Browsing by Subject "migration"
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Item Adoption and American Empire: Migration, Race-making, and the Child, 1845-1988(2017-02) Condit-Shrestha, KellyIn the United States, between 1854 and 1929, more than 150,000 working class youth were transported by “orphan trains” from their urban eastern city homes to live with families in the (primarily) rural American West. Since 1953, more than 150,000 adopted Korean children have migrated into U.S. families. Both during and in-between these orphan trains and Korean adoptions, Americans have also experimented with such child placement practices linked to nineteenth century black codes and boarding schools, twentieth century child welfare movements (at home and abroad), and postwar international adoptions. As patterns of mobility and migration have changed alongside technology and transportation modernization, imperial expansion, and the growth and consolidation of nation-states, child placement practices have also changed. Reflecting the specificity of each time and place, adoption and child placement discourse has historically been rife with tensions between sentiment and economics, exploitation and humanitarianism. While adoption implies the permanent transfer of a child away from the biological parent(s) to another person, the reasons, motivations, social practices, as well as the legal and cultural parameters of adoption have changed dramatically and unevenly in the modern era of nation-states. My dissertation utilizes “child placement” as its central frame of analysis to more accurately document the wide array of practices in U.S history that have historically involved the separation of children from their birth parents, to live under the authority of other adults. Adoption and American Empire examines the relationship between migration, race-making, and child placement as central and strategic components in America’s consolidation as a nation-state and expansion as a global empire, between 1845 and 1988. In three parts that transverse the historical periods of U.S. Reconstruction, the Progressive Era, interwar years, and post-World War II, I document continuity and transformation between older forms of child placement undertaken for child labor needs (such as with African American children during Reconstruction) and modern forms of adoption for humanitarian or sentimental reasons (including refugee and “orphan” children from West Germany). By linking these histories, I demonstrate that child placement is always inextricably tied to United States’ practices and discourses of empire and race. Few scholars have explored the linkages between these different forms of child placement. By employing the methods of social and cultural history, as well as multiple scales of analysis (comparative, regional, national, transnational) across an expansive archive of source material (state, immigration, and U.S. military government law, regional and national newspapers, the ethnic press, government reports, the U.S. congressional record, and archival documents), I illuminate the historic continuities and structures of power embedded in these seemingly disconnected practices. Ultimately, my dissertation contends that Americans’ practices of child placement and adoption have served as powerful tools of U.S. empire, employed widely when their implementation would assist the nation’s larger geopolitical and economic objectives. Always undergirded by nationalist racial logics, the children themselves would be increasingly valued as they came to encompass both the real and symbolic vision of how the United States imagined itself, or wished to be imagined, by its global peers.Item Analysis of Droplets and Bubbles in Crystal Growth Processes: Migration and Engulfment(2024) Pawar, SwanandThe crystal growth process for certain materials faces the problem of foreign particles, drops or bubbles getting lodged into the solid as it is grown. There can be significant risks associated with such impurities. In materials such as sapphire and silicon being grown from the melt, bubbles could enter the melt phase and make their way into the crystal by the process of engulfment. This is very commonly observed in sapphire crystals. There is also a chance for growth instabilities during certain solution growth processes, which could result in pockets of high solute concentration in certain places. This has been seen in scintillator crystals such as cadmium zinc telluride and even Arctic ice. This work is divided into two parts. In the first part, the engulfment of bubbles into a crystal is studied using detailed finite element modelling. The effect of various process parameters is studied and an effort is made to understand process conditions under which such engulfment can be avoided. In the second part, a simplified one-dimensional transport model is developed for the temperature gradient zone melting technique, in which a thermal gradient is applied across a solid to move any liquid drops stuck inside it to one end of the sample. Analytical expressions for drop size, speed and position as a function of time are derived for a drop undergoing such thermal migration. The derivation is also used to gain insight into process physics and some important time scales.Item And They Called Them “Galleanisti”: The Rise of the Cronaca Sovversiva and the Formation of America’s Most Infamous Anarchist Faction (1895-1912)(2018-06) Hoyt, AndrewThis dissertation tells the story of how a small group of low-profile militants, located on the periphery of industrial America, set in