Browsing by Subject "Mongolia"

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    Climatic and anthropogenic influences on aquatic ecosystems in the valley of the Great Lakes, Mongolia.
    (2008-12) Shinneman, Avery Lynn Cook
    Climate warming and major land use changes have profoundly affected the Mongolian landscape in the past several decades. As in many arid and semi-arid regions, water resources are critically important for ecological, social, and economic viability. In Mongolia, traditional semi-nomadic pastoralism contributes substantially to the national economy as well as to individual subsistence and depends on limited freshwater resources to provide for grazing herds and human needs. Yet, because of substantial variability across this immense region, its remoteness, and recent political transitions, little work has been done to monitor water quality or to set baseline standards against which to measure future changes. Compounding the problem is a lack of well-resolved paleo-ecological and paleo-climatological work. These data are necessary to provide a foundation for understanding the natural variability in the aquatic systems of the region, especially with recent changes in climate and land use. This work is a contribution to developing these records by first, developing diatom-based inference models for total phosphorus and salinity, and second, applying the models to investigate lacustrine sediment records of past changes. The diatom-based inference models were based on a survey of the water chemistry, physical characteristics, and diatom flora of 64 lakes in western Mongolia. The region had a diverse diatom flora with over 300 species, nearly 100 of which had not been previously reported from Mongolia, from lakes ranging from fresh to hypersaline. The many isolated lake basins provided unique ecosystems where multiple unique communities, novel species distributions, and new and endemic flora were found. Three of these new species are described here in a careful examination of the genus Cyclotella in western Mongolia. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to identify four variables (specific conductivity, total phosphorus, bicarbonate, and lake morphology) that were significantly related to the distribution of diatoms; predictive models were developed for specific conductivity and total phosphorus using weighted averaging regression and calibration methods. The application of these models to dated lake sediment cores, along with interpretations of other geochemical and sediment characteristics, was then used to develop records of variability in lake salinity and nutrient flux. The interpretation of diatom and sedimentary records demonstrated increases in nutrient fluxes to the lakes related to climate warming and major changes in land-use over the last 20 years. Diatom-inferred lake salinity was correlated with changes in temperature over the past 2000 years, as inferred from tree-ring records, demonstrating a positive relationship between increased warming and increased lake salinity in recent geologic history. Changes in warm-season temperature, as inferred from tree-rings, in the most recent decades were less-well correlated with inferred changes in salinity than over most of the 2000 year record. However, instrumental records of winter temperature were well correlated with recent shifts in inferred salinity, perhaps suggesting recent changes in climate that are unique from those over the past several thousand years.
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    Why Asia Should Lead a Global Push to Eliminate Nuclear Weapons
    (2019-11-23) Andregg, Michael M.
    The purpose of this chapter is to explicate reasons why Asia is especially well positioned to lead a global push to eliminate, or greatly reduce, nuclear weapons inventories worldwide, and why Mongolia might be catalytic to that effort. The threat of any general, thermonuclear war is existential to civilization itself. No one understands that better than Japan. North and South Korea want to unify, but they cannot while they are clients of opposing major powers, China and the USA. Nuclear weapons complicate that tragically, at great expense and risk to everyone. Meanwhile, Pakistan is destabilizing, which scares everyone in South Asia and many worldwide, because of its long feud with nuclear-armed India, including four conventional wars. The risk that Pakistani nuclear explosives could find their way to Islamic terrorist groups terrifies others. Many analysts therefore consider South Asia the most likely place for a nuclear war to start today. Russia is a declining power, and is frightened by both NATO and a fast-rising China, while China has considerable capital it could devote to a noble, global cause like nuclear arms control. Israel is a wild card, which motivates Iran to be one too. The former has a complete nuclear triad, and Iran could build nuclear weapons over several years if allowed to. Meanwhile, the USA is paralyzed on this topic by our weapons industry (among other factors), and everyone who now possesses nuclear weapons is modernizing. Europe in general is quite alarmed by US abandonment of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Arms Treaty (INF) and by Russian threats to use “small” nuclear weapons in tactical situations. Therefore, the EU would probably support any Asian effort to bring sanity to this situation before any more large wars get fought over their territories. No European nation wants to become a battleground for major powers fighting with nuclear weapons. At the end, we will discuss some solutions well aware that the countries that already possess nuclear weapons are extremely reluctant to eliminate, or even to limit them.