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Item A 15 and 20-Year Summary of Breeding Bird Trends in National Forests of Northern Minnesota and Wisconsin(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2010) Niemi, Gerald J; Howe, Robert; Danz, Nicholas P; Etterson, MatthewThe breeding bird communities of the western Great Lakes region have among the richest diversity of breeding bird species in North America (Robbins et al. 1987; Green 1995, Rich et al. 2004). The importance of this diversity and concerns with potential declines of some species has led to a strong interest in monitoring forest bird populations in the region. The relatively heavily forested landscapes of northern Minnesota and Wisconsin are considered to be population 'sources' for many forest bird species and may be supplementing population 'sinks' in the agricultural landscapes of the lower Midwest (Robinson et al. 1995, Temple and Flaspohler 1998). Analysis of population trends is used as an 'early-warning system' of potential problems in a species population and serves as a measure of the ecological condition of the environment (Niemi and McDonald 2004). Large-scale population monitoring programs such as the U.S. Geological Survey’s Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) provide important information on trends at a continental scale. However, limited coverage in some areas can make it difficult to use BBS data to characterize population trends at smaller geographic scales (Peterjohn et al. 1995). Continental trends also have the potential to mask regional population trends (Holmes and Sherry 1988), thus there is a need for regional monitoring programs that can provide more localized information (Howe et al. 1997). In response to the need for regional population data, a long-term forest breeding bird monitoring program was established in 1991 in the Chippewa and Superior NFs, and in 1992 in the Chequamegon NF. The Forest Service is mandated to monitor certain management indicator species (Manley 1993), and our monitoring program expands beyond indicator species to include all forest songbird species that we can adequately sample. Currently, approximately 420 stands (1,271 points) within the three national forests are surveyed during the breeding season (June 1 to July 10). The primary objective of this report is to update U.S. Forest Service personnel on results of the forest bird monitoring program. Here we focus on relative abundance trends of individual species. Because we slightly changed our point count methodology in 1995 by including unlimited point counts, here we focus on a comparison of the results from three different distance radii x time categories: 1) 100 m radius distance for 1991-2009, 2) 100 m radius distance for 1995-2009, and 3) unlimited distance for 1995-2009. Our intent here is to summarize the most important results and to provide detailed information in appendix form for those who need more specific results.Item Avian Migration within the Lake Superio Coastal Region of Minnesota(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2012-03-30) Niemi, Gerald J; Peterson, AnnaThe survey approach used in this study has proven to be exceptionally productive for studying migratory movements and stopover habitat use. Visual methods of studying migratory movements are useful where detailed observations or large sample sizes are limited using other methods, as is the case along the north shore of Lake Superior. The topography of the region limits the use of radar to detect diurnal movement or nocturnal stopover use because the ridgelines block radar beams from the primary Doppler radar unit in Duluth. The methods utilized for this study can be tailored to any region where a more detailed understanding of the migratory pathways is desired. A series of vantage points with a wide view of the landscape and transect surveys through various landscape and habitat give a more detailed picture of a migration corridor. This information can be especially useful in siting new tower and wind power developments. Future work with tracking individual raptor species will likely need to rely on satellite transmitters that do not rely on individuals attempting to track individuals through heavily wooded areas with few roads and considerable topography. Several sets of guidelines on the construction of new wind power developments have been developed to minimize impacts on birds. A common thread among these guidelines is the importance of identifying potential conflicts, and to avoid placing development in areas highly important to birds, including migratory pathways (US Fish and Wildlife Service 2012). The results of this and future studies can be used in combination with guidelines that are currently evolving. Using the methods described here, regional maps of migratory pathways can be produced and used to identify the areas that are the most sensitive to development. With the increasing popularity of wind power, the cumulative impacts on birds are of immediate conservation concern, considering direct mortality resulting from collisions has been documented at wind farms (Smallwood and Thelander 2008). It is vital that migratory pathways be identified in detail over large regions to avoid cumulative negative effects on migrating birds. When we considered the topography of the region, it appears that at least for migration raptors, the first two major ridgelines along the shore act as leading lines, concentrating these birds along these ridgelines and along the shore. In addition, migratory songbirds appear to be targeting these ridgelines for stopovers as well. Wind energy feasibility studies have identified such ridgelines as having a potential for wind turbine development (Mageau et al. 2008). In this context, it is crucial that we understand the flight behaviors and stopover habitats of birds that migrate along the north shore of Lake Superior. Proper wind turbine and tower siting within this migration corridor will help to preserve one of the largest migrations in the Midwest and among the largest in the US.Item Breeding Bird Inventory of the St. Louis River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 1999(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2000) Niemi, Gerald