Browsing by Author "Morey, G.B."

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Bedrock and surficial geology of Hoyt Lakes-Kawishiwi area of the Duluth Complex, final report
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1977) Weiblen, P.W.; Morey, G.B.; Cooper, R.W.
Bedrock geology of Minnesota: Postcard
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1992) Morey, G.B.
This interim geologic map shows the general distribution of rock types underlying Minnesota's landscape. Some of the rocks are 3.6 billion years old - the oldlest found so far in the United States. The map reflects geologic ideas developed by scientists during the past decade. Because the map was compiled from large-scale maps, large parts of which were interpreted from geophysical data, this image should not be photographically or digitally enlarged for use at a more detailed scale.
Bulletin No. 46. Bibliography of Minnesota Geology 1951-1980
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1981) Morey, G.B.; Balaban, Nancy; Swanson, Lynn
This bibliography brings Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin 34, "Bibliography of Minnesota Geology," by T.G. Melone and L. W. Weis, published in 1951, up to date. A supplement in 1962, by John F. Splettstoesser and Sally A. Sloan, included literature for the period 1951-1961. The present bibliography incorporates the latter into a compilation of literature from 1951 through 1980. The literature covered includes essentially all geologic topics, but excludes surface hydrology, mining, and metallurgy. Masters theses and Ph.D. dissertations are included, but some omissions of these and other kinds of literature are inevitable. We hope that omissions and errors will be brought to our attention. The bibliography is the result of efforts by numerous individuals over a period of several years. If anyone has been omitted from the alphabetic list that follows, we apologize: Douglas Bergstrom, Reta Bradley, Susan Brostrom, Amy Bumberg, Lucinda Hruska-Claeys, Dana Noonan, John Splettstoesser, and Lynn Swanson. G. B. Morey directed the final selection of the citations and the preparation of the index by Nancy Balaban and Lynn Swanson. The index, designed by Morey, is based in large part on his knowledge of the pertinent literature. Howard Hobbs reviewed the indexing of the Quaternary citations, and Val Chandler, the indexing of the geophysics citations. Lynn Swanson and Nancy Balaban were responsible for copy editing and proofreading. Leonora Bauer, Ruth Harter, Vera Jean Holmberg, and Linda McDonald typed successive generations of the manuscript on a word processor.
Bulletin No. 47. Bibliography of Minnesota Geology 1981-1985
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1987) Swanson, Lynn; Balaban, N.H.; Morey, G.B.
This bibliography contains references to the geologic literature on the State of Minnesota issued from 1981 through 1985, as well as omissions from the previous two bibliographies of Minnesota geology: Bulletin 34 (published in 1951), with coverage through 1950; and Bulletin 46 (published in 1981), with coverage for 1951-1980. The references in the bibliography section cover most geologic topics but exclude those confined to the last 10,000 years, to surface hydrology, and to mining and metallurgy. Most unpublished maps and reports were excluded from this bibliography, because they are not readily available to users. Notable exceptions are theses and dissertations and open-file reports issued in established and accessible series, such as the U.S. Geological Survey's Open-File Report series. An effort was made in the bibliography section to preserve the spelling, capitalization, and punctuation of the original sources; usage in the index reflects current Minnesota Geological Survey style. The last bibliography, Bulletin 46, covered 30 years. Bulletin 47 covers only 5 years, but contains nearly 1,100 references, more than half the number in its predecessor. Much of this inflation may reflect the increased number of abstracts published in recent years. The next bibliography (for 1986-1990) will differentiate between abstracts and more substantive work. The index section, with a few minor changes, closely follows the design of the index in Bulletin 46. It has in one alphabetical listing topical (Ground Water; Petrology; Sedimentation), geographic (Mesabi range; Lake County; Southwestern Minnesota), lithostratigraphic (Duluth Complex; Lake Vermilion Formation), and chronostratigraphic (Paleozoic; Quaternary) indexing. Care was taken to index references to the closest applicable index classifications. For this reason, users of the index are encouraged to search flexibly, to check both broader and narrower index classifications. For example, someone wanting references for Aitkin County may also wish to search a narrower index classification-Cuyuna range, as well as the broader East-central Minnesota. The increased number of cross references in this index should help users with this type of search. Several of the Survey staff were especially helpful in the preparation of the index, and also reviewed the entries in their respective fields: M.J.P. Kuhns and S.J. Mills (economic geology and Duluth Complex); P.L. McSwiggen (petrology and uranium); H.C. Hobbs (glacial geology); and D.J. Bergstrom (Paleozoic rocks and Sioux Quartzite). V. W. Chandler reviewed the geophysics entries; D.R. Setterholm, Cretaceous rocks; R.S. Lively, geochemistry and geochronology; and M.C. Hoyer, ATES. Linda McDonald typed and updated the bibliography through most of its existence. Denise Fletcher typed the index and inserted the typesetting codes. J. F. Splettstoesser proofread the final typescript.
