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Item 125-Day Spectral Record of the Bright Nova 2013 Delphini (V339 Del)(2014-09-11)(2014) Mooers, Howard; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesFaculty seminarItem A 2000 Year Sub-annual Record of Climate Change from Lake Malawi(2009-08) Petrick, Benjamin FredericksLake Malawi, in East Africa, provides a rare opportunity to look at a sub-annual record of climate change from a region were there is a lack of good climate records. This is possible because the upper most sediments in the north basin Lake Malawi are varved. The varved record extends from back 1200-2000 years depending on dating differences and is well dated back 800 years. In order to construct an overall sub-annual record of climate change, overlapping sections of two cores from the north basin of Lake Malawi taken during the recent Malawi drilling project were examined on a scanning XRF with a step size of .2 mm. This provided an average of 6 measurements per annual varve couplet. Because of the chemical differences between light and dark varves it was possible to count these varves using a high resolution photograph and x-radiography images in conjunction with the chemical data. Four major chemical elements or ratios of chemical element were used to represent the four major components in the sediments of the core: Fe is a proxy for the clay, Si/Ti is a proxy for the Biogenic Silica (BSi, inc/coh scattering ratio is a proxy for %Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and K/Ti is a proxy for volcanic sediments. Comparing Fe to recent records of lake level fall and rise suggests that Fe be when the planktonic community is dominated by diatoms it reflects changes in year to year fluvial input. However at times of change in the planktonic community, the Fefluvial imput relationship breaks down. Comparisons of both the lake level records and to coral records from the Indian Ocean show that both lake level rise and fall are enhanced by increased ocean temperatures over periods of 5-10 years. This suggests that changes in Indian Ocean temperatures have an affect on Lake Malawi. The lake records show no connection to Zimbabwe rainfall but an opposite relationship with Indian rainfall. The inc/coh shows a strong relationship over the last 150 years with IOD and proportion of diatoms in the planktonic community, which tends to change during times with great IOD variability. These relationships suggest that IOD causes changes in the winds that stimulate production of planktonic during the dry season. Looking further back in the record shows that similar shifts to non-diatom dominated planktonic community occurred twice before in the record and there is some evidence in the record that changes in winds might be responsible for these events as well. 11 year and 3-7 year cycles were also found in the record but their meaning is unclear. The times when the 11 year cycle is strong in the lake are not assonated with the record of sunspots and the 3 to 7 year cycle does not seem to be related to changes in ESNO as would be expected. Therefore the meaning of the cycles is still not understood. The longer record suggests dry periods from the bottom of the varved section to around 1250 AD and from 1550 to 1650 AD, with an interceding wetter period from 1250 to 1650 AD. The record from 1650 AD to current day shows some rises and falls and an overall steady record. Comparing this to other records of African lakes and caves shows that this record has similarities to the records of East African lakes but is in opposite of records from Cold Air Cave in Southern Africa. Lastly it also shows similarities to records of Indian monsoon wind strength which is controlled by Indian Ocean temperatures and Cariaco basin records which are a proxy for the ITCZ. Both of these records show that the migration of the ITCZ and changes in Indian Ocean temperatures are important drivers for Lake Malawi and the findings of this paper may be useful in looking at changes both at longer time scales and in the future as well.Item 210Pb Geochronology in Lake Superior Sediments: Sedimentation Rates, Organic Carbon Deposition, Sedimentary Environments, and Post-Depositional Processes(1980-07) Evans, James Erwin210Pb geochronology is used to determine sedimentation rates, 210Pb flux rates, and organic carbon deposition rates from 17 sediment box cores in Lake Superior, U.S.A. These data, in conjunction with organic carbon, PCB, trace metal, benthic organism, and sedimentary structure data, are used to investigate depositional and postdepositional processes. Sedimentation rates vary from 0.01-0.20 cm/yr in Lake Superior. A dynamic model is presented which emphasizes: (1) very