Browsing by Author "Henneck, Jerald"
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Item Amity Restoration Assessment: Water quality, fish, bugs, people(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2013) Axler, Richard P; Brady, Valerie; Ruzycki, Elaine; Henneck, Jerald; Will, Norman; Crouse, A; Dumke, Josh; Hell, Robert VThis project is also a new contribution from the Weber Stream Restoration Initiative (WSRI) that began in 2005 via private endowments to create a Partnership of university scientists and extension educators, and local, state and federal agency staff to restore and protect Lake Superior Basin trout streams (www.lakesuperiorstreams.org/weber/index.html). The WSRI features a demonstration project targeting the turbidity and sediment impaired Amity Creek watershed for multiple restoration activities. It was awarded an Environmental Stewardship Award from the Lake Superior Binational Forum in 2010 and was honored state-wide by the [Minnesota] Environmental Initiative in May 2013 by being awarded the “Partnership of the Year” for its activities, key elements being: (1) its website for local community education about watershed and water resource issues; (2) creation of interactive, on-line animations of real-time water quality with interpretive information from a site near Amity’s discharge into the Lester River just above its discharge into Lake Superior (within the St. Louis River AOC); (3) development of a multi-agency/organization partnership to pursue trout stream restoration and conservation activities throughout the western Lake Superior basin; (4) designing and carrying out two major Amity restoration projects in 2009 with the City of Duluth and South St. Louis SWCD; (5) mapping landscape stressors for highlighting areas of higher risk for environmental impacts as well as conducting a detailed reconnaissance of riparian zone sediment sources for priority remediation (SSL SWCD, 2009); and (6) developing a successful EPA Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) project to fund additional restoration related activities from 2010-2014 (MPCA, NRRI-UMD, SSL SWCD partnership, 2010, $843,616).Item Analytical chemistry and quality assurance procedures for natural water, wastewater, and sediment samples, 2015(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2015-06-01) Ruzycki, Elaine; Henneck, Jerald; Axler, Richard PItem Assessing Acid‐Sensitive Lakes in the Superior National Forest(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2019-04) Ruzycki, Elaine; Henneck, Jerald; Bartsch, Will; Axler, Richard PThis collaboration between the Superior National Forest unit of the US Forest Service (USFS SNF) and the University of Minnesota Duluth’s Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) began in late 2015 and has continued since. Initial discussions, with additional input from MPCA staff, led to four main goals, all intended to increase SNF’s long-term ability to determine the present condition of their lakes and if statistically significant trends exist: (1) Assess the current water quality – in particular, the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) – of three SNF study lakes in northeastern Minnesota by analyzing a suite of major ions and nutrients in samples collected by FS staff; (2) Compile available historical SNF lake water quality data, assure the quality of these data, and then combine them into a searchable database; (3) Conduct exploratory statistical analyses to identify long-term trends in any of the datasets; and (4) Compare SNF lake summary statistics to those for lakes within the broader Upper Midwest ecoregion determined by the US EPA National Lakes Assessment (NLA) and by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) for the Laurentian mixed forest (# 212) province.Item Data for Discovery and Decision-Making: LakeSuperiorStreams.org(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2010) Axler, Richard P; Will, Norman; Henneck, Jerald; Carlson, Todd; Ruzycki, Elaine; Host, George E; Sjerven, Gerald; Schomberg, Jesse; Kleist, Chris; Hagley, CynthiaAn estimated 720 perennial and 127 intermittent streams flow into L. Superior, including 309 trout streams and their tributaries (>2100 miles) along the North Shore and St. Louis River Estuary alone. Bedrock escarpments create a high density of stream corridors in forested watersheds with steep gradients, thin erodible soils, typically low productivity, and “flashy” hydrology. These high-quality trout streams are sensitive to urbanization and rural development by factors raising water temperature and increasing water and sediment runoff, e.g. openings in riparian cover/canopy, impervious surfaces, road crossings, construction runoff, and