Educational Series 3. Geologic Sketch of the Tower-Soudan State Park
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1966) Sims, P.K.; Morey, G.B.
Of the many state parks in Minnesota none is more appropriate than the Tower-Soudan State Park. Situated in the wooded highlands of the Lake Vermilion area, the park is within one of the State's most scenic areas and at the same time is a symbol to Minnesota's heritage -a monument to the vast iron ore resources that have been the backbone of the strength and wealth of the nation. The central feature of the park is the Soudan Iron Mine. This, the first iron mine in the State of Minnesota, was operated nearly continuously from its discovery in 1882 until 1962, when it was closed. Through its active life, the mine yielded a high-grade iron ore that brought premium prices in the iron ore market and provided employment for thousands of miners. Although the Soudan Mine was shut down because of the high cost of its operation and the reduced demand for its ore, in a sense its demise can be attributed to technological progress. Concurrently with the building of the large modern taconite plants, such as those on the Mesabi Range 20 miles to the south, the iron and steel industry has undergone revolutionary changes. The high-grade natural ores such as those from the Soudan Mine have been largely replaced by the marble-sized pellets of the taconite plants as the preferred feed for the steel furnaces. Steel men have found that through the use of pellets, production of the furnaces is greatly increased. As operation of the furnaces is the most costly of all the operations in steel making, it is little wonder that the demand today is for pellets rather than for the natural ores used in the past.
Educational Series 6. The Search for Oil and Gas in Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1984) Morey, G.B.
The fossil fuels-coal, oil, and natural gas-are essential in Minnesota. We use much fuel just to keep warm in winter. Automobiles need gasoline. Trucks and tractors run on diesel fuel. Of the energy consumed in the state, almost 45 percent derives from oil, about 23 percent is natural gas, and roughly 22 percent is coal, about five-sixths of which is used to produce electricity. Nuclear energy, used to produce electricity, makes up the remaining 10 percent of the state's energy consumption. Aside from the unknown potential of the vast peatlands of northern Minnesota, the state has no fossil fuels of its own, and all must be imported from outside the state. The need was acute even during the early days of statehood, when the problem was compounded by the lack of a year-round, reliable transportation network. Aggressive exploration by private individuals for fuel deposits that could be used locally did lead to the discovery of several small coal and natural gas deposits before the turn of the century. None of them, unfortunately, proved to be of commercial importance. Most of the natural gas discoveries in Minnesota were accidental. Many were spectacular. A few were tragic. Not one was profitable as a commercial venture. But the incentives are strong, and the search continues. Today, after millions of dollars have been invested in hundreds of wells, and after 100 years of frustration, what have Minnesotans learned? Not nearly enough is the answer that this history would suggest.
Evaluation of catlinite resources, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1981) Morey, G.B.
Field trip guidebook for the Precambrian geology of the St. Cloud Granite district, east-central Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1976) Morey, G.B.
Geologic map index of Minnesota, 1st ed.
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1979-11) Dunlavy, Howard R.; Pavlik, Claire Ellen; Morey, G.B.
