Browsing by Subject "antibiotics"

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Acute Bronchitis
(2010-07-21) Chapweske, Adam
Acute bronchitis is a common cause of illness involving coughing. It is usually due to a viral infection, which usually runs its course within 7-10 days. There is no test for diagnosing it, though your doctor may perform certain tests to look for other causes of your symptoms. Treatment is aimed at helping your body fight the infection by getting plenty of rest and fluids. Adults may use acetaminophen or aspirin to reduce fever if present, though aspirin should NOT be given to children. Antibiotics are not usually necessary.
Acute Sinusitis
(2010-07-21) Day, Andrew
Acute sinusitis is inflammation of the skin lining your sinuses – the airspaces in your facial bones around your nose. The disease is most often due to the common cold and as a result, treatment is usually for symptoms only. Antibiotics have been shown to help a minority of people recover from the simple form of the disease, but are associated with adverse effects.
Antibiotic treatment of post-Lyme syndrome is ineffective
(2008-11-24) Batdorf, Bjorn
Post-Lyme syndrome happens in patients who received standard treatment of 2-4 weeks of antibiotics, but still have chronic symptoms. These symptoms include muscle or joint pain, fatigue, memory or thinking difficulty, irritability, difficulty sleeping, depression, headache, or limb weakness. These symptoms occur without lab evidence for them such as markers of inflammation. Some clinicians suggest treatment with months of antibiotics. However, in three large clinical trials, long term treatment with antibiotics was the same as placebo in the treatment of these symptoms. While there currently is no treatment to cure post-Lyme syndrome, it is important for the patient to work closely with their physician to manage the symptoms.
Antibiotic use is a short-term risk factor for symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis
(2010-07-29) Semenkewitz, Kelly
Antibiotic therapy is a short-term risk factor for vulvovaginal candidiasis both in first episodes and in recurrent infections. Additionally, increased duration of antibiotic use is directly correlated with an increased prevalence of Candida vaginal infection.
Antibiotics are of no benefit to smokers with bronchitis
(2009-09-18) Ho, Benjamin
Antibiotics are frequently abused in cases of acute bronchitis, especially amongst smokers. This systematic review suggests that antibiotics are no more effective in smokers suffering acute bronchitis than in non-smokers.
Antibiotics are of no benefit to smokers with bronchitis
(2010-07-21) Ho, Benjamin
Antibiotics are frequently abused in cases of acute bronchitis, especially amongst smokers. This systematic review suggests that antibiotics are no more effective in smokers suffering acute bronchitis than in non-smokers.
Asthma Exacerbations: Triggers and Treatment
(2010-07-22) Downs, Elissa
Asthma exacerbations can be triggered by many different factors, commonly allergens, respiratory infections, environmental irritants, smoke exposure, and anxiety or stress. Bacterial infections, such as Chlamydia and Mycoplasma, infrequently contribute to asthma exacerbations. Exacerbations are usually treated with medications like beta agonists and corticosteroids. Antibiotic usage is only recommended if co-morbid conditions are present, such as suspicion of bacterial sinusitis, evidence of pneumonia, or purulent sputum.
Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Two Unique City Sewer Systems
(2020-12) Keppers, Adelle
Sewer systems are known as point sources for the release of antibiotic resistance into the environment. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) provide bacteria the ability to fight antibiotics and are viewed as emerging contaminants in environmental waterways. To minimize the spread of ARGs to the environment, this study assessed the prevalence of ARGs in upstream sewer systems that feed into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) so that source control strategies can be developed to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance. Wastewaters were examined from two unique city sewer systems containing three source types: hospital, residential, and industrial. Twenty-nine ARGs, 3 integron-intergrases, and 4 metal resistance genes were quantified using conventional and microfluidic polymerase chain reactions. Bacterial community compositions were characterized using high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We found the levels of ARGs and bacterial community compositions to be dependent on the source of wastewater, the city, and the season. The abundance of ARGs in hospital wastewater were relatively constant and associated with clinically relevant antibiotics. ARG abundance in residential wastewater showed seasonal variations with high levels in winter associated with outpatient antibiotics. High levels of integron-integrase genes, a proxy for horizontal gene transfer and anthropogenic impacts, were also observed in residential wastewaters. Based on these findings we suggest satellite treatment of ARGs at hospital and residential sources to reduce their loading to WWTPs and their inevitable release to the environment.