the warming and increased frequency of severe storms predicted by climate change models (Wuebbles & Hayhoe 2003). Tributary streams are increasingly threatened by development as urbanization and rural development place increased pressure on the Lake Superior region’s coastal communities. Between 1992 and 2001, a 33% increase in low-intensity development occurred within the basin with an alarming transition from agricultural lands to urban/suburban sprawl (Wolter et al. 2007). In the early 1990s, over 50 new lodging establishments were constructed along the Superior North Shore, and from 1990-1996 Cook County, MN experienced a 24% population increase (MPCA 2000). Stream fish, amphibians, and the invertebrates that sustain them are being adversely impacted by increased temperature, excessive peak flows, turbidity and suspended solids, road salts, organic matter, and nutrients from increased development (Anderson et al. 2003). This conclusion is supported by the fact that 11 of 27 major Minnesota North Shore trout streams have been listed as Impaired (2010) since the 1990s and remain on the State 303(d) list - primarily for turbidity, temperature, and fish tissue-Hg. The integrity of these watersheds is also critical to the condition of the coastal and offshore waters of Lake Superior. The streams discharge directly into the nutrient and sediment sensitive coastal zone of ultra-oligotrophic L. Superior, or indirectly into the lake via the St. Louis River Estuary, itself an IJC designated Area of Concern and a zero discharge (of persistent organic pollutants (IJC 1999; MPCA 2000), in part because of its levels of phosphorus and suspended sediment. This is particularly important because the lake’s nearshore zone is the source of much of its biological productivity and recreational use, but is nutrient deficient and therefore, very sensitive to excess inputs of nutrients, suspended solids, turbidity and organic matter (e.g. Sterner et al. 2004; Rose and Axler 1998). Therefore, despite the fact that Lake Superior and its tributaries are among the most pristine waters in Minnesota and in the entire Great Lakes Basin, some of these resources are already stressed by increased urbanization and tourism. This creates the unusual challenge of how to inform the public, businesses, and local units of government (LGUs) that these resources need protection when few problems are obvious to the untrained eye. This project has built on the foundation established by the award-winning project www.LakeSuperiorStreams.org (LSS) that was created in 2002 via an EPA grant to a Partnership of the City of Duluth Stormwater Utility, the University of Minnesota –Duluth (Natural Resources Research Institute, Minnesota Sea Grant, and Department of Education), the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Duluth Office), the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District, the Great Lakes Aquarium, and the Lake Superior Zoo (Axler et al. 2006, 2003; Lonsdale et al. 2006). The original partnership has remained substantially intact since 2002. The ultimate goal continues to be to improve environmental decision-making by: (1) Enhancing public understanding of the connections between weather, hydrology, land use and the condition of water resources in urban and rural watersheds, and (2) Providing easy access to tools for accomplishing the protection of un-impaired resource and cost-effective restoration of degraded sites.Item Demonstration of the FIS-C Aqucultural Bioenergetics Model for Estimating Waste Loads and Optimizing Feeding at Two Commercial Rainbow Trout Farms(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1995) Axler, Richard P; Schuldt, J; Tikkanen, Craig A; McDonald, Michael E; Henneck, JeraldFish culture has great potential in Minnesota but the potential for water quality impacts has slowed its development. Since 1989 we have been developing an aquacultural effluent model (FIS-C) for assessing the actual and potential impacts of Chinook salmon waste loads. FIS-C is a based on a bioenergetics model where growth = (consumption - waste losses - respiration losses), where waste losses are egestion and excretion, and metabolic costs are incorporated into respiration losses. The model provides a novel way of estimating the magnitude and seasonality of discharges, because it can discriminate among waste fractions, and also has excellent potential for predicting the effects of different waste collection strategies. The model has already proven to be a robust estimator of consumption, when fish growth is known, for a variety of wild species and for net-pen cultured Chinook salmon. Maximum utility for Minnesota's industry requires expanding its library of physiological parameters