Browsing by Subject "dairy"
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Item Alfalfa Hay: Evaluating its Quality by Performance of Dairy Animals and Laboratory Procedures(Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, 1972) Donker, J. D.; Marten, G. C.Item Changes In the Dairy Farming Picture(Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, 1953-01) McDaniel, W. E.; Pond, G. A.THE LAST 40 years have brought more numerous and more striking changes in farm techniques than any similar period in recorded history. This period has also been characterized by a wide range in the price of farm products. This bulletin covers a complete cycle- from 1919, when farm prices reached their highest level up to that time, through the lowest point in the present century in the early thirties, to an all-time high in 1948.Item COVID-19 Response: The Role of Dairy Farmers in Minnesota’s Rural Economy(2020) Hadrich, Joleen; Roberts, Megan; Tuck, BrigidItem Cow’s milk is an important source of iodine for prenatal health and switching to plant-based milk can lead to iodine insufficiencies(2024-04-10) Lundquist, Hallie MIodine insufficiencies are common among many populations, particularly pregnant women. One of the main functions of iodine is making thyroid hormone. The two main hormones that iodine influences are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid hormone impacts the metabolism of most tissues. For the average adult, the Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA, for iodine is 150 mcg. During certain stages of life, such as pregnancy, lactation, and infancy, the importance of iodine is even greater as it supports brain, bone, and organ development. The RDA for iodine during pregnancy is 220 mcg and, while breastfeeding, the RDA is 290 mcg. Consuming enough iodine in the diet during pregnancy helps support fetal neurodevelopment. Iodine is found in several food sources such as seafood and iodized salt, however, dairy products are one of the major sources of iodine in American diets. It is important to note that only bovine milk products are rich in this mineral. One cup of milk provides 39% and 57% of the daily iodine needs for average adult woman and pregnant woman, respectively. As the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends limiting sodium intake, which includes iodized salt, dairy may be an especially important source of iodine. However, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, about 90% of the U.S. population does not meet the dairy recommendations presented in the DGA. In recent years, plant-based diets have received a lot of attention. A market for plant-based milk alternatives has grown and includes a variety of options such as almond, soy, and oat milk. Plant-based milks do not naturally contain iodine and are typically not fortified with iodine. Women of childbearing age who drink plant-based milks instead of cow’s milk have lower urinary iodine concentrations than women who consume cow’s milk. This review will focus on the importance of iodine in the diet to support prenatal health, lactation, and infant health.Item Dairy Confined Animal Feeding Permits on Public Notice as a Leading Indicator of Milk Supply(2019-10) Sorg, GabriellaTrends toward larger dairy farms and stricter environmental regulations imply that an increasing percentage of United States milk cows will be located on farms regulated by Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) permits. The objective of this research is to test whether a change in the aggregate state dairy cow herd size can be predicted by a respective change in the number of cows permitted under the CAFO, i.e. if CAFO permits can serve as a leading indicator for dairy herd changes. A model of Texas is used to test if cows on CAFO permit public notice can help predict change in aggregate state dairy herd size. Some CAFO permit data, like facility capacity, are available through public notices that must be published to inform the community of facility changes. Individual permit data on changes in animal capacity for facilities were collected from public notices published from January 2005 to December 2018. Data from CAFO permits are transformed into six-month sums and run as a lagged variable against year-over-year change in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) number of Texas milk cows. A variable for USDA Margin Protection Program estimation of milk margin above feed costs is used as a control variable. Results suggest that a six-month lagged and summed variable of the number of cows on CAFO permit public notice is statistically significant to the year-over-year change in milk cows in Texas. Economic significance and feasibility of industry implementation are less certain.Item Dairy- and Soy-Derived Bioactive Peptides and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System(2013-05) Munn, MelissaHypertension is a chronic, often asymptomatic, and highly prevalent cardiovascular disorder. Medications prescribed to lower blood pressure in hypertensive individuals are successful but are not without side effects or associated costs that render these agents inconvenient to patients. Furthermore, from a public health standpoint, a proactive approach to preventing or delaying progression into a hypertensive state in at-risk individuals is promising. Researchers have discovered bioactivity in peptides derived from food protein sources and the observed potential for blood pressure lowering effects through ACE inhibition has fueled further interest. This thesis focuses on the potential use of dairy- and soy- derived bioactive peptides in lowering blood pressure through ACE inhibition. Chapter 1 provides an overview of hypertension, including its prevalence, clinical definition, associated risk factors, and potential contributors to its complex pathophysiology, as well as current medications and a brief introduction to the use of bioactive peptides in a functional food. Chapter 2 presents a systematic review of the literature, with a strong emphasis on in vivo animal