Browsing by Subject "zooarchaeology"

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    The Archaeobiology of Bears and Bear Ceremonialism in Minnesota
    (2019-12) Mather, David
    American black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown/grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) are sacred animals to traditional members of the Dakota, Ojibwe, and other American Indian nations. This dissertation creates historic contexts for consideration of bears in Minnesota’s archaeological record, to aid indigenous archaeology and heritage management, and to provide a historical perspective for management of the state’s current black bear population. Archaeological sites in Minnesota contain occasional representations of bears in rock art, earthworks and portable art, and rare zooarchaeological finds of bear bones or teeth. In three cases, excavations have encountered large numbers of skull fragments representing dozens to hundreds of bears. Collectively these archaeological sites, features and artifacts are varied expressions of bear ceremonialism, within and beyond the scope described in the 1926 American Anthropologist article by A. Irving Hallowell. Minnesota is one of a few areas in the continental United States where black bears survived the pressures of overhunting and habitat loss in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Grizzly bears were once present on the Great Plains, including parts of Minnesota, but the closest living population today is in Yellowstone National Park. Minnesota bear finds are summarized for the Laurentian Mixed Forest, Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Tallgrass Aspen Parklands, and Prairie Parklands ecological provinces, as defined by the Ecological Classification System utilized by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, within the context of each provinces zooarchaeological record. The density of archaeological bear finds is greatest along the boundary between the Laurentian Mixed Forest and Eastern Broadleaf Forest. More detailed analysis was conducted on teeth from archaeological assemblages from the Christensen Mound (21SH1/16), Crace (21ML3) and Bear (21ML68) sites, with comparative analysis on recent black bear skulls of known life history from Chippewa National Forest. These studies allowed assessment of the age and sex structure of the bears at each site, indicating that while the assemblages appear superficially similar, different types of ceremonies are represented at each.
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    Cattle, Food, and the Rise of Early Ireland
    (2022-08) Crowley-Champoux, Erin
    In Ireland, at the end of the Developed Iron Age, the large regional centers that had come to significance were closed and communities that had coalesced during this period, dispersed. The Late Iron Age (1-431 AD) lacks the hallmarks of a highly stratified society. In the centuries that followed (432-1179 AD), social and political relationships were mediated through cattle and dairy products in a system referred to as a ‘dairying economy’. The mechanisms for the development of this system, however, are not well understood. This project examines the role of agricultural economies in the development of social organization and political economies across the 1st millennium AD. I address these questions using zooarchaeological methods, comparing taxonomic diversity and evenness across faunal assemblages and the analysis of the faunal remains from Ninch, Co. Meath. The comparative analysis demonstrates a greater diversity of animal husbandry practices during this broad period, including beef herding, mixed strategies, and provisioning, in addition to dairy herding. The analysis of the faunal assemblage from Ninch also demonstrates the wide variety of animal species exploited during this period and how one community negotiated social and economic change. These data reveal the valorization of cattle and the development of a system of cattle wealth in the Late Iron Age and the shift to dairy wealth in the early medieval period as a wealth management strategy.