Browsing by Subject "context"
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Item If “Context-onaries” Existed, How Might They be Used to Increase ‘Civic’ Engagement?(2022-12) Kafka, NanWords have no meaning without context. This paper explores, through literature review, observation and attendance at community meetings, development of a conceptual model of a personal context-onary, how a better understanding of a personal context could lead to increased civic participation. Civic is used in its broadest sense, meaning any activity that a person does (engages in) to assist another, is included in the context of civic. The paper did not include any survey or testing of the usefulness or applicability of a personal context-onary, or what would be different (benefits) if a community context-onary were created. The paper does provide a preliminary conceptual model that proposes a deeper embrace of the fullness of the context from which an individual emerges. The paper also includes a critical comparison of four district council websites from the perspective of how those websites encourage or discourage participation by looking at seven distinct elements, noting that only one website provides choice of language in which to view the website and states that it is open to the public.Item Jersey cows or jersey shirts? The influence of prior knowledge and context on ambiguity resolution(2022-09) Pannell, Hannah VictoriaAmbiguous words within text can slow down the comprehension process as readers need more time to determine their appropriate meaning. According to the reordered access model of ambiguity resolution, both context and frequency of usage influence the speed at which a reader selects the appropriate meaning. Additionally, prior knowledge related to one meaning of an ambiguous word can slow the speed of access if it does not align with the context of the sentence containing the ambiguous word. Such difficulties in meaning selection typically manifest as longer reading times in certain parts of a sentence (i.e., the ambiguous word, text appearing after the ambiguous word). This study expands upon previous works by comparing the effects of prior knowledge (i.e., baseball knowledge) and context on readers’ ability to determine the appropriate meaning of ambiguous words via monitoring their eye movements. A quasi-experimental design was used in which participants read 12 passages containing baseball-related ambiguous and unambiguous words presented in one of two types of prior context (i.e., context biased towards the less frequently used meaning or context biased towards the more frequently used meaning). Reading times were longer after reading dominant-biasing context and for those high in baseball knowledge. Results from this emphasize the importance of frequency of usage and context on ambiguity resolution as well as the impact of prior knowledge on comprehension overall.Item Perception of multiple pitches: Sequential and simultaneous pitch relationships(2018-01) Graves, JacksonThe perception of pitch, a dimension of sound that is important for music perception, speech perception, and sound source segregation, is influenced by its context, both sequential and simultaneous. In music, pitch sequences form melodic contours, and simultaneous pitches form chords and harmony. A series of experiments investigated the perception of melodic contour in pitch as well as two other auditory dimensions, brightness and loudness. The results showed that subjective ratings of continuation for brightness and loudness sequences conformed to the same general contour-based expectations as pitch sequences, suggesting that melodic expectations are not unique to the dimension of pitch. Listeners with congenital amusia, however, exhibited less impairment on a short-term memory task for loudness contours than for pitch contours, suggesting a pitch-specific deficit. In a pair of experiments, priming of a familiar tonal context improved accuracy on a pitch interval discrimination task. However, the overall benefit to performance from tonal context was small, suggesting that previously reported effects of response time may mainly reflect expectancy as opposed to perceptual accuracy. In the last series of experiments, listeners accurately identified pitches in mixtures of three concurrent complex tones, despite poor peripheral resolvability. These stimuli help to dissociate two normally confounded variables in complex pitch, harmonic number and peripheral resolvability. The results were compared with outputs from two kinds of auditory models, one based on the rate-place code for pitch and the other based on the temporal code. Overall, these findings suggest that pitch perception involves bottom-up integration of both spectral and temporal information, as well as top-down effects of learning and context.Item Translational Cancer Research Data Quality – The Context Factor(2017-08) Orreggio, GiordiCronbach’s alpha indicates that as the count of items in a set increases, so does the level of relationship between them. Translational cancer research (TCR) data is an example of increasing items within a set. As a national priority, TRC is well-funded contributing to continued increase in data organizations produce, the number of organizations producing data, and the amount of sharing in which each organization participates. However, rather than leveraging the data relationships – a contextual approach – intrinsic measures such as accuracy and completeness remain referenced most often in data quality (DQ) articles and conceptual frameworks. The purpose of this set of studies is to expand our knowledge of TCR data quality (DQ) by examining context-sensitive DQ methods. The knowledge gained could be incorporated into future TCR DQ efforts, leading to more informative and actionable data, and quicker development of better clinical treatments.