Characterizing Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Genes from Bacteria in Commercial Ship Ballast Water Discharged into the Duluth-Superior Harbor
(2019-12) Sloan, Caitlin
Ballast water discharge is a powerful vector for introducing invasive species into aquatic ecosystems and microorganisms numerically dominate the discharge. Invasive bacteria may not only alter the diversity of native bacterial communities but also transfer genetic resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals into these communities. Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance was characterized for bacteria found in ballast water collected from commercial ships actively discharging ballast water into the Duluth-Superior Harbor during 2011 and 2012. Six fosmid libraries containing metagenomic DNA were constructed from ballast water and Duluth-Superior Harbor water. These libraries were screened for antibiotic resistance to benzylpenicillin, cefotaxime, and levofloxacin and heavy metal resistance to cadmium, zinc and mercury to determine resistance by bacteria in each water sample. There were differences between the proportions of microbial fosmids showing resistance to the three antibiotics from different ballast waters than originated from within the Great Lakes. The order of increasing proportion of resistance to benzylpenicillin was: Burns Harbor, IN=Hamilton, Ont.
Cranberry extract is a viable option for prevention of recurrent UTIs in older women.
(2010-11-02) Pokorney, Kristin
A urinary tract infection is an infection of the lower urinary tract, or the urethra and bladder. It is most commonly acquired from spread of bacteria from the vagina or anus. Symptoms include urinary frequency, urinary urgency, pain or discomfort with urination, foul smelling urine and lower abdominal pain/discomfort. Your doctor can diagnose this infection with simple tests and treat it with a short course of antibiotics. There are ways of preventing UTIs with behavior modifications, including drinking more water or adding cranberry juice or extract to your diet.
The effects of different feed additives on bird performance and the gastrointestinal microbiome of Salmonella-challenged broilers
(2018-01-16) Johnson, Timothy J; Evans, Nicholas; Karnezos, Peter; Sims, Michael; Youmans, Bonnie P; tjj@umn.edu; Johnson, Timothy J
A 42-day, 60-unit floor pen (10 pens per treatment, 25 birds per pen) Salmonella challenge study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing broiler diets with virginiamycin (VM); medium chain fatty acids (MCFA); MCFA plus lactic acid (MCFA+LA) and a phytogenic blend (PB). Effects were assessed on bird performance and ileal, cecal, and litter microbiomes in birds challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Treatments were compared with a non-inoculated control group (NIC) and a Salmonella-challenged group without feed additives (IC). At days 14, 28, and 42 of age, all bird weights and intake were measured, 20 birds from each treatment were euthanized, and the ceca and ilea of euthanized birds were collected along with grab litter samples from each pen. Bacterial profiling was performed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Subsequent analyses were performed for measurements of alpha and beta bacterial community diversity, taxonomic classifications, and assessments of bacterial taxa that were shifted as a result of different treatments. At 42 days, body weights and mortality adjusted feed conversions for the UIC were significantly better (P<0.1) than the IC and VM while the MCFA, MCFA+LA and PB treatments were similar to the negative UIC. The Salmonella challenge itself had significant (P<0.01) effects on the bacterial microbiome of all sample types, with the greatest effects observed in the cecal microbiome of the bird. The VM treatment counteracted the effects of the Salmonella challenge on the overall bacterial communities of all sample types (P<0.05). While none of the antibiotic alternative treatments had significant effects on overall bacterial community structure consistent over time, specific bacterial taxa were impacted by several treatments. These included Candidatus Arthromitus (segmented filamentous bacteria), Peptostreptococcus, and Clostridium species. Unique signature taxonomic effects were identified for each treatment type, demonstrating attributes of each feed additive type in contributing to unique effects on the bird microbiota. Overall, this work identifies microbiome modulations conferred by different antibiotic alternatives under a Salmonella challenge.
Efficacy of antibiotic and non-antibiotic interventions in preventing and treating necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: a protocol for a systematic review
(2020) Bueno, Irene; Smith, Emily; Hwang, Haejin; Nault, Andre J.; Valeris-Chacin, Robert; Singer, Randall S.