The principal maps covering the entire state are: 84 (gravity); i63 (bedrock hydrogeology); 164 (Quaternary hydrogeology); 174 (Quaternary geology); 197 (peat deposits); 236 (geomorphic regions); 248 (bedrock geology); 287 (watershed boundaries); 315 (bedrock geology); 358 (hydrologic units); 397 (aeromagnetic Intensity). Full references are given in the blbliography.
Geologic map of Minnesota, east-central Minnesota sheet, bedrock geology
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1981) Morey, G.B.; Olsen, B.M.; Southwick, D.L.
Geologic map of Minnesota, Hibbing sheet, bedrock geology
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1970) Sims, P.K.; Morey, G.B.; Ojakangas, R.W.; Viswanathan, S.
Geologic map of Minnesota, Roseau sheet, bedrock geology.
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1979) Ojakangas, R.W.; Mossler, J.H.; Morey, G.B.
Geology of Minnesota: A Centennial Volume
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1972) Sims, P.K.; Morey, G.B.
It seems appropriate on the 100th anniversary of the Minnesota Geological Survey and the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, to summarize our current knowledge of the geology of the State of Minnesota. Summations of the geology of the Precambrian rocks, which have been the object of the greater part of geologic research in the state over the years, were made in 1951 by F. F. Grout, G. M. Schwartz, J. W. Gruner, and G. A. Thiel and later, in 1961, by S. S. Goldich and colleagues. Not since 1901, however, when the Final Report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota was published by N. H. Winchell, has a review been undertaken of all aspects of the geology. The text of this report was written by persons actively engaged in the geologic and geochronologic studies in the state during the past decade. The specific individuals who had done the work were asked to write sections for which they had firsthand knowledge. The task of filling in the gaps was assumed by the editors. The text is organized in the format of a historical geology text. In this way. the geology can be described with respect to units that have comparable age and geologic history. Although an attempt is made to cover all significant aspects of the geology of the state, the coverage is unequal as will be evident upon perusal of the text. The progress that has been made in recent years in the knowledge of the geology of Minnesota largely was made possible by steadily increasing levels of funding by the Minnesota State Legislature.
Geology of Minnesota: A Centennial Volume
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1972) Sims, P.K.; Morey, G.B.
Guidebook 12. Field Trip Guidebook for the Precambrian Geology of East-Central Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1979) Morey, G.B.
The bedrock geology of east-central Minnesota --generally bounded by latitudes 45 ON. to 47° N. and longitudes 92° 15' W. to 95° W. --is particularly interesting because the area contains a wide variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks which span the entire range of Precambrian time. Unfortunately much of the bedrock is not well exposed. Those rock units that do crop out tend to occur as clusters 2 or 3 acres large or as strings 1 or 2 kilometers long; and these outcrop areas are widely separated by vast expanses of Pleistocene and Holocene materials as much as 140 thick. Therefore aeromagnetic and gravity data, and to a lesser extent, water-well and exploration records acquired over the years by the Minnesota and U.S. Geological Surveys were used to prepare a preliminary and somewhat generalized bedrock geologic map of east-central Minnesota at a scale of 1:500,000 (Morey, 1978).
Guidebook 13. Field Trip Guidebook for the Archean and Proterozoic Stratigraphy of the Great Lakes Area, United States and Canada
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1979) Morey, G.B.
This guidebook is prepared for the field excursion accompanying the Fifth Meeting of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on Precambrian Stratigraphy, to be held September 4-19, 1979, in the Great Lakes area, United states and Canada. Separate segments of the guidebook were prepared by the various field trip leaders and assembled by G. B. Morey, editor. M. J. Frarey coordinated the separate contributions for the Canadian part of the field excursion. The main purpose of the field excursion is to examine classic Precambrian sequences in the Lake Huron and Lake Superior regions, as a background for discussions on possible subdivision of the Archean and Proterozoic. The field excursion will be followed by technical sessions held in the Duluth, Minnesota, area.
