Browsing by Subject "El Salvador"
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Item Data and R Code to Support: Owl Occupancy in Three of El Salvador's Protected Areas from 2003 through 2013(2021-03-12) Archer, Althea, A; West, Jane N; althea.archer@gmail.com; Archer, Althea, A; Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation ScienceComplete data and R code to reproduce the results presented in the manuscript entitled "Owl Occupancy in Three of El Salvador's Protected Areas from 2003 through 2013." This manuscript, by Jane Noll West and Althea A. Archer is currently in review with the Journal of Raptor Research. This study was the first long-term survey of owl occupancy in El Salvador and presents novel results on the occupancy patterns of three owls and the species richness of each protected area by year. These data and code files can be used to reproduce the findings, and include additional metadata that could support further analysis by future researchers.Item International migration and remittances: assessing the impact on rural households in El Salvador.(2008-07) Damon, Amy LynneThis dissertation project examines the impact of human migration and remittances on rural household behavior in El Salvador. It specifically focuses on two questions: (1) How is household labor supply allocation affected by migration and remittances? (2) How do remittances affect agricultural production outcomes at the household level? An agricultural household model that integrates migration and remittances predicts that when households are credit constrained they allocate their family labor back to their own farm when remittances are received. Further, the agricultural model suggests that when remittances are received households will invest in the production of riskier cash crops. The data used for the empirical analysis for this project cover six years and were collected in El Salvador in 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. The empirical analysis uses panel data to examine how changes in both the migration status of the household and remittance levels affect different family members' labor allocations. Factors that determine both migration decisions and remittance levels are also estimated. Unlike previous studies, this study finds that it is migration not remittances that affects a family's labor allocation decisions. When a household engages in migration, this increases the hours of on-farm work for all household members (adult males, females, and children) and decreases the hours of off-farm work for adult males. Remittances have no significant affect on household labor allocations. Further, a cross-sectional analysis indicates that migrant females in the United States send more remittances than male migrants. Findings regarding household agricultural outcomes suggest that migration decreases a household's coefficient of variation for agricultural revenue. Further, migrant households dedicate a larger share of their land to their house lot and basic grains production than non-migrant households. Migrant households also decrease the amount of land dedicated to cash crops other than coffee. Migrant households are more active in land rental markets, both renting more land in and renting more land out than non-migrant households. Remittances seem to have relatively little impact on agricultural production activities as compared to migration itself.Item Programmatic Political Competition in Latin America: Recognizing the Role Played by Political Parties in Determining the Nature of Party-Voter Linkages(2015-10) Lucas, KevinIn their examination of party-voter linkages in twelve Latin American democracies, Kitschelt et al. (2010) find evidence of programmatic political competition in only two countries: Chile and Uruguay. However, while my own analysis of party-voter linkages in contemporary Latin America confirms the presence of programmatic political competition in Chile and Uruguay, it also reveals that programmatic party-voter linkages are stronger in El Salvador – one of the region’s poorest countries, and a country with scant democratic history – than they are in either Chile or Uruguay. The fact that El Salvador contradicts the standard “sociological” model of party system development, which identifies both a long democratic history and a relatively high level of socioeconomic development as prerequisites for the development of programmatic political competition, is the primary empirical puzzle that motivates this dissertation. In response to the question of why programmatic political competition emerges in some countries but not in others, I argue that elite political agency, rather than the political and socioeconomic characteristics associated with the sociological model of party system development, determines the type of party-voter linkages that form in a given party system. More specifically, I contend that the presence of a unified Left that has achieved electoral success by actively promoting its ideological distinctiveness is the common link that explains the development of programmatic political competition in Chile, Uruguay, and El Salvador. To support this argument, I combine the analysis of cross-country public opinion surveys with case studies that detail party system development in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Guatemala. Particularly instructive is the comparison between El Salvador, where programmatic party-voter linkages are much stronger than the standard sociological model would predict, and Costa Rica, where a relatively high level of socioeconomic development and a long democratic history have failed to generate programmatic political competition. Whereas my examination of the development of the Salvadoran party system demonstrates that the FMLN has played a crucial role in the development of programmatic political competition, my examination of party-voter linkages in Costa Rica shows how the weakness and disorganization of the Costa Rican Left has inhibited the development of programmatic political competition.