motion a chain of events that led Luigi Galleani to become one of the most notorious Italian anarchist and resulted in the Cronaca Sovversiva (1903-1919) becoming the most infamous “anarchist rag” ever published in North America. To counter the erasure of anarchists from the social history of the immigrant working-class (and to describe members of the Cronaca network beyond Galleani), this dissertation conducts extensive analysis of a single journal but avoids its ideological content. Instead, I focus my investigation on the newspaper’s financial data (including over 70,000 lines of subscription information) and on over 700 “notes” published under the Cronaca Locale heading (which documented events and conflicts in the town of Barre). A focus on these two sources has allowed me to map the flow of money through the larger Cronaca network and to rebuild a calendar of the Barre anarchists’ social life; thereby facilitating a materially specific telling of a story of the Cronaca’s rise to prominence and the process by which the journal’s network spread and simultaneously narrowed—reaching a position of importance within a transnational movement while also walling itself off from that larger movement by becoming inseparably linked with the polarizing and larger-than-life personality of Galleani. It is a tale of social relations more than of ideas or ideology; its goal is to explain how a small sub-network within the anarchist movement became increasingly radical and turned away from mass-organizing, thereby setting the stage for the better-known history of the so-called “Galleanisti” as anarchism’s most divisive faction.Item Atomic Hospitality: Asian Migrant Scientists Meet the U.S. South(2013-12) Tang, JasmineThis multidisciplinary project concerns the racialization of Asian Americans in the U.S. South, especially in the wake of the 1965 immigration act that recruited scientists to the U.S. nation-state. Specifically, the Asian American presence in east Tennessee involves regional, national, and international discourses surrounding two primary sites of tension: the constructs of national security and of spoken accent. Now home of the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), the "secret city" of Oak Ridge was created in the 1940s to aid the construction of the atomic bomb detonated in Hiroshima. Drawing from interviews with over thirty individuals, I argue that the post-1965 Asian migrant scientists at ORNL are part of what I call "national security migration," which involves individuals recruited to work on projects of interest to the national security of a nation-state not of their birth. Asian national security migrants inherit a particular history in which race, migration, citizenship, and science are inextricably tied, reproducing and complicating the narrative of Asians as perpetual foreigners particularly in the context of the U.S. national security state. HASH(0x7f93a252ca38) This project also features an historical analysis of a controversy in east Tennessee about a public monument, the Oak Ridge International Friendship Bell. Revolving around memory and the bomb, the debate was highly racialized, with anti-Asian (particularly anti-Japanese) sentiment front and center. Thus, I contend that discourses of "yellow peril" and national security are historically perpetuated and infused in the South. The second site of tension involves language and accent. If Asian migrants are often perceived to be speaking with a foreign accent, then southerners are marked by their southern accents, too: analyzing the interplay of these accents reveals the way Asian Americans disrupt traditional understandings of the South as a region. This disruption emerges in the experiences of Asian migrant scientists (at work and in the surrounding community) and also in the experiences of the U.S.-born second generation, as seen through my close reading of a performance by comedian Henry Cho, a Korean American Tennessean. HASH(0x7f93a31951d0) Finally, questions around language emerge methodologically as well. Interrupting the organizational writing structure of this project, I insert an extended discussion of the possibility of a feminist, Asian Americanist transcription methodology to be employed when researching multilingual Asian migrant communities in the U.S. nation-state. Taken together, these sites of tension speak to the nuances of the contemporary Asian American South.Item Chicago Indians: The Effects of Urban Migration.(Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota., 1970) Neog, Prafulla; Woods, Richard G.; Harkins, Arthur M.Item The Common Nighthawk in northern Minnesota(2018-05) Kolbe, StephenDeveloping methods for monitoring bird species that do not exhibit typical breeding behaviors is difficult. Species that do not sing, are sparsely distributed, are not active in the early morning, or are secretive are often impossible to monitor using traditional methods such as point counts. The Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), like other species in the nightjar family, is a low-density breeder in the boreal forest and is not adequately surveyed by point counts due to its secretive nature and crepuscular activity. Specific surveys have been developed for nightjars, but never tested for utility with the Common Nighthawk. I compared nightjar survey routes censused during a crepuscular time period to those run during a nocturnal time period. Significantly more nighthawks were detected during the crepuscular window, a time period that is not used during the official survey. While the effect of time of survey