Browsing by Subject "Parking"

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Bundled parking and vehicle ownership: Evidence from the American Housing Survey
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2017) Manville, Michael
This article estimates the effect of bundled residential parking—parking whose price is included in the rent or purchase price of housing—on household vehicle ownership. Using data from the American Housing Survey, I show that the odds of households with bundled parking being vehicle-free are 50–75 percent lower than the odds of households without bundled parking, while households in dense center cities near transit are twice as likely to be without vehicles if they lack bundled parking. I also find substantial, though less stable, evidence that bundled parking encourages driving among commuters who have vehicles. These results are robust to a wide variety of demographic and land-use controls and to controls for residential self-selection. Examining self-selection shows that housing without bundled parking is sufficiently scarce and geographically concentrated that people who search for it may not find it. Four metropolitan areas, which hold 11 percent of U.S. housing units, hold more than 40 percent of its housing without bundled parking. Overall, the results suggest that when cities require parking with residential development, they increase vehicle ownership and use.
Car drivers’ characteristics and the maximum walking distance between parking facility and final destination
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2017) van der Waerden, Peter; Timmermans, Harry; de Bruin-Verhoeven, Marloes
In this paper the relationship between car drivers' personal and trip characteristics and the maximum distance car drivers are willing to walk between a parking facility and the final destination(s) will be discussed. The willingness to walk is investigated in the context of four different trip purposes: weekly shopping, non-weekly shopping, work, and social activities. The analyses are based on responses of almost 340 members of the Eindhoven University of Technology’s University Parking Panel. The questions regarding car drivers’ willingness to walk were included in an Internet-based questionnaire that was distributed in 2011. It appears that car drivers are willing to walk short distances in the case of weekly shopping and work. Longer walking distances are accepted in the case of non-weekly shopping. The influence of car drivers' personal and trip characteristics was investigated using multinomial regression analysis. This analysis shows that the most influential characteristics are the trip-related characteristics "frequency of car use" and "visit duration." The parameter estimates show that in the case of weekly and non-weekly shopping, the more the car is used and the longer car drivers stay at a destination, the higher the probabilities of longer-distance categories. For the trip purposes work and leisure, the opposite holds true.
Challenges and opportunities of autonomous vehicles to urban planning: Investigation into transit and parking
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2019-10) Wu, Xinyi; Douma, Frank; Cao, Jason
Using a series of qualitative approaches, this report examines the potential impacts of autonomous vehicles (AV) on transit and parking systems. A literature review helped us identify three orders of general impacts caused by the development of AV, as well as their specific effects on transit and parking. Based on the results of the literature review, we organized two focus groups and held in-depth discussions regarding the impacts of AV with planning practitioners from the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area. The analytical results showed that opinions differ regarding what AV's specific effects might look like. Nevertheless, all of the literature as well as participants of the focus groups agreed that AV will have significant impacts and corresponding planning policies need to be developed.
A Comprehensive System for Assessing Truck Parking Availability
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2017-01) Morris, Ted; Murray, Dan; Fender, Kate; Weber, Amanda; Morellas, Vassilios; Cook, Doug; Papanikolopoulos, Nikos
Commercial heavy vehicle (CHV) drivers are required under federal Hours of Services (HOS) rules to rest and take breaks to reduce driving while fatigued. CHV drivers and operators must balance compliance to the HOS rules against on-time delivery requirements as well as shorter lead times to plan their trips, thereby making location and parking availability of rest area facilities more critical. Without timely, accurate parking availability information, drivers are left with the dilemma of continuing to drive fatigued, drive beyond HOS CHV operation limits, or park illegally on highway shoulders or ramps—all potential safety hazards. In this study, a multi-view camera system was designed and evaluated to detect truck parking space occupancy in real-time through extensive field operational testing. A system architecture was then developed to disseminate up-to-the-minute truck parking information through three separate information delivery systems: 1) Roadside Changeable Message Signs (CMS), 2) Internet/Website information portal, and 3) an onboard geolocation application. The latter application informs the driver of parking availability of one or more parking facilities that are downstream from their current direction of travel. All three notification mechanisms were evaluated during the field test. Survey studies were conducted to provide feedback from commercial heavy vehicle drivers and operators to better understand their perceptions of parking shortages and utility of the parking information delivery mechanisms. Overall, the system has proven to provide 24/7 around-the-clock per-space parking status with no need for manual interventions to correct detection errors, with per parking space accuracy typically equal to or exceeding 95 percent. The concept of operations field tests demonstrated the feasibility of the technical approach and the potential to alter freight borne trip behaviors by allowing drivers and carriers to plan stops and improve trip efficiency.
