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Browsing by Subject "Intelligence"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Exploring the Neural Correlates of Openness/Intellect and Related Constructs Using New and Best Practices in Personality Neuroscience
    (2024-05) Sassenberg, Tyler
    Personality neuroscience aims to understand the associations of brain structure and function with stable patterns of thought, behavior, emotion, and motivation. One broad personality dimension of interest in this field is Openness/Intellect. This trait describes individual differences in engagement with semantic and perceptual information, and subsumes a variety of societally relevant facets pertaining to higher-order cognitive processing. This dissertation examines the functional neural correlates of a number of facets beneath Openness/Intellect, including intelligence, creativity, and Psychoticism (sub-clinical psychosis proneness). Across three studies, this research aims to expand on past findings demonstrating associations of these traits with functional properties among broad macroscale brain networks implicated in abstract higher-order cognition, all within the context of broader predictive processing accounts of brain function. The first study showcases a functional gradient approach to test associations of creative achievement with functional similarity of higher-order brain networks. The second study demonstrates associations of intelligence, Openness/Intellect, and Psychoticism with various forms of dynamic brain network flexibility. Lastly, the third study explores individual differences in signatures of self-organized criticality in the brain, and how it relates to intelligence and Psychoticism. Through a variety of methods, these findings converge on the notion of Openness/Intellect and its facets being associated with individual differences in abstract information processing capabilities among broad cortical networks. This research provides a more nuanced perspective of the neural correlates of Openness/Intellect by demonstrating how its adaptive and maladaptive facets are related to different and complementary functional properties in the brain. Beyond Openness/Intellect, this research helps provide future avenues for understanding the associations of other normative and pathological personality dimensions with properties of brain function.
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    Meta-Analyses of Personality and Cognitive Ability
    (2014-08) Stanek, Kevin
    Personality and cognitive ability are the two most important domains of individual differences in terms of their breadth and impact on human behavior. An abundance of research has examined the relations between these domains, but previous empirical reviews of this literature have suffered from three key deficiencies. First, previous meta-analyses of personality and cognitive ability relied on biased, insular strategies to identify and obtain the relevant literature. This limitation has resulted in relatively small numbers of relatively homogeneous studies being used to understand each relation. Second, previous reviews were organized around less-comprehensive and less-detailed construct frameworks, especially in the personality domain. This limitation made previous findings for various personality trait categories liable to influence from unspecified mixtures of variance attributable to multiple constructs. This limitation also precluded a systematic approach to examining or understanding relations at the lower, aspect and facet levels of personality. Finally, previous reviews of personality and cognitive ability lacked empirical keys/maps for matching constructs across measures. The current meta-analyses endeavored to remedy these deficiencies and fully elucidate the relations between personality and cognitive ability by employing a more comprehensive primary source identification strategy and more empirically-grounded frameworks for organizing the personality and cognitive ability domains. Personality and cognitive ability are not entirely independent domains of individual differences and the overlap extends beyond commonly recognized personality traits. Results highlight the importance of: (1) considering personality aspects and facets, (2) distinguishing general and specific cognitive abilities, and (3) considering the global Big Five dimensions, aspects, facets, and compounds jointly. Openness/Intellect, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness results all contained findings that differed by aspect. Facets of personality also displayed relations with cognitive ability constructs that were disparate from the relations observed at the global factor and even at the aspect level. Similarly, results for several personality constructs indicated that distinguishing between cognitive abilities at the general factor and specific component levels was important. Overall, the findings suggest even more points of overlap between cognitive abilities and personality constructs than previously recognized.
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    Neuroeconomic studies on personality and decision making
    (2013-07) Hawes, Daniel R.
