Browsing by Subject "D51"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Bounded Rationalities and Computable Economies
    (Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 1996-12) Richter, Marcel K.; Wong, Kam-Chau
    This paper studies economic equilibrium theory with a "uniformity principle" constraining the magnitudes (prices, quantities, etc.) and the operations (to perceive, evaluate, choose, communicate, etc.) that agents can use. For the special case of computability constraints, all prices, quantities, preference relations, utility functions, demand functions, etc. are required to be computable by finite algorithms. Then we obtain sharper versions of several traditional assertions on utility representation, existence of consumer demand functions, the fundamental welfare theorems, characterizations of market excess demands, and others. These positive results hold despite the fact that commodity and price spaces are no longer topologically complete. On the other hand, we give "computable counterexamples" to several traditional assertions, including the existence of a competitive equilibrium. The results can be interpreted as possibility and impossibility results in both computability-bounded rationality and in computational economics.
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    Bounded Rationalities and Definable Economies
    (Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 1996-12) Richter, Marcel K.; Wong, Kam-Chau
    Classical economic agents perform arbitrarily complex operations on arbitrarily complex magnitudes (real numbers). By contrast, real world agents have bounds on their abilities to perceive, think about, calculate with, and communicate magnitudes. There are many ways to model agents with bounded abilities, and here we mention two - one through bounds on computational abilities, and one through bounds on descriptive or definitional abilities. In both cases, we propose a "uniformity principle" constraining in a parallel fashion both the magnitudes (prices, quantities, etc.) and the operations (to perceive, evaluate, choose, communicate, etc.) that agents can use. We focus on the definitional bounds, deferring computational bounds to other papers (1996a,b). The languages allowed are those of ordered rings, and certain expansions; the structures are those of real closed ordered fields, and corresponding expansions. It is not obvious that a theory of definable economies is possible, since there may not be any definable structures that are reasonably close to the classical one. And even if such structures existed, it is not obvious that the classical theorems of economics would hold in them. Our two main conclusions are positive: In many interesting cases mathematical structures do exist with definability-bounded agents. Furthermore, many classical theorems of economic theory survive in a definable context: existence of demand and utility functions, existence of competitive equilibria, First and Second Welfare Theorems, characterization of aggregate excess demand, etc. Our proofs rely on theorems of mathematical logic (completeness (Tarski), model completeness (A. Robinson, Wilkie), o-minimality (van den Dries, Pillay and Steinhorn, Wilkie)) that allow us to establish existence of definable models and to transfer classical theorems to a definable framework. Although superficially different, the concepts underlying (Blume and Zame, 1992) are fundamentally close to the ones we use here.
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    Consumption-Based CAPM and Option Pricing under Jump-Diffusion Uncertainty
    (Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2003-04) Kusuda, Koji
    In Kusuda [45], we developed equilibrium analysis in security market economy with jump-Wiener information where no finite number of securities can complete markets. Assuming approximately complete markets (Bjork et al. [11] [12]) in which a continuum of bonds are traded and any contingent claim can be replicated with an arbitrary precision, we have shown sufficient conditions for the existence of approximate security market equilibrium, in which every agent is allowed to choose any consumption plan that can be supported with any prescribed precision. In this paper, we derive the Consumption-Based Capital Asset Pricing Model (CCAPM) using the framework in case of heterogeneous with additively separable utilities (ASUs) and of homogeneous agents with a common stochastic differential utility (SDU). The CCAPM says that the risk premium between a risky security and the nominal-risk-free security can be decomposed into two groups of terms. One is related to the price fluctuation of the risky security, and the other is related to that of commodity. Each group can be further decomposed into two terms related to consumption volatility and consumption jump in case of ASUs, and into three terms related to consumption volatility, continuation utility volatility, and jumps of consumption and continuation utility in case of SDU. Next, we present a general equilibrium framework of jump-diffusion option pricing models in each case of heterogeneous agents with CRRA utilities and of homogeneous agents with a common Kreps-Porteus utility. Finally, we construct a general equilibrium version of an affine jump-diffusion model with jump-diffusion volatility for option pricing using the framework.
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    Excess Demand Functions, Equilibrium Prices, and Existence of Equilibrium
    (Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 1995-10) Wong, Kam-Chau
    For continuous excess demand functions, the existing literature (e.g. Sonnenschein [1972, 1973], Mantel [1974], Debreu [1974], Mas-Colell [1977], etc.) achieves a complete characterization only when the functions are defined on special subsets of positive prices. In this paper, we allow the functions to be defined on a larger class of price sets, (allowing, for example the closed unit simplex, including its boundary). Besides characterizing excess demands for a larger class of economies, it is also a useful tool for proving other results. It allows us to characterize the equilibrium price set for a larger class of economies. It also permits extending Uzawa's observation [1962] by showing that Brouwer's Fixed-Point Theorem is implied by the Arrow-Debreu Equilibrium Existence Theorem ([1954], Thm. I.).
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    Existence, Uniqueness, and Determinacy of Equilibria in Complete Security Markets with Infinite Dimensional Martingale Generator
    (Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2002-12) Kusuda, Koji
    There is a strong evidence that most of financial variables are better described by a combination of diffusion and jump processes. Considering such evidence, researchers have studied security market models with jumps, in particular, in the context of option pricing. In most of their models, jump magnitude is specified as a continuously distributed random variable at each jump time. Then, the dimensionality of martingale generator, which can be interpreted as the "number of sources of uncertainty" in markets is infinite, and no finite set of securities can complete markets. In security market economy with infinite dimensional martingale generator, no equilibrium analysis has been conducted thus far. We assume approximately complete markets (Bjork et al. [10] [11]) in which a continuum of bonds are traded and any contingent claim can be approximately replicated with an arbitrary precision. We introduce the notion of approximate security market equilibrium in which an agent is allowed to choose a consumption plan approximately supported with any prescribed precision. We prove that an approximate security market equilibrium in approximately complete markets can be identified with an Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. Then, we present sufficient conditions for the existence of equilibria in the case of stochastic differential utilities with Inada condition, and for the existence, uniqueness, and determinacy of equilibria in the case of additively separable utilities.
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    Multiple Equilibria in Exchange Economies with Homothetic, Nearly Identical Preferences
    (Center for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 1996-03) Gjerstad, Steven