Systematics of the family Polycentropodidae (Inseecta:Trichoptera: Psychomyioidea) and taxonomic revisions of New World Polyplectropus Ulmer.
2009-01
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Systematics of the family Polycentropodidae (Inseecta:Trichoptera: Psychomyioidea) and taxonomic revisions of New World Polyplectropus Ulmer.
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2009-01
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Abstract
The monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and genera
traditionally classified in Polycentropodidae Ulmer, 1903, one of the most diverse
families in the suborder Annulipalpia, with more than 700 species in 3 subfamilies, were
tested. Particular emphasis was placed on testing the monophyly of the cosmopolitan
genus Polyplectropus. Larval information is unknown for 46% of the taxa included in
this study. To understand the effects of including characters with large sets of missing
data, three alternative datasets [TOTAL (all available data for all taxa)= 49 ingroup taxa,
122 characters (including highly incomplete characters); LPA (larval, pupal, adult) = 20
ingroup taxa, 122 characters; ADULT (only adult characters) = 49 ingroup taxa, 86 adult
characters] were analyzed under parsimony and Bayesian methods. The five outgroup
taxa, representing all four extant families in the Psychomyioidea and the single family in
the Hydropsychoidea, remained constant in all datasets. The TOTAL and ADULT
datasets included all 20 currently recognized polycentropodid genera placed in 3
subfamilies, and the LPA and TOTAL datasets included characters interpreted from
structures of the larvae, pupae, and adults. Results rejected the monophyly of
Polycentropodidae, as currently defined; however, the monophyly of the three largest
cosmopolitan genera, Polycentropus, Polyplectropus, and Nyctiophylax, could not be
rejected nor confirmed. The monophyly of the following taxa was strongly supported in
all analyses: Cernotina, Cyrnellus, Kambaitipsyche, Neureclipsis, Paranyctiophylax,
New World Polyplectropus sensu stricto, Placocentropus, Neotropical Nyctiophylax, and
in the outgroup, Psychomyia + Xiphocentron; while monophyly was strongly supported
in some, but not all analyses for the following taxa: Cyrnus, Antillopsyche,
Pseudoneureclipsis, Polycentropus sensu stricto, Pseudoneureclipsinae, New Zealand
Polyplectropus, Polycentropodinae, Cyrnodes scotti + Pahamunaya jihmita. The
implementation of two different analytical methods revealed some areas of conflict which
would not have been detected under a single method of analysis. Contradictory results
among the datasets were primarily due to either inclusion or exclusion of key sets of
characters (i.e., immature characters); and second, missing data negatively affected
phylogenetic reconstruction when proportions of characters with missing data were high
and characters without missing data were unable to provide adequate phylogenetic signal
due to high variation in rates of evolution among characters. Therefore, a combination of
few overall characters that have high variation in rates of change, plus an abundance of
missing data may be problematic and may lead to poorly resolved trees, thus decreased
accuracy. This study also emphasized the importance in phylogenetic reconstruction of
including data from all available sources. Several taxonomic changes were necessary in
order for classification to properly reflect phylogeny. Three new genera, all from the
Neotropical region, will be described in future publications. The redefinition of
Paranyctiophylax as a valid genus in Polycentropodinae was confirmed. Additionally,
the recommendation was made that North American Polycentropus species previously
belonging in Plectrocnemia or Holocentropus be recognized as such (either
Plectrocnemia or Holocentropus depending on original designation) and not as belonging
in Polycentropus. Furthermore, species described in Polycentropus post-1944 in North
America are transferred to either Holocentropus or Plectrocnemia to reflect previously
hypothesized sister relationships. The following new or reinstated combinations were
proposed: Plectrocnemia albipuncta Banks, 1930 combinatio revivisco; Plectrocnemia
aureola Banks, 1930 comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia cinerea (Hagen), 1861 comb. rev.;
Plectrocnemia clinei Milne, 1936 comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia crassicornis (Walker), 1852
comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia jenula (Denning), in Denning & Sykora, 1966 combinatio
nova; Plectrocnemia icula (Ross), 1941 comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia nascotia (Ross),
1941 comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia remota (Banks), 1911 comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia
sabulosa (Leonard & Leonard), 1949 comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia smithae (Denning),
1949 comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia vigilatrix Navás, 1933 comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia weedi
(Blickle & Morse), 1955 comb. nov.; Holocentropus chellus (Denning), 1964 comb.
nov.; Holocentropus flavus Banks, 1908 comb. rev.; Holocentropus glacialis Ross, 1938
comb. rev.; Holocentropus grellus Milne, 1936 comb. rev.; Holocentropus interruptus
Banks, 1914 comb. rev.; Holocentropus melanae Ross, 1938 comb. rev.; Holocentropus
milaca (Etnier), 1968 comb. nov.; Holocentropus picicornis (Stephens), 1836 comb. rev.