to other species and culture systems, and then verifying its predictions in the field. Although FIS-C would be applicable to recirculating systems, land-based flow-through facilities, with short detention times and minimal "in-water" transformations such as solubilization, sedimentation, mineralization and nitrification, provide the best opportunity to accurately verify its predictions. The present study developed the model for rainbow trout, an economically important species in Minnesota, assessed its accuracy for two different successful, commercial trout farms, and initiated the development of an extension bulletin for disseminating our results to the industry.Item Development of Alternative On-site Treatment Systems for Wastewater Treatment: A Demonstration Project for Northern Minnesota(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1997-12-31) McCarthy, Barbara J; Axler, Richard P; Monson Geerts, Stephen D; Henneck, Jerald; Crosby, Jeff; Nordman, Del; Weidman, Peter; Hagen, Timothy S; Anderson, James; Gustafson, David; Kadlec, Robert; Otis, Richard; Sabel, GretchenThe major objectives at the northern site were 1) to design, construct, monitor and compare the yearround performance of alternative treatment systems, with respect to a conventional trench system, for treatment of typical single family wastewater flows (based on the removal of fecal coliform bacteria, BOD5, TSS, phosphorus, and nitrogen); 2) to compare subsurface water quality at several depths below drainfield trenches receiving discharge water from a conventional (i.e., septic tank) and alternative systems; 3) to design, construct, and monitor the performance of a subsurface drip irrigation system at different depths in the s0il; 4) to design, construct, and monitor the performance of a pressurized sewage treatment system utilizing small diameter pipe and a subsurface flow, constructed wetland treatment system for a .cluster of lakeshore homes on Grand Lake in order to demonstrate that this alternative technology could correct a problem representative of numerous other situations in Minnesota; and 5) to develop a technology transfer plan for effectively communicating the results of this study to the private sector, the public (i.e., potential users), and the appropriate local and state agencies.Item Duluth Area Lakes Water Quality Assessment: Caribou, Grand, and Pike Lakes - 1999; Pike Lake Fall Overturn Studies - 1996-1998(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001) Anderson, Jesse; Heiskary, Steven; Axler, Richard P; Henneck, JeraldMinnesota is divided into seven regions, referred to as ecoregions, as defined by soils, land surface form, natural vegetation and current land use. Since land use affects water quality, it has proven helpful to divide the state into regions where land use and water resources are similar. Data gathered from representative, minimally-impacted (reference) lakes within each ecoregion serve as a basis for comparing the water quality and characteristics of other lakes. Caribou, Grand, and Pike Lakes are located on the northern edge of the Duluth Metropolitan Area (Figure 1) in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion (Figure 2). Caribou Lake has an area of 569 acres (230 hectares), and a maximum depth of 21 feet (6.4 meters). The majority of the lake is less than 10 feet deep, and is dominated by emergent and submergent aquatic vegetation. Grand Lake has an area of 1742 acres (705 ha). Baby Grand Lake flows into Little Grand, which flows into Grand Lake. Similar to Caribou, much of Grand Lake (~ 95%) is less than 10 feet (3 m) deep, and vegetation dominates the shoreline and near-shore areas. Pike Lake has an area of 508 acres (206 ha), and is much deeper. The maximum depth is 60 feet (~18 m), and most of the lake is between 20-50 feet deep (6-15 m). These lakes all have relatively developed shorelines and are likely to experience increased development pressure in the next decade. They have also experienced some degree of water quality problems in the past. Efforts are underway to improve wastewater treatment on two of these lakes. Construction of a sanitary sewer was recently (1999) begun around Pike Lake, and a constructed wetland wastewater treatment system servicing a cluster of nine (9) lakeshore homes was installed at Grand Lake in late 1995. The present study was conducted because local units of government desired additional water quality information on these Duluth area lakes for planning purposes. The Pike Lake Association also desired some follow-up work for comparison to a previous MPCA study (Bauman 1994), and to better define current lake water quality prior to the installation of a sanitary sewer in the basin.Item DuluthStreams heads