Cruising for parking: New empirical evidence and influential factors on cruising time
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2017) Lee, Jinwoo (Brian); Agdas, Duzgun; Baker, Douglas
The goal of this study is to explore the perceptions and behaviors of drivers who cruise for parking. We conducted surveys with drivers in Brisbane, Australia, to understand potential factors that influence drivers’ cruising behavior. This study reveals that errors in drivers’ perception of parking cost are one of the leading factors encouraging drivers to cruise for on-street parking. Drivers are not necessarily well informed about parking costs, even when they claim to be familiar with these costs. The survey also reveals that the more informed drivers are about the local traffic and parking conditions, the less likely they are to cruise for extended periods of time. This finding demonstrates the value of traffic and parking information to effectively mitigate cruising for parking. The interview results also demonstrate that the on-street parking premium (i.e., accessibility or convenience factor) could be much larger than our common assumptions and a significant contributor to increased cruising time. Finally, this study introduces the sunk cruising cost and its potential impact on cruising time. Our hypothesis is that the effect of the sunk cost may manifest in a greater tendency for drivers to continue cruising because the time spent cruising is simply unrecoverable past expenditure. The survey data supports our hypothesis, and with findings on the drivers’ misperception about parking cost and the familiarity factor, this result highlights the value of accurate and timely parking cost and availability of information to drivers to tackle the cruising-for-parking issue.
How minimum parking requirements make housing more expensive
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2018) Lehe, Lewis
A growing consensus argues that minimum parking requirements (MPRs) make housing more expensive. This paper examines two claims from this discussion: (1) that MPRs discourage the construction of small units; (2) that the costs of building required parking are "passed on" to buyers and renters in the form of higher prices and rents. However, the mechanisms behind these two effects have never been made explicit in the literature. This paper proposes, for each claim, a plausible mechanism relying on the specific choices of housing suppliers and consumers. We propose that MPRs discourage small units because they eliminate the most profitable floorspace/parking bundle to supply to relatively lower-income households. We propose that parking costs may be passed on by reducing the supply of housing on offer at a given price.
The impact of ride hailing on parking (and vice versa)
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2019) Henao, Alejandro; Marshall, Wesley E.
Investigating emerging transportation services is critical to forecasting mode choice and providing appropriate infrastructure. One such infrastructure is parking, as parking demand may shift with the availability of ride-hailing services. This study uses ethnographic methods—complemented with passenger surveys collected when driving for Uber and Lyft in the Denver, Colorado, region—to gather quantitative and qualitative data on ride-hailing and analyze the impacts of ride-hailing on parking, including changes in parking demand and parking as a reason to deter driving. The study also examines relationships between parking time and cost. This includes building a classification tree-based model to predict the replaced driving trips as a function of car ownership, destination land type, parking stress, and demographics. The results suggest that: i) ride-hailing is replacing driving trips and could reduce parking demand, particularly at land uses such as airports, event venues, restaurants, and bars; ii) parking stress is a key reason respondents chose not to drive; and iii) respondents are generally willing to pay more for reduced parking time and distance. Conversely, parking supply, time, and cost can all influence travel behavior and ride-hailing use. This study provides insight into potential benefits and disadvantages of ride-hailing as related to parking.
Johnson Street Business District Parking Study
(2007) Rosenberg, Jeff
A literature review on park-and-rides
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2021) Haque, Antora Mohsena; Brakewood, Candace; Rezaei, Shahrbanoo; Khojandi, Anahita
American cities have been implementing park-and-rides (PNRs) since the 1930s; however, there has been a recent resurgence of literature examining this type of transit station. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on PNRs and directions for future research. PNR studies published in the last ten years were reviewed and text mining was applied to extract key themes. Six themes were identified. The two most common areas of research were network equilibrium and optimization (12 of 37 studies) and demand models (8 of 37 studies). This was followed by guidelines and best practices as well as comparative studies (6 of 37 studies each). Parking utilization had the fewest number of recent studies (3 of 37 studies). This review revealed that the majority of PNR studies were conducted in geographic areas with extensive transit services, most studies have focused on rail-based PNRs, and the most widely used method was multinomial logit. Some areas for future research include studying remote PNRs, examining bus-based PNRs, and assessing the impact of emerging modes on PNR utilization. This systematic review could assist planners and transit agencies in further improving sustainable PNR networks in their cities.
