Browsing by Subject "Finishing pigs"

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    Database of Nutrient Composition of Animal Protein Meals
    (2017-02-13) Urriola, Pedro E; Kerr, Brian J; Jha, Rajesh; Shurson, Gerald C; urrio001@umn.edu; Urriola, Pedro E; Department of Animal Sciences
    An industry survey and an animal experiment were conducted to evaluate compositional variability and DE and ME content of animal protein by-products, and to generate equations to predict DE and ME content based on chemical analysis. For the 220 samples collected, the greatest concentration of CP was observed in blood meal (BM) and least in meat and bone meal (MBM), the greatest concentration of ether extract (EE) was in meat meal and least in BM, with ash content greatest in MBM and least in BM; with Ca and P levels being 36.1 and 16.3% of the ash content, respectively. For the balance experiment, a corn-soybean meal basal diet was used with test diets formulated by mixing 80% of the basal diet with 20% of the animal protein by-product, except for BM which was included at 10 and 20% of the test diets. Ten groups of 24 gilts (final BW = 92.5 ± 7.4 kg) were used, with gilts randomly assigned to the test or the basal diet within each group, resulting in 16 replications per animal protein by-product or basal diet, except for BM determinations (20 replications). Gilts were placed in metabolism crates and offered 2.4 kg daily of their assigned diet for 13 d, with total collection of feces and urine during the last 4 d. Gross energy was determined in the diets, feces, and urine to calculate DE and ME content of each ingredient by the difference procedure, using DE and ME content of the basal diet as covariates among groups of pigs. The DE content of the animal protein by-products ranged from 5,367 to 2,567 kcal DE/kg of DM, and ME ranged from 4,783 to 2,340 kcal ME/kg DM. Using all animal protein by-products, the best fit equations were as follows: DE, kcal/kg DM = -2,468 + (1.26 × GE, kcal/kg DM), with R2 of 0.84, SE = 390, and P < 0.01; ME, kcal/kg DM = -2,331 + (1.15 × GE, kcal/kg DM), with R2 of 0.86, SE = 327, and P < 0.01). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P were also determined using the difference procedure, with the average ATTD of Ca and P for the animal protein by-products, excluding BM and FM, being 27.1 and 39.1%, respectively. These data indicate that DE and ME varied substantially among the animal protein by-products and sources, and that a variety of nutritional components can be used to accurately predict DE and ME for finishing pigs. In addition, it appears that high dietary inclusion rates of animal protein by-products may result in low ATTD estimates of Ca and P, which may be due to excessive concentrations of total Ca and P affecting digestibility.
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    Growth performance, carcass characteristics, physiological and gut health effects of feeding diets containing bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) to heat-stressed finishing pigs.
    (2009-12) Song, Ran
    Heat stress affects pig growth performance, carcass composition, and immune status. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of heat stress and adding bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD, 30g/ton) to a 10% DDGS commercial diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics, physiological parameters, small intestine morphology, and hindgut volatile fatty acid (VFA) production of finishing pigs. Four groups of 32 finishing pigs (n = 128) with initial BW between 80 to 90 kg were used in this study. Pigs were randomly assigned to diets and environmental temperature treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Pigs were fed a control (CON) or BMD (30g/ton) diet and exposed to a constant thermal neutral temperature (23°C) or cyclical heat stress conditions (37°C from 10:00 to 19:00 and 27°C from 19:00 to 10:00) in environmental chambers for a 28-d experimental period. Pigs housed under heat stress conditions had significantly lower average daily gain (ADG, P < 0.0001), average daily feed intake (ADFI, P < 0.0001), gain:feed (G:F, P < 0.001), and higher average daily water intake (ADWI, P = 0.03), compared with pigs housed in the thermoneutral environment. Supplementation of BMD in the diet did not improve growth performance of pigs. Average daily gain tended (P = 0.07) to be lower for pigs fed the BMD diet, while ADFI, G:F, and ADWI were not affected by dietary treatment. Carcass characteristics did not differ between dietary treatments. However, pigs assigned to the heat stress environment had lower live BW (P < 0.0001) and lower hot carcass weight (P < 0.0001) than pigs housed in the thermal neutral environment. Dressing %, 10th rib back fat depth, loin eye area, and lean % were not affected by temperature treatment. Saliva cortisol concentration did not differ between dietary treatments during the experimental period, but the initial level was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the BMD diet. Heat stress led to an increased (P < 0.05) level of saliva cortisol on d 1, but no effects were observed on the following days. Serum haptoglobin concentration was not different between dietary treatments, while heat stressed pigs showed a higher (P < 0.05) level of haptoglobin on d 1, and levels tended to remain higher (P < 0.1) on d 13 of heat stress. Cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α were not affected by heat stress, but pigs fed the BMD diet had an initial lower (P < 0.0001) level of serum IL-1β, and tended to be lower (P < 0.1) on d 13 of heat stress as compared to pigs fed CON. Small intestine morphology was not affected by temperature treatment, but pigs fed the BMD diet tended to have greater (P = 0.07) villi height at duodenum, and greater crypt depth at duodenum (P = 0.09) and jejunum (P = 0.07), respectively. Dietary treatment did not affect VFA production in the cecum, while pigs housed under heat stress conditions tended to have less propionate (P = 0.08) concentration, greater A:P ratio (P = 0.08), and significantly less valerate (P = 0.02) produced in the cecum compared with pigs under the thermoneutral environment.