Browsing by Subject "frequency"
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Item Frequency and Variation in L2 Spanish Present Tense Indicative Verbal Inflectional Morphology(2023) Zilmer, CalebThis mixed methods study draws upon theoretical perspectives from usage-based linguistics (UBL) and variationist sociolinguistics to explore four learners’ use of second language (L2) Spanish present tense indicative verbal inflectional morphology (i.e., simple present conjugations). The study compares the frequency and distribution of students’ use of these forms to the frequency and distribution of the same forms in the input they received, both from the teacher and from each other, as well as whether students use the forms variably based on context of subject expression.Data collection took place in a 2nd year high school Spanish foreign language classroom that employed communicative teaching methods. Audio-visual recordings of the interactions of the four focal students and the teacher were transcribed using multimodal conversation analysis conventions. Data were coded for participant, the lexical verb, the particular verb inflection used, the type of accompanying subject expression, and whether the inflection agreed with the subject expression. Analysis consisted of token and type frequency counts, Pearson correlation and chi-square statistics, and person-number agreement between the inflection and the accompanying subject expression. Findings show that all four focal students and the teacher used the third person singular ([3rd-Sing]) inflectional morpheme far more than any other morpheme. In addition, while the teacher’s type and token frequencies appear to be fairly even across inflectional categories, there appears to be greater variation in students’ type and token frequencies, particularly for inflections other than [3rd-Sing]. Type and token frequencies also show that, while focal students used most verbs with only one inflection, they used a few verbs with multiple inflections. Verbs that students used with multiple inflections also appear to be the verbs they used most frequently, and also many of the same verbs that the teacher used most frequently and with multiple inflections. Results of a Pearson correlation statistical analysis show that some focal students’ use correlates with the teacher’s use, and results of a chi-square analysis show that students use inflections variably based on linguistic context of subject expression. The students’ use of some inflection-subject expression pairings appear to have higher person-number agreement than some other inflection-subject expression pairings. These findings suggest that adolescent L2 learners acquire present tense verb forms based largely on frequency in the input. The four focal students appear to have been at different stages in the acquisition of verbal inflections: one student’s use appears to have been largely formulaic in nature; two other students appear to have had some grammatically productive use of inflectional morphology with a handful of verbs; and another student appears to have had grammatically productive use of inflectional morphology more or less as a system across verbs. All four focal students appear to have used present tense inflectional forms variably based on semantic redundancy with subject expression. In more semantically redundant contexts, they appear to have used structural subject expressions—particularly overt subject pronouns (OSPs)—more frequently, and with comparatively low rates of agreement with the verb inflection. In less redundant, null subject contexts, they appear to have used present tense verbal inflectional morphemes with comparatively higher rates of agreement with the apparent subject. Theoretical implications of the study are that cognitive and contextual factors in SLA appear to be deeply intertwined during the acquisition process. Pedagogical implications are that teachers should consider the relative frequency and redundancy of certain forms in the input to inform instructional design.Item Prevalence of drug-related problems in self-medication in Danish community pharmacies(University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 2012-12) Frøkjær, Bente; Bolvig, Tina; Griese, Nina; Herborg, Hanne; Rossing, CharlotteBackground: Drug-related problems are known to be a major problem associated with pharmacotherapy. A broad range of studies, mainly in the area of prescription-only medicines, supports this fact. Only a few studies have evaluated drug-related problems with over-the-counter medicine and the role of community pharmacies in this. Purpose: To quantify drug-related problems in self-medication (use of over-the-counter medicine) identified by community pharmacies in Denmark and to document the interventions by pharmacy staff in relation to the identified drug-related problems. Method: A descriptive study mapping drug-related problems in self-medication registered at the counter at a selected number of Danish community pharmacies. Results: Data for 3,868 consecutive customers with requests for over-the-counter (OTC) medicines were registered at 39 community pharmacies. The pharmacies registered a total number of 4,324 OTC medicines requests, illustrating that a customer requested 1.1 OTC medicines on average. Drug-related problems (DRPs) were identified for 813 customers, equivalent to DRPs for 21.0 % of all customers, presenting symptoms or requesting OTC medicines, and for 20 % of all over-the-counter medicines requests. 1,239 DRPs were registered, corresponding to an average of 1.5 DRPs per customer requesting OTC medicines. Community pharmacies estimated that they solved or partly solved 76.2 % of the detected DRPs; 73 % were solved without involving a general practitioner. Conclusions: DRPs were identified for 21.0 % of the pharmacy customers presenting a symptom or asking for an OTC medicine. The community pharmacy counselled the customers with DRPs more thoroughly than other customers by giving 2.4 pieces of professional advice, compared to an average of 2.1 to customers in general. It is not possible to determine the magnitude of the safety risk involved. Based on the most frequent categories of DRPs, there were risks of insufficient effect, unintended effects and, to a lesser extent, inappropriate self-medication.Item Testing Application Behavior on Frequency Overscaled Microcontrollers(2016) Zhou, JingjingThe goal of this project is to show that dynamic timing slack exists for embedded applications executing on micro-controllers.Item Verbs Matter: Verb Frequency and Phonological Complexity in Four Morphosyntactic Contexts(2022-10-06) Finestack, Lizbeth H.; Linert, Jamie; Ancel, Elizabeth; Hilliard, Lisa; Kuchler, Kirstin; Matthys, Olivia; finestack@umn.edu; Finestack, Lizbeth H.; University of Minnesota Child Language Intervention LabResearch indicates that when teaching grammatical forms to children, the verbs used to model specific grammatical inflections matter. When learning grammatical forms, children have higher performance when they hear many unique verb forms that vary in their frequency and phonological complexity. This dataset includes verbs derived from the language samples of English-speaking children aged 5 to 8.9 years used in one of the following four contexts: regular past tense -ed, third person singular -s, is/are + verb+ing, and do/does questions. We ranked verbs based on frequency and phonological complexity using the Word Complexity Measure developed by Stoel-Gammon (2010). We used this data to identify verbs to use when assessing the grammatical skills of children and when providing interventions for the targeted forms.