have been carried out on some oxidate crusts, oxidized surface muds, reduced subsurface muds, and glacial clays collected in Windermere and Esthwaite Water in the English Lake District. The relatively organic lake muds exhibit the highest concentrations of C, S, Cu, Sn, and Ni. Many of the oxidate crusts exhibit strong enrichment in Mn, Fe, Ba, Sr, Pb, and Zn. Ti, Li, Rb, Co, P, and Mo are also enriched in some crusts. S, Sn, and Ni reach their highest levels in the reducing subsurface muds, but Mn, and to a lesser extent Fe and Mo, are higher in the oxidized that in the reduced muds. Relations between the elements in the various sediments are examined, and the English oxidate crusts are compared with lake and stream ores in Sweden and Finland, and with marine manganese nodules. These marine nodules are frequently enriched in Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, V. Ag, and Sn to a far higher degree than the freshwater ferromanganese concretions. Some freshwater crusts exhibit enrichments in Pb, Zn, and Ba of the same order as those observed in marine manganese nodulesItem The ionic composition of some lowland lake waters from Cheshire, England(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1957) Gorham, E.Analyses are presented for the major dissolved constituents in waters from nine Cheshire meres. Calcium and bicarbonate ions predominate, but there are also large proportions of magnesium, sodium, sulphate, and chloride in these rather concentrated waters. The two lakes lacking inflow and outflow streams are chemically aberrant, and it appears that their ionic composition is greatly influenced by that of rain. The chemistry of the normal mere waters reflects the arid conditions in which the underlying Keuper marls were deposited.Item Magnitude and significance of carbon burial in lakes, reservoirs, and peatlands(1998) Dean, W.E.; Gorham, E.Item Major chemical and mineral components of profundal surface sediments of Minnesota lakes(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1976) Dean, W.E.; Gorham, E.Minnesota lakes, characterized primarily on t&e basis of water chemistry, can also be classified according to the proportions of organic matter, CaCOs, and elastic minerals in their profundal sediments. The northeastern (group 1) lakes are characterized by shallow to very deep basins in Precambrian crystalline rocks, active outlets, and dilute surface waters. Profundal sediments of these lakes contain no sedimentary calcium carbonate and can be subdivided on the basis of organic content. Highly organic sediments of group 1 lakes contain more than 30% organic matter (as loss on ignition), but most group 1 lake sediments contain less than this. The central group 2 lakes occupy shallow to moderately deep basins in calcareous glacial till, have inactive outlets as a result of net evaporation, contain more concentrated salts than group 1 lakes, and commonly precipitate CaCOs during the summer. These lakes can be subdivided on the basis of sedimentary CaCOs. Sediments of group 2 lakes with more than 30% organic material contain little or no CaCOs. Southern group 2 lake sediments are characterized by 1030% CaC03 and 10-300/o organic matter. Sediments of western group 2 lakes contain 30-5070 CaCOs and about twice as much elastic as organic materials. Group 3 lakes occupy shallow depressions in calcareous, sulfur-rich glacial drift of the arid southwestern prairie region and contain even more concentrated salts than group 2 lakes. Sediments in these lakes are mainly elastic, averaging about 12% organic matter and 20% CaCOs. Variations in water and sediment chemistry, and in sediment mineralogy of these lakes are clearly related to an increase in climatic aridity and aquatic productivity from northeast to southwest. Differences in nature of the underlying glacial drift and in degree of erosion also affect the composition of the lake sediments.Item Methane flux from Minnesota peatlands(1988) Crill, P.M.; Bartlett, K.B.; Harriss, R.C.; Gorham, E.; Verry, E.S.; Sebacher, D.I.; Mazdar, L.; Sanner, W.Item Mineral element composition of Sphagnum fuscum peats collected from Minnesota, Manitoba and Ontario(1984) Pakarinen, P.; Gorham, E.Surface moss and peat analyses are presented from five North American ombrotrophic bogs: three sites in northern Minnesota, one in central Manitoba, and one in NE Ontario. All these sites have a well-developed, fibric surface peat layer with Sphagnum fuscum as a dominant, and as a typical feature of continental bogs, black spruce (Picea mariana) forms a continuous, although locally sparse tree canopy. In addition to nitrogen and sulfur analyses, data are presented for several major and minor elements based on ICP atomic emission spectrometry: P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb. Significant vertical and regional differences were found in the elemental concentrations. The possibilities of estimating the accumulation rates of chemical elements in the surface peat layers are discussed using examples from Finland and Ontario.Item Molybdenum, manganese and iron in lake muds(1964) Gorham, E.Item Observations on the formation and breakdown of the oxidized microzone at the mud surface in lakes(American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1958) Gorham, E.Evidence is presented indicating that the winter thickness of the oxidized microzone at the surface of lake muds may depend upon turbulent displacement of the uppermost sediments into the overlying aerated water, as well as upon the reducing power of the sediments themselves. It is also suggested that this winter oxidized layer may disappear mainly from the surface downward, owing to the greater oxygen consumption there brought about by decomposition of sedimented plankton. Lastly, evidence for a final evolutionary phase of lake sterility, due to development of extremely reducing conditions in the bottom mud, is examined and rejected.Item Item The paleorecord of geochemistry and hydrology in northern peatlands and its relation to global change(1992) Gorham, E.; Janssens, J.A.