north: Making North Shore stream data make sense to citizens and local officials(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2007-09-25) Axler, Richard P; Will, Norman; Host, George E; Henneck, Jerald; Lonsdale, David; Sjerven, Gerald; Reed, Jane; Ruzycki, Elaine; Hagley, Cynthia; Schomberg, Jesse; Carlson, Todd; Lonsdale, MarnieThe Duluth Streams website initially focused primarily within City of Duluth boundaries, but some of the streams that intersect Duluth originate in the surrounding communities of Hermantown and Proctor. In addition, Duluth and Superior share the St. Louis River watershed. The current project enabled us to fully expand the DuluthStreams website into a regional entity. It was built on a previous, but limited, Lake Superior Coastal Program Enhancement Fund effort to Minnesota Sea Grant at the University of Minnesota and partners that created web links to Proctor, Hermantown and Superior on the DuluthStreams website. This made these communities ideal as the first candidates for a regional expansion. As the project continued to evolve it became clear from discussions within the RSPT and with state agencies that there was a need to expand the focus area of the website to include the “greater Western Lake Superior” region and more specifically the Minnesota North Shore and Wisconsin South Shore in order to better manage Superior Basin water resources by supporting the mission of the RSPT regarding developing regional technical cooperation and collaboration, common educational materials, and presentation of case studies of successful stormwater designs. Minnesota streams draining into the Lake Superior coastal zone and St. Louis River Estuary are typically sensitive, low productivity, high-quality trout streams. Some (Miller, Amity, Lester, Talmadge, French, Poplar, Brule) are currently listed on the MN Clean Water Act (303d) List of Impaired Waters - most commonly for turbidity and Fish-Hg (MPCA 2006). Steep topography and thin, erodible soils make these streams particularly sensitive to development. Effective management and remediation of these streams requires an understanding of their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, which can only be obtained by monitoring, particularly during storm and snowmelt runoff events, when the most dramatic impacts occur. These data are critical for developing and assessing BMPs, particularly in the face of increased development in the high growth watersheds along the North Shore of Lake Superior (e.g. Anderson et al. 2003; MPCA 2000; IJC 1999). MPCA initiated long-term monitoring of 6 critical streams along the North Shore in 2002. However, MPCA has lacked the resources to install automated water quality sensors, which are needed to capture critical pollutant loading events during high flows - important for developing cost-effective remediation and mitigation strategies.Item DuluthStreams.org: Community Partnerships for Understanding Urban Stormwater and Water Quality Issues at the Head of the Great Lakes(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2004-12) Axler, Richard P; Lonsdale, Marion; Reed, Jane; Hagley, Cynthia; Schomberg, Jesse; Henneck, Jerald; Host, George E; Will, Norman; Ruzycki, Elaine; Sjerven, Gerald; Richards, Carl; Munson, BruceThis final report summarizes the accomplishments of the Duluth Streams Partnership from its inception through an EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (EMPACT) Program grant in January 2002 through September 2004. Duluth, Minnesota lies at the westernmost end of Lake Superior, the source and headwaters of the entire Laurentian Great Lakes ecosystem. Although perhaps better known for its extremely cold winters, Duluth residents and visitors know it as a city of forested hills, wetlands and trout streams with 42 named creeks and streams moving through the City in 30 subwatersheds. Duluth's park system is one of the most extensive in the nation, and the City owns and maintains 11,000 acres, including 125 municipal parks. Streams form the fabric of the aesthetic appeal and character of Duluth (Duluth Vision 2000), but are also the core of the City’s stormwater runoff system, with 250 miles of storm sewer, 93 miles of creek, 4,716 manholes, 2 lift stations, 13 sediment boxes, and over 138 miles of roadway ditches. Urbanization and rural development have placed increased pressure on the region’s coastal communities and on Duluth’s urban streams, in particular, on the 12 (with 2 more pending) that are designated as Trout Streams and 14 that are classified as Protected Waters. In addition, since the early 1990s, over 50 new lodging establishments were constructed along Lake Superior’s North Shore. One county located along the North Shore