Minutes: Senate Committee on Finance and Planning: Subcommittee on Twin Cities Facilites and Support Services: October 16, 2007
(University of Minnesota, 2007-10-16) University of Minnesota: Subcommittee on Twin Cities Facilities and Support Services
Minutes: Senate Committee on Student Affairs: April 5, 1999
(1999-04-05) University of Minnesota: Senate Committee on Student Affairs
Minutes: Senate Committee on Student Affairs: Febuary 17, 1999
(1999-02-17) University of Minnesota: Senate Committee on Student Affairs
Minutes: Senate Committee on Student Affairs: September 15, 1999
(1999-09-15) University of Minnesota: Senate Committee on Student Affairs
Not enough parking, you say? A study of garage use and parking supply for single-family homes in Sacramento and implications for ADUs
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2022) Volker, Jamey M. B.; Thigpen, Calvin G.
Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) are increasingly touted as part of the solution to the intransigent housing shortages facing many metropolitan areas across the United States. But numerous barriers to ADU development persist, including opposition by neighboring households. One persistent question is whether ADU residents would overwhelm on-street parking in the predominately single-family neighborhoods where ADUs are typically built. That question is difficult to answer because there is a surprising dearth of research on the effective parking supply in single-family neighborhoods. We use a survey of homeowners in Sacramento, California, to investigate the supply and sufficiency of residential parking for single-family homes, including how households actually use their garages, and help answer the ADU parking conundrum. After estimating and accounting for actual garage use, we find that more than 75% of households have enough off-street parking available to park all their vehicles. When we combine off-street and on-street parking supplies, we find that households have an average of 1.6 more parking spaces available to them than they have vehicles. That parking surplus is more than enough to accommodate the average ADU tenant and their vehicle, belying claims that ADUs will overwhelm existing parking supplies in single-family neighborhoods.
On-street parking search: A UK local authority perspective
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2017) Brooke, Sarah; Ison, Stephen; Quddus, Mohammed
Vehicles searching for parking create an environmental and economic impact. Despite negative externalities for individual drivers and society as a whole, there is a dearth of research in the area of parking search. The aim of this paper is to ascertain the perceptions of expert public policy stakeholders in relation to parking search. Local authorities within the East Midlands area of the UK indicated a lack of recorded evidence regarding the volume of vehicles searching for parking, which created an issue both in terms of establishing the existence of parking search and in quantifying the level of the problem. However, Council Officers expressed consensus in the view that on-street parking search was more likely to occur within peripheral urban areas away from the core city center, as such areas may be lacking in parking facilities of the type that are typically provided in central urban areas, such as large off-street surface car parks or multi-story parking facilities. Furthermore, parking search appeared to be more prevalent in larger market towns which attract a large number of visitors for shopping and personal business purposes, but are not able to provide sufficient parking supply to meet peak period demand.
The opportunity cost of parking requirements: Would Silicon Valley be richer if its parking requirements were lower?
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2021) Gabbe, C.J.; Manville, Michael; Osman, Taner
We estimate the off-street parking supply of the seven most economically productive cities in Santa Clara County, California, better known as Silicon Valley. Using assessor data, municipal zoning data, and visual inspection of aerial imagery, we estimate that about 13 percent of the land area in these cities is devoted to parking, and that more than half of the average commercial parcel is parking space. This latter fact suggests that minimum parking requirements, if binding, depress Silicon Valley’s commercial and industrial densities, and thus its economic output. In an exploratory empirical exercise, we simulate a reduction in parking requirements from the year 2000 forward and show that under conservative assumptions the region could have added space for nearly 13,000 jobs, equivalent to a 37 percent increase over the actual job growth that occurred during that time. These additional jobs would be disproportionately located in the region’s highest-wage zip codes and could add more than $1 billion in payroll annually, further implying a large productivity gain.
Parking and competition for space in urban neighborhoods: Residents’ perceptions of traffic and parking-related conflicts
(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2021) Kirschner, Franziska
The infrastructure for parking and parked cars themselves (e.g., parked cars blocking bike lanes and sidewalks or the visibility range) can lead to conflicts for pedestrians and cyclists. The perception of conflicts could discourage walking and cycling in neighborhoods and undermine municipalities’ efforts to provide more sustainable urban mobility. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the effect of on-street car parking in urban neighborhoods on perceived parking and traffic-related conflicts. In addition, it examines in what way the intention to reduce one’s car use influences the perception of the conflicts (Stage Model of Self-Regulated Behavior Change (SSBC)). A household survey was conducted in the inner-city neighborhood of Frankfurt-Bornheim, Germany (N=1027). The residents most often observed the conflicts in which parked cars impeded walking and cycling as well as situations in which pedestrians felt threatened by cyclists biking on the sidewalk. Results from multiple linear regression models revealed that the influencing factors for the perception of conflicts were the use of different means of transportation and the intention to change one’s behavior (SSBC model) to reduce car use rather than car ownership. In addition, a resident’s age and household structure seemed to affect awareness of conflicts in which pedestrians and cyclists were involved. The results suggest a group-serving bias, meaning that the residents mostly observed those conflicts that they did not cause. A separate infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists could help prevent most of the conflicts described in this study.
