Browsing by Subject "Midlife"

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    Dietary intake, attitudinal, and contextual differences by weight status in indulgent snacking occasions of midlife women
    (2014-12) Mishler, Elizabeth Kathleen
    National, cross-sectional data collected over the past 40 years indicate an increase in the average weight of midlife women (40-60 years). Recent trends for more frequent snacking and stress-related eating may increase risk for weight gain, which is associated with risk of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to better understand indulgent snacking occasions among midlife women (n=414) and to evaluate if these occasions, including the attitudes and contextual environment surrounding them, differed by weight status (normal, overweight, or obese). Data collected as a part of a larger study included one-day food records and surveys to assess attitudes and contextual environment. This thesis project tested the hypothesis that both macro- and micro-nutrient intake and food group intakes would vary by weight status with normal weight women displaying healthier consumption characteristics compared to overweight and obese women; however, the observed patterns did not fit these expectations. Significant differences were observed between weight status groups for energy intake and several macro- and micro-nutrient intakes, but these differences did not correspond with differences in food group intakes. Normal weight women tried fewer weight maintenance strategies and had higher weight self-efficacy scores than overweight and obese women. Normal weight women were also more likely to have positive attitudes toward food in general, whereas obese women were more likely to have less healthy attitudes, using food as an escape from emotion or as a coping mechanism for boredom. In addition to food intake, the findings suggest that attitudes and motivations surrounding food may also be important with regard to achieving a healthy weight. Health care professionals should consider snacking habits, as well as motivations and attitudes related to food, when advising midlife women on weight status issues.
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    Eating occasion need states and weight gain prevention in midlife women.
    (2011-12) Perry, Courtney Dianne
    Midlife years (age 40-60) are a critical time period for many women because of elevated risk of overweight and obesity. Women often experience age-related weight gain based on both physiological and environmental changes that occur with age. The physiological changes experienced by women can contribute to weight gain, but weight gain can also be due to both environmental and behavioral factors that influence eating behavior. This project was based on a multidisciplinary approach involving nutrition and marketing expertise to address the situational context of eating occasions. The project was conducted in two phases; a descriptive research phase (Phase I) which provided information to inform the development of a controlled intervention phase (Phase II). The objective of the descriptive research phase I was to identify distinct need states based on rational and emotional needs surrounding specific eating occasions experienced by midlife women and determine how eating behavior including energy, food and nutrient intakes, and BMI differed by need state. Data from 5,556 eating occasions experienced by a US national sample of 1,663 women (40-60 years) were used in the segmentation analysis. Six need states were identified: healthy express, comforting interludes, indulgent escapes, nurturing family meals, sensible meals, and fast fueling. Each of the six need states had different energy and food and nutrient intake characteristics. The objective of the controlled-intervention phase II was to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition counseling intervention tailored to eating occasion need states to prevent weight gain compared to a control group of midlife women. Participants in the intervention group received ten hours of nutrition counseling over six months based on commonly experienced needs within specific eating occasions. The control group received no counseling. Although not significant, women in the intervention group gained 0.2 kg over the two year period, while women in the control group gained 0.4 kg. Energy intake did not differ significantly between the intervention and control group at any time point, however decreases were observed in total- (p=0.02) and saturated fat intakes (p=0.06), and cholesterol (p=0.01) intake over the two-year period in the intervention compared to control group. Over the two-year period compared to the control group, the intervention group increased intakes of fruit (p=0.02) and low/reduced fat dairy products (p=0.04) and decreased intakes of sugars and candy (p=0.002). Subgroup analyses of women experiencing less-healthy need states (intervention n=71; control n=59) showed results similar to the overall sample regarding weight change. Subgroup analyses of overweight and obese women (Intervention n=116; Control n=103) showed different patterns of change with weight decreasing in the intervention group (86.0 to 85.5 kg) and increasing in the control group (82.8 to 83.4 kg). This study provides evidence that tailoring nutrition education according to most frequently experienced eating occasion need states may, over time, lead to improved weight outcomes in overweight or obese women who often experience less-healthy need states. However, the intervention approach may be less helpful for normal weight women already experiencing healthy need states.