high (greater than 0.15 cm/yr) sedimentation rates in marginal bays, (2) moderate to very high (0.07-0.19 cm/yr) open lake sedimentation rates in regions adjacent to marginal bays, these regions are affected by plumes of suspended sediment that originate in marginal bays by wave-stirring of bottom sediments, and enter the open lake, (3) moderate to high (0.05-0.11 cm/yr) sedimentation rates adjacent to the Red Clay Area, where shoreline recession rates are high, (4) moderate to high (0.05-0.12 cm/yr) sedimentation rates in the deepest portions of the Lake Superior Troughs region, with downslope sediment movement off the adjacent shoals and into the troughs, (5) low to moderate (0.04-0.05 cm/yr) sedimentation rates from cores with current bedding features in the Keweenaw Current region, and (6) very low (0.01-0.03 cm/yr) sedimentation rates in the central lake basins due to isolation from sediment sources. Organic carbon deposition rates (K) range from 0.0001 to 0.0032 g Carbon/cm2/yr, and K varies as a power function of sedimentation rate W (g/cm2/ yr) such that K = 0.04 W1.03. This result may imply that higher sedimentation rates favor organic carbon preservation with rapid removal from the oxidizing conditions at the sediment-water interface through burial. However, the exponent is very close to 1.00, which implies that a constant proportion of organic matter is deposited with sedimentation at any site. Calculations using primary productivity measurements and average K values indicate that about 77-87% of primary production carbon is oxidized in the water column during deposition. The 210 Pb flux rate P (dpm/cm2/ yr) is directly related to the organic carbon deposition rate, such that K = 4 x 10-4P. This indicates that the main transfer mechanism for 210Pb through the water column is via association with organic particles. Organic carbon concentrations (C) decline exponentially with increasing sediment age from surficial values of 1-5% to "background" values of 0.5% in 9,000 year old sediment. The decay phenomena can be described by C = C0 e-λt, with values for the decay constant (λ) ranging from 0.2 to 1.7 x 10 -2/yr. These decay constants are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the oceans, probably due to the presence of younger and more chemically reactive organic components in Lake Superior sediments. The sedimentation rate (W) is inversely related to the decay constant (λ), such that λ = 5.33 x 10 -4 w -0.53. This may indicate that rapid burial promotes organic matter preservation. Independent evidence for biological mixing of Lake Superior sediments includes surficial zones of constant 210Pb activity, the presence of PCB substances below the sediment horizon corresponding to its first usage in commercial quantities, benthic organism studies, and lack of lamination in the upper portions of cores on x-radiographs. Oligochaete displacement rates are calculated which equal or exceed sediment accumulation rates in many cores. This indicates that oligochaetes cause significant sediment mixing at some sites. At other sites, additional mixing by burrowing amphipods may increase sediment mixing. Mixing is considered as a mechanistic analogue to diffusion phenomenon, and mixing (eddy diffusion) coefficients are calculated (Db = 0.002-10.54 cm2/yr). The highest of these compare to other studies from lakes and nearshore marine regions, while the lowest compare to rates from abyssal regions. Zones of constant 210Pb activity at depth in the sediment correspond to the time intervals 1900-1910, 1910-1920, and 1940-1950. These are interpreted as storm deposit layers, and may correspond to major storms which occurred in the Lake Superior region during November 27-28, 1905, November 22-24, 1918, and November 10-12, 1940. Diagenetic horizons are described from the sediments, these include 1-2 mm thick black laminations, 1.0-1.5 cm thick orange-colored "crusts", and layers 3-5 cm thick of many 1-2 mm diameter micronodules. The available evidence indicates that the black laminations are Mn enrichments and the orange-colored crusts may be Fe enrichments.Item Adventures in Mineral Reactivity Characterization: How Silicate Mineral Dissolution Brought Me Across Two Continents and into the Private Sector (2019-10-10)(2019) Diedrich, Tamara; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesItem Item Analyzing Transpiration in Replacement Trees Following Emerald Ash Borer Infestation(2018) Bouchard, Peter J;The invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) poses an immediate threat to black ash (Fraxinus nigra) wetland forests across the U.S. Black ash is an important mediator of hydrological dynamics in such systems – they serve to lower the water table and