Parking FlexPass at ABC Ramps: Integrating Parking and Transit Options for Sustainable Mobility
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2022-12) Ryan, Galen; Fan, Yingling; Becker, Andy; Douma, Frank
Previous research has found that ABC Ramps contract holders were interested in taking transit more frequently; however, Minneapolis lacked a flexible commuter program for these commuters. The current project aimed to develop and implement a commuter program named FlexPass to manage parking demand, promote public transit, and provide a cost scenario that incentivized commuters to drive less. Multiple data collection efforts were conducted over the course of the FlexPass study to assess the viability of this alternative parking contract design, including: (1) Two Phase 1 program evaluation efforts, including the first one in September–December 2020 and the second one in August-December 2021; and (2) Phase 2 program evaluation in February–August 2022. Due to the COVID impacts, this study did not yield sufficient data to generate conclusive findings. Nonetheless, the data provided rich insights into the viability of alternative parking contracts designed to limit the amount of driving. Participants indicated that FlexPass made positive impacts on their travel decisions for more than two third of their work-related trips. Seventy percent of the participants were very satisfied with the FlexPass contracts, and the remaining third percent were somewhat satisfied.
A Real-Time Truck Availability System for the State of Wisconsin
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2018-05) Morris, Ted; Henderson, Travis; Morellas, Vassilios; Papanikolopoulos, Nikos
Independent of truck parking capacity shortages, obtaining reliable and timely information has been receiving considerable attention nationally as of late. The situation has been exacerbated by increasing levels of freightborne truck volumes along many regional and interstate corridors and the need for carriers and drivers to balance efficient transport with required periods to park and rest to minimize driver fatigue. Interstate 94, a nationally designated freight corridor, as it passes through the Upper Midwest, including Wisconsin, shares this problem. A multi-camera computer vision detection system was deployed at a state sponsored rest area truck parking facility 67 miles east of Minneapolis. A key aspect of the system is that it is a completely automated 24/7, non-intrusive, parking detection system; there is no need to intervene with manual resets or re-calibration procedures, and pavements are not disturbed. Secondly, a region-wide truck parking notification architecture, recognized as an emerging national standard, was integrated with the detection system to provide real-time roadside truck parking notifications upstream of the facilities, as well as notification to other third party stakeholders. The overall detection accuracy was between 90 and 95 percent during up-to-the minute, per-space parking status notifications.
Smartphone-Based Interventions for Sustainable Travel Behavior: The University of Minnesota Parking Contract Holder Study
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2020-10) Fan, Yingling; Becker, Andy; Ryan, Galen; Wolfson, Julian; Guthrie, Andrew; Liao, Chen-Fu
Innovative mobility apps have the power to transform the relationship between transportation networks and travelers. Capitalizing on the recent advancement in smartphone technology, this project develops a smartphone-based behavior intervention tool—named Daynamica—to provide customized, user-centered messages and graphics for promoting travel mode shifts from driving to more sustainable modes. The project tests the effectiveness of the intervention tool among University of Minnesota (UMN) parking contract holders. For each car trip made by a participant, the tool provides a mode shift plan based on the exact trip origin and destination. The tool also provides information describing the environmental impacts of the specific car trip and the personal benefits of switching to the alternative mode. The findings show that although 92 percent of participants are interested in trying alternative modes, in general, when it comes to specific trip considerations, only 36 percent of the car trips are considered reasonable alternative modes. There is ample interest among the most car-dependent population—parking contract holders—to explore alternative mode options; however, their interest is tempered by the limited alternative mode offerings in the region. Thus, it is recommended that transportation practitioners and policy makers improve these offerings. Furthermore, this research generates useful data to identify factors influencing mode shifting. Housing ownership, being male, making stops during the trip, and a late departure time for the morning commute are negatively associated with participants' receptiveness toward mode shifting. Finally, the report includes a novel analysis exploring the activity/trip chaining behaviors of the study participants.

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