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Browsing by Subject "vicarious trial and error"

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    Hippocampal Representations on the Spatial Delay Discounting Task
    (2015-09) Papale, Andrew
    The hippocampus facilitates planning. While navigating an environment, hippocampal representations can be forward of the current position. During pausing, hippocampal representations can be predictive of future choices, and can represent configurable components of an environment. Here I investigate these mechanisms, both of which have been linked with decision-making involving the hippocampus. I find that they are related processes: the representations during pausing and navigation are similar on a lap-by-lap basis. Forward representation during navigation has been linked with vicarious trial and error behavior at a choice point. To study the relationship between this behavior and the hippocampal representations that may accompany it, I describe a novel neuroeconomic task, the spatial delay discounting task. The occurrence of vicarious trial and error behavior on this task is consistent with a deliberative decision-making process. The hippocampal representations during vicarious trial and error support this interpretation. I investigate theories of vicarious trial and error behavior and its relation to hippocampal function.
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    Information Processing in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Ventral Striatum in Rats Performing an Economic Decision-Making Task
    (2015-08) Stott, Jeffrey
    The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventral striatum (vStr) are key brain structures that represent information about value during decision-making tasks. Despite their very different anatomical properties, numerous studies have found similar patterns of value-related signaling in these structures. In particular, both structures are intimately involved in delay-discounting tasks, which involve a tradeoff between reward magnitude and delay to reward. However, the overlapping activity profiles of these brain regions makes it difficult to tease apart their specific contributions to delay-discounting behavior, and to economic decision-making more generally. In order to better understand the contributions of these two regions to value-based choice, we made simultaneous recordings in the OFC and vStr in rats performing a spatial variant of a traditional delay-discounting task. This allowed us to compare OFC and vStr activity directly in the same subjects while they engaged in a prototypical economic decision-making task, and additionally it allowed us to leverage the tools of spatial decoding analysis to measure non-local reward signaling. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to current theories of OFC and vStr function within the decision-making literature, in particular contrasting the concepts of neuroeconomics with the multiple decision-making systems framework. Chapter 2 describes the methods used in this thesis, including the design of the spatial delay-discounting task and the analysis of the neural data. Chapter 3 presents the results of single-unit and Bayesian decoding analyses from this dataset. We found that activity in the OFC and vStr was quite similar at the single-unit level, and inconsistent with the neuroeconomic account of value signaling in a common currency. Instead, when we looked specifically at moments of deliberative decision-making (as emphasized by the multiple systems account), we found important differences between the OFC and vStr. Both the OFC and the vStr showed covert reward signaling during deliberative, vicarious trial-and-error (VTE) behaviors. But vStr signals emerged earlier, before the moment of choice, while covert reward coding in the OFC appeared after the rats had committed to their decision. These analyses were extended to the level of local field potentials (LFPs), recorded from the same dataset. Local field potentials are a useful tool for studying local processing and interactions between brain regions. Chapter 4 describes the LFP results. Important among these was the finding that the vStr led the OFC at the LFP level (again showing temporal precedence), and furthermore, that the vStr was a stronger driver of OFC activity than vice versa, particularly during VTE. The implications of these results, along with those from the single-unit and Bayesian decoding analyses, are discussed in Chapter 5. Emphasis is placed on our emerging understanding of the role of the vStr in flexible behavior, and how the OFC and the vStr might cooperate to influence value-based choice.