prevent transition to cattail-dominated wetlands. Given their unique ecohydrological niche, black ash mortality via emerald ash borer stands to disrupt the hydrologic processes of these wetlands. This study aims to provide transpiration data on tree species that may potentially replace black ash to mitigate changes in the hydrology of these sites. This study employs Granier (1985) style thermal dissipation probes to measure sap flux density as it relates to transpiration. Transpiration was measured on black ash and several co-occurring tree species during the growing season. We found that black ash had sap flux rates similar to several other trees but, depending on the method used to calculate sap flux from raw data, the black ash transpiration may actually be much higher. The results from this study demonstrate the potential impact on hydrology from the loss of black ash but also the need for more intensive comparisons between black ash and potential replacement trees.Item Approaching the Reality: Personal Experience with use of Scientific Education (2019-09-19)(2019) Shmagin, Boris; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesItem Archean Geology of an area between Knife Lake and Kekekabic Lake, eastern Vermilion district, northeastern Minnesota(1978-09-27) Vinje, Steven PaulSedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Kekekabic Lake area, which is located within the eastern Vermilion district, northeastern Minnesota, comprise a portion of the Lower Precambrian Knife Lake Group and lie in three of Gruner's (1941) structural segments. The dominant lithology within the Knife Lake greenstone segment is arkose. The arkose is largely composed of plagioclase feldspar, is approximately 250 feet thick, and underlies the Amoeba Lake member of the Knife Lake Group. Interbedded with the arkose is black slate. Rocks within the Knife Lake greenstone segment trend N 74°E and dip 60° to the southeast. The dominant lithology within the Spoon Lake segment is graywacke. The graywacke samples studied are equally divided between the lithic and feldspathic subtypes. Rock fragments within the lithic graywackes are predominantly andesite and dacite. Plagioclase is the predominant feldspar within the feldspathic graywackes. Interbedded with the graywackes are green slates, mafic (basalt or andesite) crystal tuffs, volcanogenic conglomerate, and very minor iron-formation. The rocks within the Spoon Lake segment are approximately 800 feet thick, and have been deformed into a syncline which trends S 45W and plunges 35° to the southwest. The dominant lithology within the Kekekabic Lake segment is graywacke. The graywacke samples studied are equally divided between the lithic and feldspathic subtypes. Lithic and feldspathic graywackes of the Kekekabic Lake segment are similar petrographically to lithic and feldspathic graywackes of the Spoon Lake segment. However, the graywacke samples of the Kekekabic Lake segment, in general, contain more detrital K-feldspar (although it is still a minor component) and hornblende grains than those of the Spoon Lake segment. Interbedded with the graywackes of the Kekekabic Lake segment are green slates, mafic (basalt or andesite) and felsic (trachyte to latite) crystal tuffs, and very minor ironformation. Graywackes and associated interbedded rocks of the Kekekabic Lake segment are approximately 1000 feet thick, and have been deformed into a syncline which trends S 50°W and plunges 30° to the southwest. The graywackes and associated interbedded rocks contained in both the Spoon Lake and Kekekabic Lake segments comprise the Amoeba Lake Member of the Knife Lake Group (Gruner, 1941). The eastern portion of the Kekekabic Lake syncline is occupied by three subaerial flows. The oldest of these flows, stratigraphically, is a porphyritic green augite-hornblende andesite which is exposed at the nose of the syncline and is approximately 225 feet thick. To the west, the augite-hornblende andesite is conformably overlain by a red porphyritic hornblende andesite which is approximately 300 feet thick. The red hornblende andesite is overlain conformably, to the west, by a green porphyritic hornblende basalt which is approximately 300 feet thick. The three subaerial flows apparently plunge under a green hornblende-rich tuff and agglomerate unit. The tuff is composed exclusively of hornblende grains and is bedded and cross-bedded. The agglomerate clasts are accidental lamprophyre rock fragments. The hornblende-rich tuff and agglomerate is approximately 200 feet thick. The tuff and agglomerate and the three subaerial flows comprise the Kekekabic Lake Member of the Knife Lake Group (Gruner, 1941). Turbidite sequences within the Kekekabic Lake area are characteristic