    Neural activity causally underlies human cognition and behavior. Investigating the neurobiological principles and computational mechanisms governing brain activity during decision-making provides a way to improve theories of human behavior in the natural as well as social sciences (Glimcher & Rustichini 2004; Rustichini, 2009; Fehr & Rangel, 2009). In this context, the discipline of Neuroeconomics was originally conceived as an endeavor to interrogate neural activity during economic decision-making with the aim of evaluating competing decision theories (Rustichini, 2008; Glimcher, Camerer, Fehr & Poldrack 2009). From this origin, Neuroeconomics has evolved into a full-fledged enterprise of consilience; an attempt to not only test and bridge, but truly unify natural science and social science explanations of human behavior (Wilson, 1998; Glimcher & Rustichini, 2004; Rangel, Camerer & Montague, 2008).This dissertation binds two neuroeconomic studies of decision-making with an introduction and concluding commentary. The introduction presents a brief introduction to Neuroeconomics, meant to locate both research studies in the existing literature and philosophy of this field. The conclusion provides a brief appraisal of the role of Neuroeconomics in further advancing the kind of research into decision-making reported here. Both studies in this dissertation comprise investigations of human behavior during experience-based decision-making, with a special focus on the fundamental value computations that underlie such choice behavior.Study 1 investigates the role of neural reinforcement signals during learning of a strategic decision task from experience.Study 2 investigates the moderating effect of intelligence on neural reinforcement signals during a sequential binary choice task.Study 1 is reproduced from (Hawes, Vostroknutov & Rustichini 2013), and study 2 is reproduced from (Hawes, DeYoung, Gray & Rustichini; under review).
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    Team intelligence and team personality predicting team performance
    (2013-09) Simon, Kara Marie
    Teams have become an important part of many organizations. In order to create effective teams, it is important to know how team composition affects team performance. This study meta-analytically assesses the impact of team intelligence and team personality on team performance. This study expands on previous meta-analyses in several ways. While previous studies have tended to focus on sample-weighted mean correlations (e.g. Prewett et al., 2009) or population correlations (corrected for unreliability in predictor and criterion; e.g. Bell, 2007), this study presents operational validities, which correct for unreliability in the criterion but not unreliability in the predictor. These validities are more useful from an applied standpoint, because in the field, practitioners use intelligence and personality tests as they are; they do not use an intelligence construct or personality constructs to determine who will participate in a team. This study also expands on previous studies by examining additional moderator variables. For each team predictor variable-team performance relationship, the effects of task complexity, number of members per team, type of performance (i.e. task, OCB, CWB), and purpose of performance rating (i.e. research or development, administrative) are examined. In addition, for team agreeableness-team performance and team extraversion-team performance relationships, whether the task is people-oriented or not is examined as a moderator. For team agreeableness-team performance and team emotional stability-team performance relationships, the current study investigates the effect of whether the team existed for the same length of time as the study (e.g. lab studies) vs. whether team existed prior to and/or after the study.
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    Tracing causes and consequences of human intelligence through genetic and cognitive data
    (2020-12) Willoughby, Emily
    The work included in this dissertation represents empirical inquiries into three areas of cause and consequence for individual differences in human intelligence: How molecular genetic data can be used to draw inference about environmental mechanisms, how intelligence relates to information processing in the brain, and whether intelligence is meaningfully malleable by parental influence into adulthood. Study 1 uses polygenic scores derived from a large GWAS of educational attainment to demonstrate “genetic nurture”, through which the unique genetics of parents can give rise to passive gene-environment correlation that affects their offspring’s years of education. Study 2 explores the observation that faster reaction time (RT) on elementary cognitive tasks (ECTs) is associated with higher g. By partitioning stimuli into perceptual and decisional stages of information flow, we show through both additive-factors logic and diffusion modeling that g is expressed uniquely in the decisional, but not perceptual, stage of processing. Finally, Study 3 examines the sources of variance in IQ in a fully adult sample of adoptive and biological families to provide new evidence about the extent of IQ’s malleability. We find that the environment fostered by the parents explains less than 3% of the variance in their offspring’s IQ scores in adulthood. In sum, the converging operations afforded by twin and adoption studies, GWAS, and ECTs can address crucial questions of causal inference in human intelligence.