J; Solin, Jeremy; Watters, Deborah; Wolter, Peter T.An inventory of breeding birds associated with wetlands and upland habitats in the St. Louis River system from Duluth and Superior to Jay Cooke State Park was completed during the summer of 1999. A total of 39 wetland areas, each a minimum size of 1 hectare, and 9 forest areas consisting of a total of 79 point samples, were inventoried. Swamp Sparrow, Red-winged Blackbird, Common Yellowthroat, Song Sparrow, and Yellow Warbler (in rank order of decreasing abundance) were the most common species observed in the wetlands. Red-eyed Vireo, Common Yellowthroat, White-throated Sparrow, Ovenbird, American Redstart, Song Sparrow, Veery, and Yellow Warbler (also in rank order) were the most common species observed in the upland habitats. Colonial nesting birds within the St. Louis River system include the Ring-billed Gull (12,343 nests, Pearson 1999), Herring Gull (13 nests, Pearson 1999), Common Tern (215 nests, Pearson 1999), and Great Blue Heron (14 nests). Species of interest to The Nature Conservancy (Ewert 1999) that were found in the inventory included the following: primary focus species included Peregrine Falcon (1 occasional individual), Bald Eagle (frequently observed, one possible nesting pair in Jay Cooke State Park), Sedge Wren (15), Wood Thrush (2), and Black-and-White Warbler (16). Secondary focus species of interest that were observed include Wood Duck (5), Black-billed Cuckoo (3), Belted Kingfisher (7), Eastern Wood Pewee (14), Least Flycatcher (25), Marsh Wren (18), Veery (72), Brown Thrasher (3), Warbling Vireo (12), Chestnut-sided Warbler (26), Black-throated Green Warbler (14), Mourning Warbler (16), Rose-breasted Grosbeak (8), Clay-colored Sparrow (11), Baltimore Oriole (1 ), and Purple Finch (1 ). The following species of primary focus have historically been found in the area, but none were observed in 1999: American Bittern, Piping Plover, and Black Tern. Of the primary focus species, the Sedge Wren is found in highest densities in the sedge/grass wetlands in Allouez Bay, the Oliver Bridge area, and at Boy Scout Landing. These areas, along with Spirit and Mud Lake would also provide potentially excellent habitat for American Bittern and, especially Allouez Bay, for the Black Tern where the species has historically nested. The primary focus species associated with forests were found in highest abundance in the forested regions on the Wisconsin side of the St. Louis River system and in scattered locations in Fond du Lac. High relative abundance for many of these species would also be found in the Jay Cooke State Park area which was not sampled because of the limited time and it is already a protected area. For the secondary focus species, the Marsh Wren was found in highest abundance in the Spirit and Mud Lake areas where extensive patches of cattail wetlands are found. The forest associated species that were identified as secondary focus species were also found most abundantly in the forested regions on the Wi~consin side of the river, Fond du Lac, and they would also be found commonly at Jay Cooke State Park. Clay-colored Sparrows were found commonly in the brush/grass open areas on the Wisconsin side of the river where the Bong Bridge enters Superior.Item Breeding Bird Monitoring in Great Lakes National Forests : 1991-2003(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2003) Lind, Jim; Danz, Nicholas P; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald JA total of 132, 134, and 169 stands (1,271 survey points) were surveyed for breeding birds in the Chequamegon, Chippewa, and Superior National Forests, respectively in 2003. Annual surveys have been conducted since 1991 in the Chippewa and Superior National Forests, and since 1992 in the Chequamegon National Forest. Breeding bird surveys in the St. Croix region of Minnesota have been conducted since 1992 on 170 stands (170 points). • We examined trends in relative abundance for 68 bird species in at least one of the four study areas. Fifty-five species in the Chequamegon NF, 52 in the Chippewa NF, 44 in the Superior NF, and 41 in the St. Croix region were tested for population trends. Thirty-six species were also tested for regional trends by combining data from the three national forests. • A total of 192 species/study area trends were calculated (not including regional trends), 98 (51%) of which were significant (P < 0.05). Twenty-five species increased significantly (P < 0.05) in at least one study area and 31 species decreased. • Seven species had significant increasing regional trends and 14 had decreasing trends. Six species had highly significant (P < 0.01) increasing trends in multiple study areas, and nine species had highly significant decreasing trends in multiple study areas. • The percentage of increasing species in each study area ranged from 13% in the Chequamegon NF, to 29% in the St. Croix study area. The percentage of decreasing species ranged from 25% in the Chequamegon NF study area, to 35% in the Chippewa NF. • There were 12 instances where a species wasn’t increasing in a particular study area in 2002 results but is increasing in 2003, and ten instances where a species showed a significant increase in 2002, and isn?t in 2003. Conversely, there were 19 instances where a species wasn’t decreasing in 2002 but is decreasing in 2003, and one instance where a species showed a decrease in 2002 but isn’t in 2003. • Short-distance migrants showed highly significant declines in all study areas. Long-distance migrants showed mixed results, including declines in the Chequamegon and Superior NF’s，an increase in the St. Croix study area，and a stable trend in the Chippewa NF. Permanent residents increased on all study areas except the Chequamegon NF, where they were stable. • Ground nesting birds showed highly significant declines in all study areas, with shrub and sub-canopy nesters increasing in all study areas. Canopy and cavity nesters showed mostly stable trends. Of the five vegetation-type preference guilds tested, lowland coniferous forest birds, deciduous, and mixed forest bird species showed widespread declines on our study areas, and upland coniferous species increased on all study areas except the Chequamegon