Necrotic enteritis is one of the most common and economically important bacterial diseases affecting the broiler industry. Limitations on the use of antimicrobials have highlighted the need to evaluate the efficacy of non-antibiotic alternatives and management strategies. However, the available evidence on the efficacy of non-antibiotic interventions for necrotic enteritis has not been systematically synthesized. Here we present a protocol to conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the efficacy of non-antibiotic interventions compared to antibiotic interventions in preventing and treating necrotic enteritis cases in broiler chickens.
Impact of Antibiotic Shortage on H. Pylori Treatment: A Step-Wise Approach for Pharmacist Management
(University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 2014) Lamb, Michelle M.; Wu, Weiwei; Lloyd, Ann
The current drug shortage crisis involving multiple oral antibiotics has significantly impacted preferred therapeutic options for treatment of H.pylori infection. Pharmacists may help alleviate the impact of this shortage through a proposed step-wise approach which includes proper inventory management, verification of indication, evaluation of regimen, therapeutic monitoring, and communication with patients and providers regarding alternative therapy or symptomatic relief.
Interactions among tree species and pathogen-suppressive bacteria in tropical forest soils
(2016-08) Becklund, Kristen
In tropical forests, soil-borne plant pathogens are thought to regulate diversity by driving negative plant-soil feedbacks and promoting density-dependent mortality of seedlings close to parent trees. Pathogens interact with a myriad of other organisms in soil that have the potential to moderate plant disease and in turn its effects on community composition. Studies that consider interactions among microbial groups in the context of plant-soil feedbacks are relatively rare. In order to understand how microbes influence diversity in tropical forests, we need to move beyond the assumption of one-to-one feedbacks between plants and specialized pathogens and consider the potential importance of multiple soil functional groups and environmental heterogeneity in microbe-microbe and plant-microbe interactions. In my dissertation, I investigate antibiotic-producing soil bacteria (genus: Streptomyces) in tropical forest soils. I focus on biotic and abiotic characteristics that influence variation in pathogen suppression across the landscape and among individual trees, and address the potential consequences for plant community composition. In Chapters 1 and 2, I explored Streptomyces communities in tropical dry forests in Costa Rica and asked whether variation was related to soil gradients and/or tree species. There was substantial variation in plant-soil-microbe relationships. In general, variation among tree species was not as great as variation among individual trees. In Chapter 3, I investigated the potential for Streptomyces to influence seedling biomass and plant-soil feedbacks in a tropical moist forest in Panama. Seedling biomass was significantly affected by a three-way interaction between seedling species, soil source species (adult tree species), and densities of pathogen-suppressive Streptomyces in soil. Overall, results suggest that unique relationships among antibiotic-producing Streptomyces, pathogens, and abiotic resources among soils from different adult trees influence seedling biomass and may mediate the strength and specificity of plant-soil feedbacks in tropical forest soils. Future studies which account for multi-dimensional interactions among soils, microbes, and plants will allow us to better understand how aboveground diversity is regulated by diverse microbes in soil.
Measurement of Antibiotics In Water and Sediment: Determining Our Antibiotic Footprint
(2020-06) Frankson, Lara
Antimicrobial resistance is considered to be one of the greatest global public health threats of the 21st century. The discharge of antibiotics into the environment may increase antimicrobial resistance as well as disrupt proper ecosystem functioning. Thus, evaluating the antibiotics present in the environment as well as the contributing factors to their presence in the environment will provide invaluable information for improving water quality and protecting human and ecosystem health. This dissertation investigates the presence of antibiotics in water and sediment in both wastewater treatment effluent and agricultural animal affected areas throughout Minnesota. This is to provide a fine scale as well as a broadscale approach with multiple samples at each site at sites across Minnesota. Additionally, a snapshot of the antibiotics present and long term trends of antibiotics in the environment are investigated through water and sediment samples, respectively.
