Browsing by Subject "Substance Use"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Data Related to Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use
    (2019-01-16) Liu, Mengzhen; Jiang, Yu; Wedow, Robbee; Li, Yue; Brazel, David M; Chen, Fang; Datta, Gargi; Davila-Velderrain, Jose; McGuire, Daniel; Tian, Chao; Zhan, Xiaowei; 23andMe Research Team; HUNT All-In Psychiatry; Choquet, Hélène; Docherty, Anna R; Faul, Jessica D; Foerster, Johanna R; Fritsche, Lars G; Gabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad; Gordon, Scott D; Haessler, Jeffrey; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Huang, Hongyan; Jang, Seon-Kyeong; Jansen, Philip R; Ling, Yueh; Mägi, Reedik; Matoba, Nana; McMahon, George; Mulas, Antonella; Orrù, Valeria; Palviainen, Teemu; Pandit, Anita; Reginsson, Gunnar W, Skogholt, Anne Heidi; Smith, Jennifer A; Taylor, Amy E; Turman, Constance; Willemsen, Gonneke; Young, Hannah; Young, Kendra A; Zajac, Gregory J M; Zhao, Wei; Zhou, Wei; Bjornsdottir, Gyda; Boardman, Jason D; Boehnke, Michael; Boomsma, Dorret I; Chen, Chu; Cucca, Francesco; Davies, Gareth E; Eaton, Charles B; Ehringer, Marissa A; Esko, Tõnu; Fiorillo, Edoardo; Gillespie, Nathan A; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Haller, Toomas; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; Heath, Andrew C; Hewitt, John K; Hickie, Ian B; Hokanson, John E; Hopfer, Christian J; Hunter, David J; Iacono, William G; Johnson, Eric O; Kamatani, Yoichiro; Kardia, Sharon L. R; Keller, Matthew C; Kellis, Manolis; Kooperberg, Charles; Kraft, Peter; Krauter, Kenneth S; Laakso, Markku; Lind, Penelope A; Loukola, Anu; Lutz, Sharon M; Madden, Pamela A F; Martin, Nicholas G; McGue, Matt; McQueen, Matthew B; Medland, Sarah E; Metspalu, Andres; Mohlke, Karen L; Nielsen, Jonas B; Okada, Yukinori; Peters, Ulrike; Polderman, Tinca J C; Posthuma, Danielle; Reiner, Alexander P; Rice, John P; Rimm, Eric; Rose, Richard J; Runarsdottir, Valgerdur; Stallings, Michael C; Stančáková, Alena; Stefansson, Hreinn; Thai, Khanh K; Tindle, Hilary A; Tyrfingsson, Thorarinn; Wall, Tamara L; Weir, David R; Weisner, Constance; Whitfield, John B; Winsvold, Bendik Slagsvold; Yin, Jie; Zuccolo, Luisa; Bierut, Laura J; Hveem, Kristian; Lee, James J; Munafò, Marcus R; Saccone, Nancy L; Willer, Cristen J; Cornelis, Marilyn C; David, Sean P; Hinds, David A; Jorgenson, Eric; Kaprio, Jaakko; Stitzel, Jerry A; Stefansson, Kari; Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E; Abecasis, Gonçalo; Liu Dajiang J; Vrieze Scott; liu00282@umn.edu; Liu, Mengzhen
    We conducted a meta-analysis of over 30 genome wide association studies (GWAS) in over 1.2 million participants with European ancestry on nicotine and substance use. Specifically, we targeted different stages and kinds of substance use from initiation (smoking initiation and age of regular smoking initiation) to regular use (drinks per week and cigarettes per day) to cessation (smoking cessation). The GWAS included have all been imputed to Haplotype Reference Consortium, 1000 Genomes or a combination including more specific reference panels. The studies are then meta-analyzed using sample size, allele frequencies and the imputation quality score as weight. Here we present the final set of filtered meta-analysis summary statistics as presented in the paper (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0307-5) excluding 23andMe. As per requirement and to ease dissemination of our results for other scientific endeavors, we are sharing our results here to facilitate downloading.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Developmental Pathways from Childhood Maltreatment to Adolescent Psychopathology, Substance Use, and Revictimization
    (2019-06) Brown, Michelle Patrice
    Decades of research have demonstrated the detrimental influence that childhood maltreatment has on various aspects of child development and it is important to gain a more complete understanding of the developmental pathways that confer risk for or protection from adverse outcomes. To examine this, the aim of the first study is to determine whether adolescent revictimization mediates the relationship between maltreatment and adolescent psychopathology and substance use. The second study examines whether the quality of relationships with close friends mediates the relationship between child maltreatment and adolescent revictimization, psychopathology, and substance use. Participants were 545 (295 maltreated, 250 non-maltreated) racially diverse (52.8% Black, 27.5% White, 12.8% Bi-racial) children and their families who participated in a weeklong summer camp in middle childhood (mean age= 7.6 years). They were followed up twice in early-mid adolescence (mean age = 13.8 years) and mid-late adolescence (mean age = 16.2 years). Maltreatment was coded using Department of Human Services records. Psychopathology, substance use, revictimization, and friendship quality were assessed using adolescent self-report questionnaires. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze cross-lagged panel mediation models that allowed for examination of main effects, cross-lagged effects, and mediation simultaneously. Results of Study 1 revealed that revictimization occurring between early-mid and mid-late adolescence did not mediate the relationship between maltreatment and mid-late adolescent psychopathology or substance use. However, revictimization strongly and significantly predicted these outcomes whereas maltreatment was weakly related to psychopathology and unrelated to substance use. Results highlight the importance of further examining the mechanisms by which revictimization increases risk for psychopathology and substance use and whether the relationship between maltreatment and adverse outcomes is attenuated when later victimization is accounted for. Results for Study 2 demonstrated that relationship quality with close friends in early-mid adolescence did not mediate the relationship between maltreatment and later adolescent revictimization, psychopathology, or substance use. Furthermore, friendship quality was actually unrelated to maltreatment and each of the outcomes examined. Results suggest the critical need for future research to seek greater understanding of the unique nature of maltreated children’s friendships and the specific ways they may protect from, or even increase risk for, negative outcomes.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Legal context and youth drug use: a multilevel analysis of the European Union.