was significant, the surveys were labor-intensive and relatively few observations of Common Nighthawks were made. However, large numbers of this species occur each autumn along the north shore of Lake Superior. With average annual counts of nearly 19,500 individuals, the autumn migration of Common Nighthawks is the largest known concentration of this species in the world. Visible migration counts of nighthawks were conducted for three weeks each year from 2008 to 2017 in Duluth, Minnesota, USA. This daily evening count has elucidated the weather variables that most often lead to large flights: lighter and westerly winds, and warmer temperatures. Many of these conditions are not often associated with autumn migration. These weather effects on nighthawk migration intensity may be tied to aerial insect availability during migration. While the precise geographic origin of these migrant birds is unknown, many arrive from the Canadian boreal forest, where this species has undergone a significant decline and is listed as threatened. Trend analysis from autumn migration counts does not show such a decline. Counts such as the annual autumn survey of migrating Common Nighthawks along the north shore of Lake Superior are likely the best and most cost-effective way to census the boreal forest breeding Common Nighthawks and determine population trends for this declining aerial insectivore.Item Corporate Pollution and Local Community(2022-05) Lee, NaraeThis dissertation explores the limits of formal and informal institutions in promoting environmentally sustainable practices. In particular, this dissertation focuses on the potential misalignment between the domain in which these institutional forces operate and the varying scope of externalities generated by corporate pollution. This dissertation specifically highlights the sustainability challenges that local communities face. These challenges include having a limited influence in governing corporate pollution as corporate environmental externalities often exist across a community’s boundaries. Local communities also experience challenges in effectively organizing sustainability pressures as rapid migration can change a community’s characteristics. Based on a novel database that merges different sets of data covering the populations of American manufacturing facilities, I find that the selective focus of both informal community pressures and formal regulatory pressures are limited in generating more desirable sustainability outcomes when comprehensively evaluated. In addition, a less cohesive community (due to changes in demographics) experiences greater challenges when attempting to organize against corporate pollution. This dissertation’s findings highlight two distinct dynamics that have been under-explored: (1) interactions among different pollutions; and (2) interactions with competing social issues, such as immigration.Item COVID-19 among High-risk Working Populations in Vietnam(2024) Pham, MaiWith nearly eight hundred million cases and seven million lives lost globally, COVID-19 is the deadliest pandemic in history, imposing significantly physical and mental health burdens. Among populations, migrants and healthcare workers face the highest infection risk and suffer heavy impacts. In Vietnam there has been a scarcity of studies on infection, reinfection, risk factors, and the consequences of COVID-19 among such high-risk working populations. This dissertation, comprising three chapters, aims to address this gap in literature. Chapter 1, “Effect of Migration Status on Severity and Hospital Stay Length of COVID-19 Patients in Vietnam: A Health Surveillance Study during the Fourth Wave”, used hospital-based COVID-19 surveillance data at a district health center in Bac Ninh province. This study found that migration status was associated with severity levels among patients with non-migrants experiencing a higher proportion of moderate and severe symptoms, longer hospital stay compared to migrants. Age, gender, total vaccine doses received, and the interval between the last dose and hospital admission were associated with extended hospitalizations in both groups. Chapter 2, “COVID-19 Reinfection and Work Environment Factors Among Healthcare Workers in Vietnam'' utilized data from a prospective cohort study, following 875 healthcare workers in Bac Ninh and Nghe An provinces. A reinfection rate of 1.11 cases per 1000 person-days was observed. We found healthcare workers who used all preventive measures in medical settings had an increased risk of reinfection, which may reflect more exposure to infected patients. Using all prevention measures in the community and having recommended prevention resources available in hospitals reduced the risk. The risk was lower among females, older individuals, and nurses, but higher among unvaccinated or partially vaccinated individuals. Finally, Chapter 3 “Facing the Frontlines: COVID-19 Risk Perception and Mental Health of Vietnamese Medical Students” analyzed data from the survey with 304 Hanoi Medical University students who were mobilized to assist frontline public health responses. Results showed 16.1% of students having depression, 23% having anxiety and 16.1% having stress symptoms. Nearly half of students had high scores for the risk perception of COVID-19. The study identified a positive association between the risk perception score and depression, anxiety, and stress score. These findings highlight the need for prevention strategies such as tailored vaccination campaigns considering migration status, health promotion activities to encourage