Browsing by Subject "redlining"
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Item Racial Covenants in Hennepin County(2020-11-25) Ehrman-Solberg, Kevin; Petersen, Penny; Mills, Marguerite; Delegard, Kirsten; Mattke, Ryan; mapprejudice@umn.edu; Corey, Michael; University of Minnesota Mapping Prejudice ProjectThis data was compiled by the Mapping Prejudice Project and shows the location of racial covenants recorded in Hennepin County between 1910 and 1955. Racial covenants were legal clauses embedded in property records that restricted ownership and occupancy of land parcels based on race. These covenants dramatically reshaped the demographic landscape of Hennepin County in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1948, the United States Supreme Court ruled racial covenants to be legally unenforceable in the Shelly v. Kraemer decision. Racial covenants continued to be inserted into property records, however, prompting the Minnesota state legislature to outlaw the recording of new racial covenants in 1953. The same legislative body made covenants illegal in 1962. The practice was formally ended nationally with the passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.Item River, Race, and Redlining: Racialized Wealth & Environmental Injustices Along the Mississippi River(2023) Mandal, AntaraThis paper examines the historical social and spatial dynamics that underlie urban environmental injustices along the Mississippi River. Focusing on three riverfront cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul and New Orleans, I have used the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)’s City Survey Area Description sheets (ADS) to investigate how real estate appraisers have interpreted the values of the Mississippi River for different demographics and how this has contributed to environmental injustice. In doing so, I analyze how the changing values of the river as either an environmental amenity or disamenity have shaped injustices. It is a mixed methods paper using qualitative and comparative spatial analyses. The dramatic changes in property values indicate signs of environmental gentrification in all three cities, but the causes are different. There are multiple policy implications of this research highlighted in the last section.