of Lake Superior (Cook) experienced a 24% population increase during that time. Stream communities of fish and amphibians and the invertebrates that sustain them are being adversely impacted by increased temperature, excessive turbidity and suspended solids, road salts, organic matter, and nutrients. Some of these streams have been placed on the Minnesota List of Impaired Waters, and several have been targeted for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) development. Further, all of these streams discharge either directly into ultra-oligotrophic Lake Superior or indirectly via the St. Louis River Estuary- Duluth Superior Harbor. This is particularly important because Lake Superior has been designated as a zero-discharge demonstration project by the International Joint Commission for eliminating inputs of persistent toxic chemicals to the Great Lakes system. Second, the lake’s nearshore zone, the source of much of its biological productivity, is extremely nutrient deficient and sensitive to increased inputs of nutrients, suspended solids, turbidity, and organic matter. Lastly, the Harbor itself is one of the 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs) because of serious impairments to its beneficial uses. There are also significant social and economic impacts associated with this region - the Minnesota DNR reports that angling in North Shore streams and Lake Superior produces $63 million in direct sales and income and over 1,200 jobs. For North Shore streams alone, the numbers are over $33 million direct sales and income, and over 435 jobs. Stormwater issues have become increasingly important to resource and regulatory agencies and to the general public. In 1998 the City of Duluth established a stormwater utility to address the quality and quantity of surface water moving through the City and in 2003 was issued a Stormwater Permit under Phase II of the federal Clean Water Act’s National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Beginning in January 2002, under funding through EPA EMPACT in combination with in-kind effort from various agencies, the Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) and Minnesota Sea Grant formed a partnership with the City of Duluth, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), the Great Lakes Aquarium, and the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District (WLSSD) to create Duluth Streams. Additional partners have since joined together to form a Regional Stormwater Protection Team (RSPT). The Partnership's chief goal is to enhance the general public's understanding of aquatic ecosystems and their connections to watershed land use to provide both economic and environmental sustainability. The project’s majors objectives were to: 1) link real-time remote sensing of water quality in four urban streams and GIS technology to current and historical water quality and biological databases (all 42 Duluth streams) using advanced data visualization tools in World Wide Web and information kiosk formats; 2) incorporate visually engaging interpretive text, animations and videos into the Duluth Streams website to illustrate the nature and consequences of degraded stormwater and the real costs to society; and 3) engage the public in the stormwater issue via programmatic activities such as establishing high school directed neighborhood stewardship and/or monitoring of 3 streams, developing curricula for high school and college students for inclusion in our Water on the Web curriculum, hosting a Duluth Streams Congress as a community forum for presenting all project results, and adapting the Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials (NEMO) program to the greater Duluth Metropolitan Area. This final report summarizes the accomplishments of the Duluth Streams Partnership from its inception in January 2002 through September 2004. The website at htttp://duluthstreams.org is the focus of the project and offers water quality, biological, and GIS data in the context of a variety of school- and community-oriented educational material.Item East Two River Calcium Loading Study: Headwaters to Lake Vermilion(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2017-02-17) Henneck, Jerald; Ruzycki, Elaine; Bernhardt, BethThis project is a component of the broader Lake Vermilion Zebra Mussel habitat assessment initiated by the Vermilion Lake Association (VLA), formerly known as the Sportsmen’s Club of Lake Vermilion. Project goals were (1) to quantify calcium concentrations and loads seasonally from East Two River into Lake Vermilion; and (2) determine how calcium concentrations change longitudinally in the lower reaches of East Two River before it discharges into Pike Bay of Lake Vermilion. As a