Measurement properties and invariance of negotiation with outdoor recreation constraints -- a cross-culture study between United States and Chinese University students

Abstract

Leisure constraints negotiation research investigates the resources, strategies, and processes people use to deal with leisure constraints. This study examined the measurement of negotiation, including its latent structure, measurement invariance, and cross-cultural applicability, using data from US and Chinese university student samples. A modified second-order negotiation measurement model fit the data acceptably and tau-equivalence was found with most negotiation factors, except cognitive strategies. Equal form emerged across the US and the Chinese samples; however, equal indicator loadings were not found across the two groups. Findings and implications are discussed with future studies suggested. Key word: negotiation; cross culture; second-order model; tau-equivalence; measurement invariance