Additional taxonomic changes proposed based on current findings were: 1) the elevation
of Pseudoneureclipsinae to family status: Pseudoneureclipsidae Ulmer status novus; and
2) the resurrection of Placocentropus Schmid, nomen revivisco, to include the following
species: Placocentropus aspinosus (Schmid), 1964 comb. nov.; Placocentropus chilensis
(Yamamoto), 1966 comb. nov.; Placocentropus obtusus Schmid, 1955 comb. rev.;
Placocentropus quadriappendiculatus (Schmid), 1964 comb. nov.; Placocentropus
quadrispinosus (Schmid), 1964 comb. nov.; Placocentropus tuberculatus (Flint), 1983
comb. nov.; Placocentropus valdiviensis (Flint), 1983 comb. nov. A phylogeny of New
World Polyplectropus species was inferred. Characters were interpreted from structures
of the male and female genitalia as well as the fore- and hind wings. Parsimony and
Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of 89 ingroup taxa (97% of the known New World
diversity in the genus), two outgroup taxa, and 59 morphological characters were
performed. Results of the parsimony and Bayesian analyses were similar, although the
Bayesian tree was less resolved. Monophyly of the panamensis and charlesi Groups, as
currently defined, was rejected. A total of 10 lineages, with varying amounts of support,
were recognized. These groups are the alienus Group (2 species), annulicornis Group (11
species, 8 new), bredini Group (19, 7), charlesi Group (3), fuscatus Group (3, 2),
guyanae Group (2, 2), manuensis Group (3, 3), narifer Group (5, 3), santiago Group (25,
6), and thilus Group (15, 7). Four species remain unassigned to any species-group: P.
beccus, P. beutelspacheri, P. kanukarum, and P. nayaritensis. The distribution of the
genus is mostly restricted to the Mexican and Brazilian subregions of the Neotropics.
Most of the species and species-groups are regional endemics. The taxonomy of New
World species of Polyplectropus Ulmer, 1905 was revised to include detailed male and
female diagnoses, descriptions, illustrations, distribution records, and keys to males of all
species and species-groups. A key to genera of New World Polycentropodidae, including
a redescription of Polyplectropus, was provided. The homology of the male genitalia of
species in the genus was discussed, as well as reassessment and diagnoses of 10 species
groups, 6 newly established. A total of 92 species were treated, 39 described as new:
Polyplectropus adamsae, sp. nov. (Peru), P. alatespinus, sp. nov. (Brazil), P. amazonicus,
sp. nov. (Brazil), P. andinensis, sp. nov. (Argentina, Bolivia), P. blahniki, sp. nov.
(Venezuela), P. bolivianus, sp. nov. (Bolivia), P. brasilensis, sp. nov. (Brazil), P.
vii
brborichorum, sp. nov. (Ecuador), P. cressae, sp. nov. (Venezuela), P. colombianus, sp.
nov. (Colombia), P. corniculatus, sp. nov. (Peru), P. cuzcoensis, sp. nov. (Peru), P.
ecuadoriensis, sp. nov. (Ecuador), P. flintorum, sp. nov. (Venezuela), P. gaesum, sp. nov.
(Brazil), P. guyanae, sp. nov. (Guyana, Venezuela), P. holzenthali, sp. nov. (Brazil), P.
hystricosus, sp. nov. (Brazil), P. insularis, sp. nov. (Panama), P. julitoi, sp. nov. (Brazil),
P. kanukarum, sp. nov. (Guyana), P. maculatus, sp. nov. (Venezuela), P. manuensis, sp.
nov. (Peru), P. matatlanticus, sp. nov. (Brazil), P. minensium, sp. nov. (Brazil), P.
novafriburgensis, sp. nov. (Brazil), P. peruvianus, sp. nov. (Peru), P. petrae, sp. nov.
(Brazil), P. pratherae, sp. nov. (Brazil), P. puyoensis, sp. nov. (Ecuador), P. robertsonae,
sp. nov. (Bolivia), P. rodmani, sp. nov. (Brazil), P. rondoniensis, sp. nov. (Brazil), P.
tragularius, sp. nov. (Brazil), P. tripunctatum, sp. nov. (Peru), P. venezolanus, sp. nov.
(Venezuela), P. woldai, sp. nov. (Panama), P. zamoranoensis, sp. nov. (Honduras), and
P. zuliae, sp. nov. (Venezuela). Polyplectropus buchwaldi is designated as a nomen dubium.
Description
University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. January 2009. Major: Entomology. Advisor: Dr. Ralph W. Holzenthal. 1 computer file (PDF); xxiv, 511 pages.
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Chamorro, Maria Lourdes. (2009). Systematics of the family Polycentropodidae (Inseecta:Trichoptera: Psychomyioidea) and taxonomic revisions of New World Polyplectropus Ulmer.. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/47877.
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