bivalve mollusk, zebra mussels require a certain minimum concentration of calcium for shell growth and reproduction.Item Effects of Aquaculture on Mine Pit Lakes near Chisolm, MN: Restoration of Twin City-South pit lake by fallowing and status of Fraser pit lake(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1995) Axler, Richard P; Yokom, Shane; Tikkanen, Craig A; Henneck, Jerald; McDonald, Michael ENet-pen salmonid aquaculture was carried out from 1988 to 1993 in the Twin City-South mine pit lake on the Mesabi Iron Range in northeastern Minnesota. A water quality controversy enveloped the aquaculture operation from its inception in 1988. In 1992 the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency mandated that all intensive aquaculture operations in the Twin City - South mine pit lake be terminated by July 1993 and that restoration to baseline (i.e. preaquaculture) conditions be demonstrated within three years. This "fallowing" has led to a rapid recovery to near baseline water quality conditions and an oligomesotrophic, i.e. unproductive, status. Water column improvement in regard to phosphorus and hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations has been particularly rapid. Although baseline conditions were not well defined for TC-S, the P budget for the lake in September and November 1994 was typical of reference pit lakes in the area. Oxygen concentrations in near-bottom water remained above 5 mg02/L in November 1994 even without artificial mixing or aeration during the 1994 growing season. Algal growth was low in 1993, as expected due to artificial mixing, and remained low in 1994 without any artificial mixing. Ammonium has been naturally converted to nitrate which is decreasing faster than expected and at a rate similar to its increase during intensive aquaculture. More rapid reductions in water column phosphorus and nitrogen might have been accomplished during the first summer by allowing the lower hypolimnion to become anoxic in order to promote denitrification and minimize sediment resuspension. The natural burial of sedimented aquaculture wastes due to high ambient rates of erosion of inorganic sediment from the basin walls has effectively minimized sediment nutrient transport to the overlying water column. Fallowing for several years appears to be an effective method for lake restoration of these pit lakes. Our data, and our analysis of the NPDES monitoring data, has shown no change in the water quality of Chisholm's drinking water source, the Fraser pit lake, attributable to aquaculture impacts. This, and no apparent change in the water quality of two nearby pit lakes, Grant and Ironworld in recent years, suggests little or no significant off-site migration of aquaculturally impacted water.Item Freeze Survey Summary Report: Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001-03) Reed, Jane; McCarthy, Barbara J; Henneck, Jerald; Axler, Richard P; Crosby, Jeff; Bauman, HeidiThis report summarizes the results of an informal survey mailed to pumpers and contractors of onsite wastewater treatment systems in northern Minnesota in the spring of 2000. The survey was developed jointly by the Sewage Technical Committee (TC) of the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board and Northern Lights Tourism Alliance (IRRRB/NLTA). The purpose of the survey was to determine, in general, the types of freezing problems associated with onsite systems during the winter of 1999-2000.Item Historical Water Quality Data Assessment of the Great Lakes Network(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2006) Axler, Richard P; Ruzycki, Elaine; Host, George E; Henneck, JeraldThe objective of this analysis was to assess a large body of water quality data collected across Parks of the Great Lakes Network over more than two decades, make recommendations on sampling and data issues, and to the degree possible, identify trends in water quality that could be derived from these data.Item Limnological Re-Sampling of Chisolm Area Mine Pit Lakes with Reference to Former Aquaculture Impacts(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2000) Axler, Richard P; Henneck, JeraldLimnological surveys were conducted on two mine pit lakes (Twin City-South and Sherman) used for intensive netpen salmonid aquaculture over the period 1988-1995 and an adjacent pit lake (Fraser) used for drinking water by Chisholm, Minnesota. A water quality controversy had enveloped the aquaculture operation from its inception in 1988 to its bankruptcy in 1995. All intensive aquaculture operations in the Twin City-South pitlake were terminated in mid-1993 as mandated by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) in order to determine if water quality could be