of distal turbidites, and correspond to facies associated with the depositional lobe of the mid-fan portion of a submarine fan (Walker and Mutti, 1973). Two periods of deformation have occurred in the Kekekabic Lake area along with broad folding and longitudinal and transverse faulting. The first period of deformation produced isoclinal folds, trending S 45°-50°W, with vertical to overturned fold axes that plunge to the southwest. The second period of deformation produced a pervasive N 62°-70°E cleavage throughout the area. Subsequently, broad folding warped the beds of the eastern Vermilion district on an axis trending N 60°W. Following folding, longitudinal faulting divided the Kekekabic Lake area into three distinct segments. Concurrent with or subsequent to longitudinal faulting, transverse faulting locally offset rock contacts. Sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Kekekabic Lake area are representative of the middle portion of a calc-alkaline basalt-andesite-rhyolite volcanic pile accumulation which presumably developed within an island arc or continental orogenic system.Item Are fluids at fault? Strain variations, geochemical alteration, and deformation mechanism shifts along the Willard Thrust Zone, northern Utah (2021-11-21)(2021) Czeck, Dyanna; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesItem Assessment of Sediment Budget for 2001 Section 111 Study for Minnesota Point(2022-03-10) Swenson, John BItem The Bedrock Geology of a Portion of the Cramer 15' Quadrangle, Lake County, Minnesota(1980-01) Lehman, George AlbertThe area studied consists of sections 20 - 29 and 32 - 36 of T60N, R6W of the Cramer, Minnesota 15' quadrangle. Units exposed include the anorthositic "series," troctolitic "series," and felsic "series" of the Duluth Complex, volcanic rocks of the North Shore Volcanic Group, melagabbroic-gabbroic intrusive rocks, diabasic rocks, and a hypabysal intrusive. Bedrock units are locally covered by a variety of glacial deposits related to the Rainy Glacial Lobe of the Wisconsin Ice Age. Troctolites and gabbros of the troctolitic series of the Duluth Complex display cummulate textures and regular cryptic (chemical) variation in the anorthite content of plagioclase (An78 to An58), the forsterite content of olivine (Fo70 to Fo50), and in the FeO/FeO+MgO ratio in augite (22 - 40). Orientations of igneous laminations as well as the areal distribution of rock types and cryptic variations strongly suggest the troctolitic series is a sill-like intrusion which differentiated in place as the result of crystal settling.Item Biomineralization Along a Manganese Depositing Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park (2020-03-05)(2020) Smythe, Wendy; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesItem Calibration and Application of a New Paleotemperature Tool in Lacustrine Systems: TEX86 for Continental Paleoclimate Reconstruction(2005-11) Powers, LindsayThe calibration of the TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of tetraethers with 86 carbon atoms) paleotemperature proxy in lacustrine systems provides a new hydrologically independent paleothermometer, enabling high-resolution lake surface temperature reconstructions from large lakes. TEX86 is based on the relative abundance of cyclopentane containing membrane lipids (glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers or GDGTs) of aquatic Crenarchaeota, a non-thermophilic Archaea. I have developed a calibration for the TEX86 paleotemperature proxy from a climatically diverse suite of globally distributed lacustrine systems (N=15). The results of this calibration show a strong linear relationship between TEX86 values and published mean annual and mean winter lake surface temperature. The TEX86 index appears to work best in large lakes, which are typically the best integrators of regional climate variability. Methanogenic/methanotrophic and hydrothermal Archaea are capable of producing some of the same isoprenoid tetraethers, and in certain cases can confuse the TEX86 signal. I have applied TEXs6 to lacustrine sediments from Lake Malawi, East Africa, to develop high-resolution paleotemperature records from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. I find a ~4 °C overall warming since the LGM, with temperature reversals of more than 2 °C during the Younger Dryas (12.5 ka BP) and in the early Holocene (Fig.1), possibly associated with the 8.2 ka climate event. The onset of warming in the Lake Malawi basin coincides with the BYRD oxygen isotope record of warming in Antarctica. While the range of temperatures observed in this record is not surprising, the timing of post-glacial warming, the thermal response to the YD, and the Holocene history