Browsing by Subject "injury"
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Item `The Compensation Law Put Us Out of Work': Workplace Injury Law, Commodification, and Discrimination in the Early 20th Century United States(2014-07) Holdren, NateThis dissertation traces changes in U.S. injury law and injury culture from the late 1890s through the early 1930s. I argue that workmen's compensation legislation passed in the 1910s helped create new forms of inequality. These laws valued women's injuries less than men's injuries and helped create medicalized employment discrimination against people with disabilities. Compensation legislation replaced a court-based system of injury law with an insurance-based administrative system. Under the old system, many injuries when uncompensated. Under the new system, employers had to pay a portion of the financial costs of every employee injury. Employers responded by trying to control those costs by hiring physicians to conduct medical examinations. These examinations were designed to screen out people with physical disabilities and medical conditions that might raise employers' costs in the event of employee injury. Furthermore, compensation laws encouraged what I call the moral thinning of injury, changing how injury was defined as a problem. Injury was no longer understood as a matter of morality or injustice, but as a matter of lost income, a definition of injury that ignored much of human meaning of injury. These changes occurred against the backdrop of what I call the rise of insurance as a worldview in the late 19th century. This worldview treated people as commodities and treated employee injury as an amoral matter of financial security, a problem to be solved by monetary payments. Compensation laws brought the insurance worldview into employers' hiring decisions, bringing about a re-organization of employment practices. I analyze these changes across a range of institutions using sources including trial records, published legal decisions and treatises, business records, and the records and publications of trade associations and conferences, medical associations and conferences, state commissions, and unions.Item Fair Play in Youth Football: Reducing Injury Rates Through Improved Sportsmanship Behavior(2018-01) White, AndrewSport participation is one of the leading causes of injury among American youth and poor sportsmanship behavior contributes to the risk of sport-related injury. Theories of behavior modification suggest operant conditioning can lead to behavior change, as can other environmental and personal factors. Additionally, models of sport-related injury show behavioral change can alter injury risk. One context injury prevention research should focus on is youth American football, as the competition injury rates are higher than those of other sports. The current study implemented modified Fair Play rules, which utilize operant conditioning, in a youth football league to determine if, compared to teams using standard rules, teams using Fair Play rules had (a) better sportsmanship behavior and attitudes and (b) lower injury rates; (c) if there was an effect, the study also aimed to determine how Fair Play rules impacted injury rates. These purposes were examined over two football seasons with one group of teams using Fair Play rules both seasons (FP-FP), one group using standard rules both seasons (Std-Std), and one group switching from standard to Fair Play rules after one season (Std-FP). At the beginning of this study, participants were on average 12.19 (±0.44) years old, Caucasian (85.1%), and male (99.4%). Linear mixed models revealed the only statistically significant group difference for injury rates was a significantly higher rate of head/neck injuries for the FP-FP group than the Std-Std group when Fair Play penalty yards per game was not accounted for. Similarly, collapsing across groups, the rate of opponent head/neck injuries significantly increased after the first season, but no other changes over time were significant. A MANOVA revealed no group differences in athlete self-reported sportsmanship behavior and attitudes or athletes’ perceptions of coach sportsmanship behavior. High variability and small group sizes limited the power to detect differences, but examining mean values of injury rates revealed complex patterns across groups and time. Results suggest Fair Play rules and player sportsmanship behavior affect injury rates in youth American football; however, this effect is complex and further research is required to clearly determine the effect of Fair Play rules in this context.Item Should my child have X-rays for their ankle injury?(2008-03-31) Anderson, AnthonyAnkle injuries have been reported to constitute up to 12% of emergency department visits. However, only one in five of these patients have an ankle fracture. For this reason, the Ottawa Ankle Rules(OAR) were developed to help clinicians decide which adults should have radiographs. With the success of this model, a study was designed to assess the validity of the OAR in the evaluation of pediatric patients. The results of the study showed that although the OAR were successful in detecting most fractures, it missed a significant number of "pediatric fractures." However, the data indicated that the rules were valid for children older than 15 years-old. Finally, the study indicated a new set of rules more appropriate for pediatric patients under 15 years-old.