    (2009-06) Vuolo, Michael Christopher
    Though it has produced a high quality body of research, the study of substance use has remained highly individualized in its focus. This dissertation adds a sociological understanding to that research. A review of theories within sociology, particularly neoinstitutionalism, and within criminology, particularly social disorganization and strain theory, points to the conclusion that both national legal culture and local structural factors should not be overlooked in studies of substance use. This approach is particularly fruitful in law and criminal justice, where much differentiation exists among nations in the enforcement of laws. Using hierarchical models, the following explores individual level substance use and opinions about drug policy using variation at three levels, taking into account individual characteristics, local context, and national legal culture. Two main findings emerge from these models. First, national level legal context plays a role in understanding individual level probabilities of substance use and opinions on drug policy, even after controlling for individual and local characteristics. Second, the effects of the components of theories on the ecology of crime, namely social disorganization and strain theory, depend on the characteristics of the individuals that are experiencing them. Both levels of these contextual effects more firmly root the study of substance use, and crime more generally, in debates within sociology.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Navigating Traumatic Stress, Substance Use and Parental Incarceration: A Phenomenological Study
    (2021-06) Bailey, Molly
    Mass incarceration in the United States has left millions of parents behind bars. These parents face barriers to wellbeing throughout their lifespan, navigating demographic and structural barriers, cumulative disadvantage characterized by stress, harsh institutional practices and sociopolitical factors impacting their access to resources pre, during, and post incarceration. Little to no research has explored the intersection of traumatic stress, substance use and parental incarceration. Guided by ecological systems, family stress, and critical social science theories this study explores the lived experiences of parents who have been incarcerated, exposed to traumatic stress, and substance use. Employing hermeneutic phenomenology, qualitative interviews were conducted focusing on the way parents see and make meaning around navigating this milieu in their lives. Seven essential themes emerged from this analysis: (a) Interconnections between traumatic stress, substance use and incarceration (b) Stress pile-up characterizes life, (c) Peer relationships are critical, (d) Many information gaps exist, (e) Incarceration is harmful, (f) Spirituality is transformative resource, and (g) Desire for a better life. Primarily current policies and services for justice-involved families are not family oriented, systemic, or preventative and lack an overall fit with the lived experiences of the parents in this study. Theories guiding intervention development for justice-involved families need to account for proximal processes that impact life trajectories. Policies need to be just and consider the impact of the family, and traditionally siloed sectors need to work together to bring about healing and well-being for justice-involved families.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The role of sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental factors on dietary practices of students attending alternative high schools.
    (2009-07) Arcan, Hrisanti
    The aim of this dissertation is to describe selected dietary practices and to examine how they associate with demographic, school food environmental factors and substance use among a sample of alternative high school students. The dietary practices examined in this research are consumption of regular soda, sports drinks, other sugar-sweetened beverages, high fat food, fruits and vegetables, and frequency of fast food restaurant use. Bronfenbrenner's ecological model guided the development of this research. Data were drawn from the Team COOL (Controlling Overweight and Obesity for Life) pilot study, a multi-component diet and physical activity intervention trial in six alternative public high schools (four urban and two suburban) in the St. Paul- Minneapolis metropolitan area. A convenience sample of 145 students (gender: 52% male; age: 63% <18 years; race/ethnicity: 39% white, 32% black, and 29% other/multiracial) completed baseline surveys in the fall of 2006. The current study used a cross-sectional design. Mixed model analysis of variance was used to examine associations between students' selected dietary practices and the explanatory variables in separate analyses for each outcome variable. This research consisted of three studies. A major finding that emerged from the first study was that black students reported higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, high fat foods and fast food restaurant use than all other students. The findings of the second study indicated that more eating and drinking opportunities during the school day were associated with higher student consumption of all sugar-sweetened beverages, high fat foods, and frequency of fast food restaurant use. The results of the third study indicated that this group of at-risk youth frequently used substances, and that their use of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana as well as multi-substance use were each associated with higher consumption of high fat foods. In addition, cigarette smoking was associated with higher consumption of regular soda, high fat foods, and higher frequency of fast food restaurant use. Overall, the data show that this sample of alternative high school students reported many unhealthful dietary practices and frequently used cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana. These findings underscore the importance of implementing comprehensive health programming in alternative high schools.