Proceedings of the 2nd Agricultural Drainage and Water Quality Field Day
(2005-08-19) Strock, Jeffrey S.; Fausey, Norm; Kanwar, Ramesh; Skaggs, Wayne; Gupta, Satish; Moncrief, John
Prophylactic antibiotics before dental work
(2010-09-15) Long, Rachael
Physicians often prescribe antibiotics to patients before dental work to prevent bacterial endocarditis. There is not currently good evidence to support this practice, especially in patients who are at low or moderate risk of developing bacterial endocarditis; however, there may be some individual patient benefit for those who are at highest risk.
Prophylactic antibiotics do not prevent whooping cough symptoms in the household contacts of children
(2008-04-07) Mayerle, Joe
Whooping cough causes coughing attacks associated with making a “whoop” sound after coughing, turning blue or stopping breathing for a few moments. If a child in a family is diagnosed with whooping cough, treating the rest of the family with erythromycin does not prevent the rest of the family from developing these whooping cough symptoms
Relationships between cecum, ileum and litter bacterial microbiomes in a commercial turkey flock, and the impact of penicillin treatment on early bacterial community establishment
(2015-10-19) Danzeisen, Jessica; Clayton, Jonathan; Huang, Hu; Knights, Dan; McComb, Brian; Hayer, Shivdeep; Johnson, Timothy; joh04207@umn.edu; Johnson, Timothy
Gut health is paramount for commercial poultry production, and methods to assess gut health are critically needed to better understand how the avian gastrointestinal tract matures over time. One important aspect of gut health is the totality of bacterial populations inhabiting different sites of the avian gastrointestinal tract, and associations of these populations with the poultry farm environment, since these bacteria are thought to drive metabolism and prime the host immune system. In this study, a single flock of commercial turkeys was followed over the course of twelve weeks to examine bacterial microbiome inhabiting the ceca, ileum, and corresponding poultry litter. Furthermore, the effects of low-dose, growth-promoting penicillin treatment (50 g/ton) in feed on the ileum bacterial microbiome were also examined during the early brood period. The cecum and ileum bacterial communities of birds shifted independently but in parallel to one another over time, with distinct bacterial populations harboring each site. Corresponding poultry litter more closely represented the ileal bacterial populations than cecal bacterial populations, and also changed parallel to ileum bacterial populations over time. Penicillin applied at low doses in feed significantly enhanced early weight gain in commercial poults, and this correlated with predictable shifts in the ileum bacterial populations in control versus treatment groups. Overall, this study demonstrates the dynamic shifts in the turkey gastrointestinal microbiome during development, the correlations between bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract and the litter environment, and the impact of low-dose penicillin on the modulation of bacterial communities in the ileum. Alternatives to low-dose antibiotics would benefit by mimicking these effects in the gut, among others.
Sedimentary Record of Antibiotic Accumulation in Minnesota Lakes
(2018-01-29) Arnold, William A; Kerrigan, Jill F; Sandberg, Kyle; Engstrom, Daniel R; LaPara, Tim; arnol032@umn.edu; Arnold, William; Arnold, William
The widespread detection of antibiotics in the environment is concerning because antibiotics are designed to be effective at small doses. The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation rates of antibiotics used by humans and animals, spanning several major antibiotic classes (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides), in Minnesota lake-sediment cores. Our goal was to determine temporal trends, the major anthropogenic source to these lacustrine systems, and the importance of natural production. A historical record of usage trends for ten human and/or animal-use antibiotics (four sulfonamides, three fluoroquinolones, one macrolide, trimethoprim, and lincomycin) was faithfully captured in the sediment cores. Nine other antibiotics were not detected. Ofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethazine were detected in all of the anthropogenically-impacted studied lakes. Maximum sediment fluxes reached 20.5 ng cm−2 yr−1 (concentration 66.1 ng/g) for ofloxacin, 1.2 ng cm−2 yr−1 (1.2 ng/g) for trimethoprim, 3.3 ng cm−2 yr−1 (11.3 ng/g) for sulfapyridine, and 1.0 ng cm−2 yr−1 (1.6 ng/g) for sulfamethazine, respectively. Natural production of lincomycin may have occurred in one lake at fluxes ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 ng cm−2 yr−1 (0.1 to 5.8 ng/g).Wastewater effluent appears to be the primary source of antibiotics in the studied lakes, with lesser inputs from agricultural activities.

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