Gig Working Relationships: A Grounded Theory Study on the Dynamics between Gig Workers and Digital Platforms in the U.S.

Abstract

As the gig economy continues to grow, the relationships between gig workers and digital platforms become increasingly complex. Acknowledging a gap in our understanding of these dynamics, this dissertation aims to develop a theoretical framework of the psychological mechanisms underpinning gig working relationships in the U.S. context. By adopting a grounded theory method, this study conducted interviews with 19 gig workers across various sectors to explore their work experiences and perceptions of their psychological contracts and relationships with their platforms. Based on the findings, this study introduces a theoretical framework that delineates the establishment and ongoing refinement of gig working relationships, driven by the interplay of reciprocity mechanisms and power relations. This framework outlines how gig workers navigate power imbalances and accept the authority of digital platforms in the formation of their working relationships. A critical finding is the shift in gig workers’ perceptions regarding their non-employee status. Initially perceived as an entry cost, this status gradually becomes recognized as a potential source of exclusion, which marks a profound transition in gig workers’ understanding of their position in the gig economy’s power structure. This study advocates for increased human resource development (HRD) focus on creating training and development programs tailored for gig workers, as well as on refining algorithmic management practices, with the goal of systematically developing the gig workforce and fostering sustainable growth of the gig economy.