of warming and cooling trends are providing important new insights into tropical climate dynamics on centennial to millennial scales. Additionally I have produced a temperature record from Lake Malawi spanning the past 700 years at ~50 year sampling resolution. This record shows an anti-phase relationship with solar forcing and primary productivity records ii through much of the record. In the past 100 years there is a strong coherence with solar irradiance and atmospheric CO2 concentrations with the temperature record indicating a possible shift in tropical climate response to external forcing.Item Chemical Evolution: How Survival of the Fittest Applies to Molecules and Leads to Life (2016-02-12)(2016) Shaw, George; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of BiologyItem Chemostra Tigraphy and Climatostra Tigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup, Wyoming and Its Application for Correlation with Other Sequences in North America(1998-02) Bekker, AndreyThe early Paleoproterozoic ocean and atmosphere experienced significant changes in climate and chemical composition. A global glaciation was followed by climatic amelioration. Chemical composition of the ocean, namely, carbon isotope values, changed dramatically during this time. Collected data support a glacial origin for the Headquarters and Vagner and possibly for the Campbell Lake Formations. Stable isotope values of limestones of the Vagner and Espanola Formations are similar, thereby strengthening correlation of the underlying glacial units. The Nash Fork Formation, based on carbon isotope values, was deposited at the end of the carbon isotope excursion. Study of carbonates of the Chocolay and Cobalt Groups showed similar carbon isotope values of the Gordon Lake Formation and the Kona Dolomite, supporting their correlation. Other carbonate units of the Chocolay Group that were considered correlative with the Kona Dolomite appear to have different carbon isotope systematics and are interpreted to be older.Item The Colvin Creek Body, a Metavolcanic and Metasedimentary Mafic Inclusion in the Keweenawan Duluth Complex, Northeastern Minnesota(1996-02) Patelke, Richard LeeThe Northern Colvin Creek body (CCB) within the 1100 Ma Duluth Complex (Complex), northeastern Minnesota, is a very large, rotated inclusion of Keweenawan basalt and sedimentary rock metamorphosed to pyroxene hornfels facies by immersion in the Complex. The inclusion is about 2500 m in strike length with a stratigraphic thickness of 800 m. Volcanic and sedimentary features indicate a stratigraphic top to the northwest; strike is about N60°E and dips are 70° to 90° to the northwest. Previously the CCB has been interpreted as an oxidized, metamorphosed basalt of the North Shore Volcanic Group (Tyson 1976) and by Severson and Hauck (1990) as an intrusive unit of the Partridge River intrusion (PRI). The body consists of two metavolcanic units and an overlying metasedimentary unit. One of the metavolcanic units is cut by a sill. The stratigraphic package is bounded to the north by a weakly recrystallized olivine gabbro and to the south and east (?) by a poorly exposed, moderately metamorphosed, oxide-rich, fine-grained augite troctolite that shows local assimilation of the margins of the inclusion; both of these igneous units are parts of the Partridge River Gabbro Complex of the PRI. In the two volcanic units mineralogy consists of plagioclase-augite-olivine-orthopyroxene-magnetite-ilmenite. Concentrations of augite replace amygdules that are round, sheeted, and pipe-like; recrystallized piagioclase phenocrysts are locally present. Grain sizes in these units range from very fine- to locally medium-grained, averaging fine-grained. Thin, discontinuous, irregular augite veins are common. Metasedimentary rocks are anorthositic gabbro to gabbroic anorthosite in mineralogical and chemical composition and are of relatively constant proportions of plagioclase-diopside-orthopyroxene-magnetite-ilmenite, with lesser hematite, hercynite, geikielite and apatite. Sedimentary features include millimeter to centimeter scale density-graded modal layering and cross-beds. Texture is fine-grained with very uniform grain size throughout the unit. The contact between the volcanic and overlying sedimentary rocks is a thin (0-2 m) interval of ferrosalite pyroxene- and plagioclase-rich rock with locally abundant cordierite, garnet, biotite, and hercynite. The inclusion is associated with a magnetic high similar to many others in the Partridge River Gabbro Complex. It is uncertain if the rocks of the Colvin Creek body are the cause of this magnetic high, or simply overlie a buried anomaly. Geochemical work has confirmed the unit subdivisions established in