and human studies regarding the blood pressure lowering potential of dairy- and soy- derived bioactive peptides. Chapter 3 shares the findings of our study on the acute effects of whey- and soy- derived bioactive peptides administered in the form of a cookie to overweight, prehypertensive men and postmenopausal women. Finally, this thesis is concluded with a brief summary provided in Chapter 4.Item Development Of Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy Methods For The Rapid Quantification Of Starch And Cellulose In Mozzarella And Other Italian-Type Cheeses(2019-09) Vazquez, LeilanyFlow-aids consisting of starch and cellulose are added to prevent caking and sticking in grated and shredded cheese and are used as carriers for added antimycotics to prevent mold growth. The accurate quantification of these flow-aids involves difficult wet-chemistry methods. When too little antimycotic is added, quality issues can occur. Conversely, when too much flow-aid is added in order to dilute the cheese for economic gain, the reputation of the dairy industry is damaged. As a way to prevent the over or underuse of these ingredients, Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) could be useful. The goal of this research was to investigate whether calibrations could be made to quantify starch and cellulose in Asiago, Parmesan, and Romano cheeses, alone and separately. Samples of Asiago, Parmesan, and Romano loafs were shredded, and 0 – 5.66% of a starch/cellulose flow-aid was added. Treatments were ground, weighed, formed into a ball and pressed in the middle of the glass petri dish to create a homogenous scanning surface. Samples were scanned using a BUCHI NIRFlex N-500 FT-NIR spectrometer (BUCHI Labortechnik AG, CH). NIRCal 5.2 Chemometric Software (BUCHI Labortechnik) was used to analyze the spectra after first dividing the spectra of the 2,367 samples into 1,578 calibration and 789 validation samples. The spectra were treated with standard normal variate to minimize variations and optimize the calibration. The calibrations obtained had an r2 greater than 0.94 and worked better when they were specific to one specific cheese (ie. Asiago) instead of one kind of cheese (ie. Hard-grated cheese). Future research will determine if cellulose and starch can be identified and quantified separately in the same sample, and the effect of different starch and cellulose types on quantification.Item Effects of milk yield genotype on immune, endocrine and metabolite interactions in dairy cows(2018-08) Cousillas, GeorginaStudies were designed to assess the impact of milk yield genotype on the innate immune response and its interactions with endocrine and metabolic components when growing heifers and lactating cows are challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A novel aspect of these studies was the comparison of unique Holsteins that have not been subjected to selection since 1964 (unselected Holsteins; UH) with contemporary Holsteins (CH). In addition, our animal models included heifers from contemporary Red-Black Angus cows (CA) and our experimental designs included the use of repeated LPS administration to assess the impact of genotype on the acute immune response and on the development of a refractory (endotoxin tolerance) state. Pro-inflammatory cytokine and glucose concentrations were greater and cortisol concentrations increased more rapidly in Holsteins than in Angus heifers which is consistent with results from our collaborators that indicate Holsteins have a more robust immune response than Angus cattle. Differences in plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, glucose and cortisol, and in expression of adhesion molecules and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) after LPS administration indicates UH heifers and cows have a more robust immune response than CH heifers and cows. This was further supported by hepatic gene expression data, which indicated greater expression of genes in the TLR4 signaling pathway and of genes involved in the production of pro and anti-inflammatory mediators (IL6, TNF, IL1RN, TGFB1) in UH than in CH cows during the acute immune response. In addition, results during the second challenge indicated greater development of tolerance to immunotoxin stimulation in UH than CH cows. Overall, our results demonstrate that TLR4 signaling pathways have been altered by five decades of selective breeding and these changes contribute to a less robust and less controlled innate immune response in CH cows. Thus, immune activation and the ability to minimize negative effects of prolonged inflammation are reduced in the CH cow. Although we did not assess the impact of selection, we assessed functionality of several anti-ADAM17 antibodies and inhibitors and for, the first time, characterized the presence and activity of ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17) protein in bovine PMNL.Item Energy Consumption on Minnesota Dairy Farms - Results from On-farm Monitoring(2019) Heins, BradleyItem Inbreeding Investigations with Dairy Cattle in the North Central Region of the United States(Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, 1969-02)Item Minnesota Dairy Cooperatives(Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, 1953-06) Manning, T. W.; Koller, E. Fred; Jesness, O. B.DAIRY cooperative managers, directors, and members are faced with problems of organization, finance, and operation. While significant progress has been made in dealing with these problems, there still can be improvement. In this analysis of some of the special problems encountered by dairy cooperatives, special attention is given to factors affecting operational and financial success or failure.Item Optimizing Energy Production and Use for a Net-Zero Energy Dairy(2017) Buchanan, EricItem Using Renewable Energy in Dairy Production(2017) Heins, BradleyItem Utilizing Dairy Wastewater for Sustainable Production of Energy, Feed, and Food(2017) Gardner, Robert D.Item WCROC Dairy Life Cycle Models(2017) Tallaksen, Joel; Heins, Bradley; Johnston, Lee J.