consistent use of prevention measures in community. Furthermore, providing counselling services for healthcare workers with mental health symptoms is crucial for an effective public health response.Item Item Data from range-wide study of migratory connectivity of Vermivora warblers(2018-02-01) Kramer, Gunnar R; Andersen, David E; Buehler, David A.; Wood, Petra B; Peterson, Sean M; Lehman, Justin A; Aldinger, Kyle R; Bulluck, Lesley P; Harding, Sergio; Jones, John A; Loegering, John P; Smalling, Curtis; Vallender, Rachel; Streby, Henry M; gunnarrkramer@gmail.com; Kramer, Gunnar, RThis collection of files provide data from a range-wide study of the migratory ecology of Vermivora warblers. Data include raw light-level data from geolocators, R code, and associated output. These data can be used to recreate analyses including: (1) Individual nonbreeding occurrence and population-level nonbreeding overlap (2) Individual migration routes and spatial distribution of individuals and populations during migrationItem The Developing Global Crisis and the Current Wave of Migrant / Refugees heading for Europe(National Intelligence Academy of Romania (Mihai Viteazul), 2015-10-16) Andregg, Michael M.Item Estimating natal origins and migratory patterns of juvenile raptors banded during fall migration at Hawk Ridge Duluth, MN(2022-08) Pavlovic, EmilyEffective conservation of migratory species requires knowledge of the many geographic locations utilized during their full annual cycle. Determining breeding location can be challenging due to the secretive nature of many raptors on their breeding grounds; however, during migration, these species are relatively easy to study since large numbers of individuals fly through migration corridors. The objective of this research was to improve our understanding of full annual cycle landscape use by identifying the breeding origin and migratory patterns of juvenile raptors utilizing hydrogen stable isotope analysis of feathers (ẟ2Hf) collected during fall migration at Hawk Ridge in Duluth, Minnesota. We found that ẟ2Hf was able to elucidate temporal migration patterns and broadly assign natal origins. However, assignments remain broad and could be improved by the addition of other techniques. Knowledge of breeding locations and migratory patterns is important for connecting ecological variables on breeding grounds to observed population changes during migration and placing Hawk Ridge’s long-term monitoring data within a geographical framework.Item Exceptional Empire and Exceptional Subjects: Biopolitics and the Transnational Making of the Korean/Asian/American through the Cold War(2016-12) Kim, SeonnaThis dissertation explores how the contemporary Korean American and Korean diasporic literary productions imagine and respond to the nexus between the “exceptional” American empire and the exceptional juridico-political subjects it produced and managed in South Korea and across the Pacific through the prolonged Cold War. Drawing on critical biopolitical studies, this project frames the Cold War U.S. military and humanitarian interventions in Asia as neoimperialist governmentality, which not only created excessive, doubled sovereignty and states of exception but also produced and displaced exceptional subjects in the areas affected. My research on the historical, political, legal, and cultural discourses on these displaced subjects evinces that they were not simply excluded as a demographic exception to the Korean and American nation-states, but included in their Cold War geopolitics and biopolitics. This dissertation proposes that the transnational making of the exceptional Korean, Asian, or Asian American subjects through the Cold War provides key sites for understanding the transnational history and dimensions of the post-World War II formation of Asian America as it illuminates the links between U.S. foreign policy in Asia and domestic racial liberalism during the Cold War. Tracing the origin of the transpacific exceptional subjects and their transpacific links, the project also draws a genealogy of a forgotten Korean diaspora that still haunts the modernity of Korean and American nation-states. I argue that the selected cultural memories and imaginaries produced by Nora Okja Keller, Heinz Insu Fenkl, Jane Jeong Trenka, and Chang-rae Lee expose and intervene in the complex operations and technologies of U.S. sovereign biopower and governance within and across its national border and its logics of exclusion and inclusion by verbally enacting scenes of multiple subjectifications of the exceptional figures in Asia and America. Chapter by chapter, the dissertation attends to the particular conjunctures of local and global biopolitics in which the exceptional subjects emerged and were subjectified. It also demonstrates how each of these texts in a unique and experimental way disrupts the normative codifications and configurations of the exceptional empire as a global peacekeeper or humanitarian force and of the exceptional(ized) subjects as undeserving racial aliens or exceptionally deserving model citizens. Collectively, these literary texts create an aesthetics of the stateless that imagines alternative models of politics, subjectivity, and cross-national and interracial community to move beyond biopolitics and towards a decolonized future.Item Fall Raptor Migration Phenology and its Relationship with Weather(2018-12) Steiner, RyanChanges in fall raptor migration phenology have been documented at hawk count sites across North America. Delays in fall migration phenology are the most common shift reported, however