Browsing by Subject "iodine"

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    Cow’s milk is an important source of iodine for prenatal health and switching to plant-based milk can lead to iodine insufficiencies
    (2024-04-10) Lundquist, Hallie M
    Iodine insufficiencies are common among many populations, particularly pregnant women. One of the main functions of iodine is making thyroid hormone. The two main hormones that iodine influences are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid hormone impacts the metabolism of most tissues. For the average adult, the Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA, for iodine is 150 mcg. During certain stages of life, such as pregnancy, lactation, and infancy, the importance of iodine is even greater as it supports brain, bone, and organ development. The RDA for iodine during pregnancy is 220 mcg and, while breastfeeding, the RDA is 290 mcg. Consuming enough iodine in the diet during pregnancy helps support fetal neurodevelopment. Iodine is found in several food sources such as seafood and iodized salt, however, dairy products are one of the major sources of iodine in American diets. It is important to note that only bovine milk products are rich in this mineral. One cup of milk provides 39% and 57% of the daily iodine needs for average adult woman and pregnant woman, respectively. As the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends limiting sodium intake, which includes iodized salt, dairy may be an especially important source of iodine. However, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, about 90% of the U.S. population does not meet the dairy recommendations presented in the DGA. In recent years, plant-based diets have received a lot of attention. A market for plant-based milk alternatives has grown and includes a variety of options such as almond, soy, and oat milk. Plant-based milks do not naturally contain iodine and are typically not fortified with iodine. Women of childbearing age who drink plant-based milks instead of cow’s milk have lower urinary iodine concentrations than women who consume cow’s milk. This review will focus on the importance of iodine in the diet to support prenatal health, lactation, and infant health.
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    Preparation and structure of diaryliodonium salts with hydroxy and carboxylic acid groups
    (2022-01) Larson, Scott
    Toxic transition metals are often used in organic synthesis reactions, which poses a potential hazard in their applications, especially medicinally and environmentally. A potential solution to this problem is to use trivalent iodine in place of toxic transition metals in synthesis. One class of compounds that could be specifically useful in toxic transition metal replacement is pseudo-cyclic iodonium triflate salts. This project focuses on developing the best method and scope for the preparation of diaryliodonium salts from iodosobenzoic acid-triflate (IBA-OTf) and (3-acetoxyphenyl)-3-iodanediyl diacetate compounds. These compounds could be used in oxidation reactions, replacing commonly used transition metals and would be safer and more environmentally friendly reagents. The preparing of these diaryliodonium salts can be optimized since there are various possible synthesis conditions available. It was important to find optimal methods for preparing diaryliodonium salts, while avoiding the use of toxic transition metals. In the production of pseudocyclic diaryliodonium triflate salts, an acid activated pseudocyclic hypervalent iodine reagent, 2-[hydroxy(trifluoromethanesufonyloxy)]- iodobenzoic acid, can react easily with various arenes in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. The synthesis of the pseudocyclic diaryliodonium triflate salts occurs under mild conditions to obtain the iodonium salts in moderate to good yields. Cyclic iodine (III) compounds, arylbenziodoxolones, can be produced in moderate to good yield by reacting pseudocyclic products that are formed under basic conditions. Pseudocyclic and cyclic trivalent iodonium salts can undergo synthesis, with hydroxy and carboxylic acid group compounds, producing these groups in the products and increasing reactivity in compounds obtained. Some of the pseudocyclic and cyclic diaryliodonium salts obtained have been confirmed with single crystal X-ray crystallography. These positive results lead to further investigation of taking advantage of protecting groups and phenyl boronic acid in the preparation of phenolic iodonium triflate salts. Several desired phenolic iodonium triflate salts were obtained in moderate to good yield and are reported as well.