returned to baseline values within three years (a condition of continued operation in the Sherman pit lake). The MPCA mandated that restoration to baseline (i.e. pre-aquaculture) conditions be demonstrated within three years. This "fallowing" led to a rapid recovery to near baseline water quality conditions and an oligomesotrophic, i.e. unproductive, status. Algal growth was low in 1993, due to light - limitation from artificial mixing, but remained low in 1994 without any management due to renewed P-limitation. Water column improvement in regard to phosphorus and hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations was particularly rapid. Although baseline conditions were not well defined for TC-S, the P budget for the lake after 18 months was typical of reference pit lakes in the area and oxygen concentrations in near-bottom water remained above 5 mg02/L without artificial mixing or aeration during the next growing season. Waste product ammonium was naturally nitrified to nitrate which decreased at a rate faster than expected, and similar to its increase during intensive aquaculture. More rapid reductions in water column phosphorus and nitrogen might have been accomplished during the first, summer by allowing the lower hypolimnion to become anoxic in order to promote denitrification and minimize sediment resuspension. Unfortunately these were precluded by the regulatory standards. The natural burial of sedimented aquaculture wastes due to high ambient rates of erosion of inorganic sediment from the basin walls effectively minimized sediment nutrient transport to the overlying water column and sediment oxygen demand.Item Little Tamarack River and Wright Bog Stream Flow – October 2019(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2020-03) Johnson, Kurt W; Henneck, JeraldItem Low Impact Development to reduce North Shore runoff: Successes, challenges, and lessons learned(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2012-04-21) Axler, Richard P; Schomberg, Jesse; Will, Norman; Henneck, Jerald; Carlson, Todd; Ruzycki, Elaine; Host, George E; Sjerven, Gerald; Kleist, Chris; Hagley, CynthiaThe project supported the LakeSuperiorStreams project9s stream monitoring and assessment network and the Superior Regional Stormwater Protection Team’s educational and technical assistance missions by helping to fund: (1) the water quality data and associated interpretive information needed to assess, model and manage threatened trout streams and the coastal zone of Lake Superior; and (2) the dissemination of low impact design information specific to the region to help communities reduce their stormwater runoff and erosion impacts on sensitive water resources. Resource agencies require better estimates of seasonal, year-to-year and stream-to- stream variability in water quality to address stream impairments and develop effect remediation and restoration strategies. The project has continued to produce on-line, no-cost data, data visualization opportunities, GIS landuse and land cover mapping and analytical tools, and educational information for a broad technical and non-technical audience.Item Minnesota lake water quality on-line database and visualization tools for exploratory trend analyses(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2009-08-31) Axler, Richard P; Will, Norman; Ruzycki, Elaine; Henneck, Jerald; Olker, Jennifer; Swintek, JoeItem Northern Lights Resort Onsite Wastewater Treatment System Ray, Minnesota(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2002-09) McCarthy, Barbara J; Monson Geerts, Stephen D; Henneck, JeraldThe treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater from resorts is a significant issue in northeast Minnesota due to the common occurrence of restrictive sites and poor soil conditions across the region. Within the Iron Range Resources & Rehabilitation Agency (IRRRA) service area, called the Taconite Tax Relief Area (TIRA), there are an estimated 400 resorts that depend on the use of onsite wastewater treatment systems to treat and disperse wastewater generated at the facility back into the environment. Of these, perhaps as many as 200 resorts could be in non-compliance with local/county ordinances or state rules (Minnesota Rules Chapter 7080). Pilot projects for resorts were initiated within the IRRRA service area in 1995 to demonstrate the use of non-standard or alternative types of onsite wastewater treatment technologies effective on difficult sites. This project was a cooperative effort by the IRRRA, Northern Lights Tourism Alliance (NL TA), counties in northeast and north central Minnesota, the Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) University of Minnesota Duluth, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the