these changes vary from species to species. Changes in fall migration phenology are often attributed to climate change, but direct links to climate are rarely demonstrated. Those studies that do attempt to link the shifts to climate change often use global weather phenomena such as the North Atlantic Oscillation. Using updated methods, we examined fall migration phenology in 14 raptor species counted in 44 years at Hawk Ridge in Duluth, MN in relation to local and regional climate variables. Variables explored were related to temperature, favorable wind conditions, and cold fronts because these variables have been previously found to influence raptor migration. Weather variables were summarized using a principal components analysis. Raptor phenology was regressed against the top ten principal components using univariate models. Most raptors were found to be migrating later when temperatures were warmer. Favorable winds were also found to influence fall migration timing for most species, however some species responded to a greater percentage of the season having favorable winds, while others responded to greater wind strength of favorable winds. The weather variables used in this study provide a partial explanation for observed changes in migration phenology, but more study is needed to fully explore the mechanisms governing the timing of fall raptor migration.Item FALL SURVIVAL, MOVEMENTS, AND HABITAT USE OF AMERICAN WOODCOCK IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES REGION: 2003 FIELD SEASON REPORT(2004-02) Andersen, David E; Bruggink, John G; Doherty, Kevin; Lutz, R.Scott; Meunier, Jed; Oppelt, EileenDeclines in the number of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) heard on annual singing ground surveys have resulted in concern regarding the population status of woodcock in both the Central and Eastern Management Regions. Although changes in the distribution and abundance of woodcock habitat are believed to largely be responsible for apparent population declines, relatively little is known regarding the influence of harvest on woodcock population dynamics. Similarly, movements and habitat use of woodcock in fall prior to migration are poorly understood. In 2001 (Minnesota) and 2002 (Michigan and Wisconsin), we initiated a study of woodcock to assess magnitude and causes of woodcock mortality, and investigate movements and habitat use of woodcock in the western Great Lakes Region during fall. In all 3 states, we radio-marked woodcock on paired study areas; one of which was open to woodcock hunting (“hunted areas”) and one of which was closed (“non-hunted areas”) to hunting or had limited access for hunting (“lightly-hunted areas”). In 2003, across all 3 states we captured and radio-equipped 338 woodcock; 194 on hunted areas and 144 on non-hunted or lightly-hunted areas. Survival rates of woodcock during the 2003 hunting season in Michigan were 0.778 + 0.157 in the hunted area and 0.857 + 0.240 in the non-hunted area. In Minnesota, the hunting season survival rate of woodcock in the hunted area was 0.733 + 0.303, and in the non-hunted area it was 0.854 + 0.155. In Wisconsin, the hunting season survival rates of woodcock were 0.657 + 0.151 in the hunted area and 0.735 + 0.151 in the lightly hunted area. A sub-sample of after hatch year (AHY) female woodcock was monitored intensively in each state and preliminary analyses of movement and habitat use data from these birds suggest that woodcock make primarily small-scale movements (47.7% <50 m between subsequent locations and 5.82 ha average 95% fixed kernel home range size) prior to migration. Primary cover types used were aspen (Populus spp.) seedling/sapling, aspen pole, alder (Alnus spp.), conifer, and willow (Salix spp.). Preliminary analyses also suggest that woodcock used edges within individual covers, but that use of edge habitats is variable among habitat types and years.Item Hmong Resettlement Study Site Report, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota.(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement., 1984) Downing, Bruce T.; Olney, Douglas P.; Mason, Sarah R.; Hendricks, GlennItem Immigrants and Radicals in Duluth: An Historical Investigation.(1994) Hudelson, RichardThe work undertaken here is part of an ongoing larger study of the history of Duluth, eventually intended to be published in book length form. This larger project is being done by Carl Ross, director of the Minnesota Radicalism Project of the Minnesota Historical Society, and Richard Hudelson of the department of philosophy at the University of Minnesota Duluth. The project has had the support of the Minnesota Historical Society. On the basis of earlier research, Ross and Hudelson had identified a number of research tasks that needed to be completed as part of the larger undertaking. Summarized in this report are the results of preliminary research in a few of these targeted areas. The research work was done by students at UMD with the support of the Center for Community and Regional Research.Item Intelligence and Migration: Cases from North America(Polish Institute of Public Remembrance, Need to Know VI (6), 2016-11-16) Andregg, Michael M.Intelligence and Migration: Cases from North America By Michael Andregg, University of St. Thomas and University of Minnesota, mmandregg@stthomas.edu For the Sixth “Need to Know” Conference, 17-18 November, 2016, at Karlskrona, Sweden, for the Institute of National Remembrance, Poland, the Swedish Naval Museum, and BISA Introduction The USA and Canada receive migrants from every part of the world. Many are legal immigrants and some are illegal or undocumented (about 11 million in the USA of a population of about 324 million, or ~ 3.4% of the total US population in 2016). Syrians, North Africans, Afghans and Iraqi refugees are the biggest immigration demographics in Europe, but in North America other ethnicities predominate, especially Latin Americans and Asians. 