the field. It has indicated essentially isochemical metamorphism and has given evidence that the metavolcanic units are probably equivalent to intermediate olivine tholeiites of the North Shore Volcanic Group. The metasedimentary rocks are more problematic; they are not analogous to any of the typical interflow sandstones of the North Shore Volcanic Group as described by Jirsa (1980, 1984). At about 350 m they are as thick as the total measured section of North Shore Volcanic Group interflow sedimentary rocks, show no rock fragments, no quartz, no conglomeratic horizons, and no intercalated volcanic rocks. These metasedimentary rocks, however, appear to match a Keweenawan sandstone exposed near Phantom Lake, north of Two Harbors. The similarities include: both rocks are strongly magnetic, bedded and cross-bedded; plagioclase-rich and quartz-poor; and of uniform fine grain-size. Neither of these units can be strictly correlated with any other in the Keweenawan system.Item Comparative mineralogy of the ~2.7 Ga Soudan Iron Formation, Minnesota and the Deloro Iron Formation, Timmins, ON, and the Temagami Iron Formation, Temagami, ON.(2020-05-27) Stolze, Danielle MThe purpose of this project was to compare the mineralogy of similarly aged rocks from the Soudan Iron Formation in Minnesota and the Temagami and Deloro Iron Formations in Ontario, Canada. We found that the iron-bearing samples generally fell into two categories: those with a banded texture and those that appear to consist mostly of chert with iron phases interspersed randomly throughout the sample. These mineralogical variations and textural relationships can help us infer more information about the depositional environments in each sample location.Item A Comparison of Two Archean Ultramafic Pyroclastic Rock Units from the Superior Province, Northwestern, Ontario(1989-12) Schaefer, Stephen JonTwo Archean komatiitic pyroclastic rock units occur on opposite sides of the Quetico Fault in northwestern Ontario. The eastern unit, the Dismal Ashrock is located 3 km north of Atikokan, Ontario on the northern side of the Quetico fault within the Wabigoon Subprovince of the Superior Province. It is part of a supracrustal sequence (the Steep Rock Group) that overlies an Archean unconformity. The Grassy Portage Bay Ultramafic pyroclastic rock unit (GUP) is located 100 km to the west on the south side of the Quetico fault, and is part of an overturned succession comprising mafic metavolcanic rocks, GUP and metasedimentary rocks. The Quetico Fault is a dextral fault with a history of transpressive tectonics. The Dismal Ashrock is steeply inclined, little deformed and has undergone greenschist facies metamorphism, and it is divided into komatiitic lapilli tuff, komatiitic volcanic breccia, komatiitic volcaniclastic rocks and a mafic pillowed flow. The GUP outcrops form an arcuate fold interference pattern. The GUP is strongly deformed and has undergone amphibolite facies metamorphism. It is divided into komatiitic lapilli tuff and komatiitic volcanic breccia. The Dismal Ashrock and the GUP contain cored and composite lapilli - unequivocal evidence for explosive volcanism. Locally some of the lapilli fragments are highly vesicular (up to 30% by volume) - greater than reported for any other komatiites. Other fragments show no vesicularity. The low vesicularity of some of the pyroclasts and association with pillowed lava flows in the case of the Dismal Ashrock indicate phreatomagmatic volcanic activity. Explosive water-magma interaction was probably initiated by modified eruption characteristics produced from exsolving volatiles. The Dismal Ashrock and GUP are similar in chemical composition and plot on the border between peridotitic and basaltic komatiites on a Jensen AFM diagram. They are high in MgO, Cr and Ni; however, they are unusually enriched in Fe, Ti, Zr, Mn, P, Ba, Nb, Rb and Sr compared to other komatiites. Several lines of evidence indicate that this unusual composition could not have been caused by alteration or assimilation, and an enriched mantle source region is the likely cause. Many of the characteristics that Dismal Ashrock and GUP share are rare or unique on a global scale, indicating that the Dismal Ashrock and GUP are correlative in some manner.Item Conservation Behavior (2020-12-08)(2020) Landon, Adam; Dumke, Josh; Schiller, Amie; University of Minnesota Duluth. Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesPanelists: Adam Landon, DNR Human Dimensions Scientist; Josh Dumke, NRRI Research Scientist; Aime Schiller, Steward Coordinator, Minnesota Land Trust; Host: Matti Erpestad, Instructor and Program Coordinator of Environmental and Outdoor Education, Master of Environmental Education Graduate Faculty