Minnesota Department of Health. Onsite wastewater treatment systems for the first pilot projects were constructed and monitored in 1996 at Burntside Lodge, near Ely on Burntside Lake (McCarthy and Monson Geerts, 1998) and at Dodge's Log Lodges, on the north shore of Lake Superior just south of Knife River. The third pilot project was constructed and monitored in 1998 which services the IRRRA office building (Monson Geerts et al., 2002) and the fourth project was constructed at Northern Lights Resort, located on Lake Kabetogama in 1999. This report summarizes the construction and performance of the Northern lights Resort wastewater treatment system during the first two summers of operation.Item Performance of a Textile Filter, Polishing Sand Filter and Shallow Trench System for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater at the Northeast Regional Correction Center(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001-11) McCarthy, Barbara J; Monson Geerts, Stephen D; Axler, Richard P; Henneck, JeraldAn estimated half million households in Minnesota are not connected to public sewer systems. Along with the growing use and expansion of lakeshore cabins and resorts, many have the potential to degrade surface and groundwater resources as they depend primarily on individual sewage treatment systems (ISTSs) for the treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater. Unfortunately, many are in noncompliance with state standards or are hydraulically failing to the surface. Effective treatment options are needed for the thousands of locations with restrictive soil and site conditions. Many of these sites occur along lakes and streams, creating a potential health hazard to swimmers and others using surface water for drinking water and recreation, leading to increased algal blooms, aesthetic nuisances and degraded fish habitat. Packed bed textile filters, coupled with a site-specific soil dispersal system, were one of several options evaluated in Minnesota. Other systems tested in northeast Minnesota have included sand filters (single pass and recirculating), peat filters (in-ground and module), subsurface flow constructed wetlands, aerobic treatment unit, standard trenches, gravel filter and drip distribution (McCarthy et al., 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001; Anderson and Gustafson, 1998; Henneck et al., 1999, 2001; Axler et al., 1999, 2000; Monson Geerts et al., 2000, 2001; Pundsack et al., 2001; Christopherson et al., 2001). This paper provides an overview of the operation and performance of a recirculating packed bed textile filter, polishing sand filter and shallow gravelless trenches at the northern Minnesota research facility.Item Performance of a Textile Filter, Polishing Sand Filter and Shallow Trench System for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater at the Northeast Regional Correction Center(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001-11) McCarthy, Barbara J; Monson Geerts, Stephen D; Axler, Richard P; Henneck, JeraldAn estimated half million households in Minnesota are not connected to public sewer systems. Along with the growing use and expansion of lakeshore cabins and resorts, many have the potential to degrade surface and groundwater resources as they depend primarily on individual sewage treatment systems (ISTSs) for the treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater. Unfortunately, many are in noncompliance with state standards or are hydraulically failing to the surface. Effective treatment options are needed for the thousands of locations with restrictive soil and site conditions. Many of these sites occur along lakes and streams, creating a potential health hazard to swimmers and others using surface water for drinking water and recreation, leading to increased algal blooms, aesthetic nuisances and degraded fish habitat. Packed bed textile filters, coupled with a site-specific soil dispersal system, were one of several options evaluated in Minnesota. Other systems tested in northeast Minnesota have included sand filters (single pass and recirculating), peat filters (in-ground and module), subsurface flow constructed wetlands, aerobic treatment unit, standard trenches, gravel filter and drip distribution (McCarthy et al., 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001; Anderson and Gustafson, 1998; Henneck et al., 1999, 2001; Axler et al., 1999, 2000; Monson Geerts et al., 2000, 2001; Pundsack et al., 2001; Christopherson et al., 2001). This paper provides an overview of the operation and performance of a recirculating packed bed textile filter, polishing sand filter and shallow gravelless trenches at the northern Minnesota research facility.