Browsing by Subject "caves"

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    Bulletin No. 29. The Paleozoic and Related Rocks of Southeastern Minnnesota
    (Minnesota Geological Survey, 1941) Stauffer, Clinton R.; Thiel, George A.
    The area covered by this report is mainly the southeastern part of Minnesota. It includes that portion of the state lying along or bounded by the St. Croix, the Minnesota, and the Mississippi rivers from Pine County southward to the Iowa state line and from Brown County eastward to the Wisconsin state line. Adjoining areas are referred to at various points in the text, chiefly for correlative purposes or in order to clarify the discussion. This area lies mostly within the hardwood timber section. Numerous towns and villages dot the region, which is part of the more thickly populated area of Minnesota, settled for over seventy-five years and first pioneered over one hundred years ago. Many of the old traders and missionaries traveled its navigable waters early in the seventeenth century; and for untold centuries before that it was an important part of the great hunting ground of the American Indian. The state of Minnesota lies on the southern border of the great Canadian Shield, so that much of its surface is covered by the preCambrian rocks characteristic of that ancient land mass. There more recent sediments overlie these older rocks, they vary in age from Cambrian to Cretaceous and later, for the glacial drift and the recent non-marine sediments may lie directly on the preCambrian. The strand line of Paleozoic and late Mesozoic time often passed through Minnesota; and the position of the ancient shore, varying from time to time, left many unconformities. The significance of some of these unconformities may not yet be fully appreciated, but they range from short breaks (diastems) in sedimentation, like those in the St. Croixian series, to great erosion intervals (disconformities) like that between the Maquoketa formation and the Cedar Valley limestone, where a whole system and fully half of another are wanting. It is evident, therefore, that during these long intervals diastrophism caused the land mass to the north to be extended beyond the boundaries of the state and that during such periods profound erosion must have affected this area, removing an unknown amount of the surface, probably base-leveling it several times.
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    Minnesota at a Glance Caves in Minnesota
    (Minnesota Geological Survey, 2020; 1995) Lively, R.S.
    Caves provide a view into an underground world populated with bats and uncommon creatures such as blind, colorless insects and fish. Natural caverns, large enough to hold entire buildings, may contain beautiful and delicate structures fashioned by nature from water and rock. Humans have been exploring, living in, and decorating caves for millennia. Today we can examine pictures on cave walls that illustrate the world in which humans lived thousands of years ago. For centuries, indigenous Americans and later European settlers in Minnesota have used natural and human-made caves along the Mississippi River bluffs in what is now the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (Alexander, 1980). Some of our national parks, such as Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, were established to protect large caves and to provide public access to the unique and often fragile underground world. Caves excite interest both as places to explore and as places to study. Caves are only one part of a group of landscape features known as karst. Karst landscapes are broad and regional in nature. In addition to caves, karst landscapes include, but are not limited to, underground streams, sinkholes, blind valleys, and springs.