21st century terrorism has increased concerns about immigrants, especially undocumented or “illegal” immigrants. There is a long history of such concerns in North America beginning with Native American fears of the tidal wave of Europeans entering after 1492. What happened to them is one lesson security professionals must consider. The natives were nearly wiped out over a period of centuries, often by direct aggression, but more by disease and exile to harsh and barren lands. If large numbers of immigrants with aggressive birth rates come, they can take over entire continents in just a few centuries. But our vigorous and interesting continent has also been “built by immigrants” who remain very important to national economies today. Immigrant populations of special interest to modern US intelligence services have included: Cubans (who enjoy a special immigration status and intelligence significance). Somalians (targeted for recruitment for foreign wars by Al Shabaab and ISIS). Colombians (and other South and Central Americans, of special interest in drug wars). Mexicans (the same except that Mexicans and their descendants are also very involved in domestic US agriculture, construction, health care, and every job description). Chinese (of special national security concern for economic and technical espionage). Poles, Romanians, Ukrainians, Russians, Slovenes, Czech’s, and all Eastern European ethnicities (of special relevance during the ‘Cold War,’ now warming up again). We will survey these ethnic groups with respect to three broader themes: A. National security concerns like counterterrorism and counter proliferation (of WMD). B. The drug wars. C. Economic espionage and cybersecurity concerns (related, but also quite different). After this review, a small section will deal with the special problem of sea routes for smuggling drugs, human beings, and weapons. One oddity is immediately obvious. US coastal surveillance can detect the smallest raft carrying people from Haiti or Cuba toward our shores, but typically misses over 90% of drug shipments. An historic case involving the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) CIA and cocaine during the Iran-Contra period (mid-1980’s) will be presented based on public records and less well known, but very detailed testimony and publications of an agent who worked for both of those agencies and the US Army over a long career. Bradley Earl Ayers had extensive knowledge of sea routes and Cuban operations going back to Operation Mongoose in 1962 when he worked for the CIA at Miami Station, focused on national security concerns. Then he worked for the DEA on drug trafficking during the 1980’s in south Florida. Some missions overlapped during Iran-Contra, which led to problems then and now.Item Intelligence and Migration: Cases from North America, for Need to Know 6 in Sweden(Polish Institute for National Remembrance, sponsor of the annual "Need to Know" conferences on intelligence history, 2016-11-17) Andregg, Michael M.The USA and Canada receive migrants from every part of the world. Many are legal immigrants and some are illegal or undocumented immigrants (about 11 million in the USA of a population of about 324 million, or ~ 3.4% of the total US population in 2016). Syrians, North Africans, Afghans and Iraqi refugees are the biggest immigration demographics in Europe and each occur here but in North America other ethnicities predominate, especially Latin Americans and Asians. 21st century terrorism has increased concerns about immigrants, especially undocumented or illegal immigrants. There is a long history of such concerns in North America beginning with Native American fears of the tidal wave of Europeans entering after 1492. What happened to them is one lesson security professionals must consider. The natives were nearly wiped out over a period of centuries, often by direct aggression, but more by disease and exile to harsh and barren lands. That lesson is that if large numbers of immigrants with aggressive birth rates come, they can take over entire continents in just a few centuries. But our vigorous and interesting continent has also been “built by immigrants” who remain very important to national economies today. Immigrant populations of special interest to modern US intelligence services include: Cubans (who enjoy a special immigration status and intelligence significance). Somalians (targeted for recruitment for foreign wars by Al Shabaab and ISIS). Colombians (and other South and Central Americans, of special interest in drug wars). Mexicans (the same except that Mexicans and their descendants are also very involved in domestic US agriculture, construction, health care, and every job description). Chinese (of special national security concern for economic and technical espionage). Poles, Romanians, Ukrainians, Russians, Slovenes, Czech’s, and all Eastern European ethnicities (of special relevance during the ‘Cold War,’ now warming up again). We will survey these ethnic groups with respect to three broader themes: A. National security concerns like counterterrorism and counter proliferation (of WMD). B. The drug wars. C. Economic espionage and cybersecurity concerns (related, but also quite different).