Guidebook 2. Field Trip Guide Book for Lower Precambrian Volcanic-Sedimentary Rocks of the Vermilion district, Northeastern Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1972) Ojakangas, R.W.; Morey, G.B.
The present investigation, carried out since 1962 as part of continuing studies of the Lower Precambrian rocks of northern Minnesota, has consisted of broad regional geologic mapping in the western half of the district and adjacent areas (Sims and others, 1968; Sims and others, 1970) and detailed mapping and study of critical areas (Gabbro Lake quadrangle, Green and others, 1966; and Green, 1970; Isaac Lake quadrangle, Griffin and Morey, 1969; Embarrass quadrangle, Griffin, 1969; Tower, Shagawa Lake, and Ely quadrangles, unpublished maps). Systematic geologic mapping has not been carried out in the eastern part of the district as a part of the present re-study; however, the excellent geologic map of Gruner (1941) in the type area of the Knife Lake Group remains a useful one, and S.S. Goldich, G.N. Hanson, and associates have examined critical areas in the Saganaga Lake Northern Light Lake area as part of regional geochronologic studies. This field trip starts a few miles south of Ely and ends a few miles west of Tower, and is designed as a two-day trip. Typical outcrops of all formations in the district are included, but most stops will examine the Lake Vermilion Formation. The rocks that will be seen on this trip are tightly folded and steeply plunging; therefore, we will be looking at a cross-section (but a structurally complicated one) of a volcanic-sedimentary pile. All the rocks in the area are metamorphosed, but for simplicity the prefix "meta" will generally be omitted.
Guidebook 9. Field Trip Guidebook for Stratigraphy, Structure and Mineral Resources of East-Central Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1979) Morey, G.B.; Davidson, D.M. Jr
Early in the 20th century, east-central Minnesota became the source of appreciable quantities of iron and ferromanganese, and even earlier, the source of a variety of granite products (Morey, 1977). Because of the obvious economic importance of the commodities to the state, most of the geologic work in east-central Minnesota focused on the Cuyuna iron-mining district or on the St. Cloud area where there are numerous granite quarries. Less attention was given to the geology of other parts of east-central Minnesota and to the possible presence of other mineral resources. This was true mainly because a fairly ubiquitous mantle of Quaternary materials made it difficult, time consuming and expensive for a company to establish the basic geologic information necessary to a successful exploration program. However, recent geologic work (Morey, 1978) has led to the recognition of several geologic environments that are similar to mineral-producing districts elsewhere in the world (Morey, 1977). Although these studies have shown that a variety of mineral occurrences may exist, most attention to date has focused on environments that may contain uranium. This road log starts at the Minnesota-Wisconsin border along the st. Louis River near Fond du Lac, the westernmost suburb of Duluth, Minnesota, and terminates near Sturgeon Lake on U.S. Interstate Highway 35 some 50 miles southwest of Duluth. Note that the mileages in this road log are approximate.
A history of geologic mapping in Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1993) Morey, G.B.
Information Circular 11. The Basis for a Continental Drilling Program in Minnesota
(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1976) Morey, G.B.
The use of drill holes for the direct sampling and measurement of materials and properties beneath the earth's surface is the only really effective method of solving many basic scientific and practical problems. Although two to three million holes have been drilled in North America, they are concentrated in oil producing regions or in sedimentary rock. Comparatively few holes have been drilled in igneous and metamorphic rock, and many areas of scientific interest but less obvious economic importance have not been drilled at all. A select committee at a workshop on continental drilling held June 10-13, 1974 at Ghost Range, Abiquiu, New Mexico (Shoemaker, 1975) has proposed a 10-year program, aimed at the systematic exploration of the North American plate in much the same way that the Deep Sea Drilling Project has attacked the problems of the ocean basin. This program calls for the drilling of many shallow holes 30-300 m) and a few intermediate to deep holes (300-9,000 m). The impact of the results of deep sea drilling on geologic thought already has profound implications for future development of the earth's resources and should justify similar research on the continents.

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