NF. The early-successional guild showed an increase in the Chippewa NF and declines in the Superior NF and the regional analysis. • Evidence from recent regional studies have demonstrated greater nest predation rates on ground nests near forest/clearcut edges, as well as a significant increase in the creation of forest edges in recent years. Landscape fragmentation and nest predation may be having negative effects on declining ground-nesters such as the Winter Wren, Hermit Thrush, Black-and-white Warbler, Ovenbird, and White- throated Sparrow. • Of the 1445 survey sites in all four study areas, 13.4% have been at least partially harvested since the beginning of monitoring, which is about 1% a year. This harvest rate is comparable to the 4.8% change from mature forest to early- successional types on federally managed forest lands in northeastern Minnesota between 1990 and 1995 (i.e. -1% annual change). • Many of the declining trends that we have detected have been consistent across the years and are not likely due to annual variation. One of the main goals of this monitoring program is to identify species of conservation concern, and species such as the Eastern Wood-Pewee, Winter Wren, Hermit Thrush, Mourning Warbler, Ovenbird, and White-throated Sparrow probably need special management consideration by agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service and state Department of Natural Resources. Although most of these are common species, several are currently well below their estimated RNV values and they may not remain common if their declining trends continue.Item Breeding bird monitoring in Great Lakes National Forests: 1991-1998(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1999) Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald J; Hawrot, Rita Y; Lima, Ann RA total of 133, 162, and 128 stands (1,269 census points) were surveyed in the Chippewa, Superior and Chequamegon National Forests, respectively. Surveys have been completed for 8 years in the Chippewa and Superior and for 7 years in the Chequamegon. One-hundred seventy census points were surveyed in East Central Minnesota over the past 7 years and 211 census points in Southeast Minnesota over the past 4 years. A total of 74 species were abundant enough in at least one region to test for trends in annual abundance. Fifty species in the Chippewa National Forest, 45 species in the Superior National Forest, 50 species in the Chequamegon National Forest, 32 species in East Central Minnesota, and 38 species in Southeast Minnesota were tested. The average number of species and individuals observed/stand or point in four of five study regions were at an all time high in 1998. In contrast, the lowest number of species and the second lowest numbers of individuals were observed in Southeast Minnesota in 1998 than in the previous three years. A In the Southeast Minnesota region 57% of the species tested showed a significant trend in abundance. In the other four regions, 84 to 98% of the species tested exhibited a significant trend in abundance. Almost 30% of the species in Southeast Minnesota showed significant linear decreasing trends from 1995 through 1998 and an additional 19% had negative overall trends. Ten percent of the species in Southeast Minnesota had increasing abundance trends. In contrast, in the other four regions more than 63% (63 to 74%) of the species have increased in abundance from 1991 (or 1992) to 1998. The percent of the species that have declined in the other regions ranged from 25% in the Superior National Forest to 12% in the Chippewa National Forest. A total of 38 species showed significant decreases (linear or other) in at least one region. Of these, 22 species (59%) also increased significantly in another region. Fifteen species decreased in one or more regions without indicating increases in other regions. Ten species declined in one region and six species, the Downy Woodpecker, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Gray Catbird, Canada Warbler, Indigo Bunting and American Goldfinch declined in two regions. About 64% (7 of 11) of the permanent residents tested showed a significant decrease in one region. The proportion of short distant migrants that declined was about 40% (9 of 22) of the total number tested and about 55% (22 of 40) of the long distant migrants tested decreased in abundance in one region. When species were categorized by nest location, the largest proportion of species decreasing were cavity and canopy nesting species. The proportion (all about 50%) of species declining within general habitat groups was almost equal across open, young forest, and forest habitat groups. The spring of 1998 was affected by the El Nino weather pattern and was warmer than average in all regions. Precipitation was lower in April than normal, but wetter than normal in the other spring months. June in all regions was cooler and wetter than normal. The warm spring in the Great Lake’s area affected: 1) timing of permanent resident breeding which was earlier than normal, and 2) timing of short distance migrant arrival which was also earlier than normal. Arrival times of long distance migrants were not affected by local weather patterns. We speculate that breeding of long distance migrants was also somewhat earlier in 1998. This is supported by the observations of more than the average number of fledglings during our late-June and early July survey dates. It is also likely that more double brooding occurred in 1998 due to the favorable weather conditions, although we have no data to support this hypothesis. Another potential reason for an increase in numbers of individuals in 1998 is also related to the warm spring weather and the theory of heterospecific attraction. Our data support this hypothesis: number of breeding migrants over the eight years of monitoring was highly correlated (r=0.701 and p< 0.001) with the number of foliage and bark gleaning insectivorous permanent residents. Specifically, in years where we observed the greatest numbers of Black-capped Chickadees, Red- and White-breasted Nuthatches and Blue Jays we also recorded the largest number of migrant individuals. Four of the six species that decreased in abundance in more than one region (Gray Catbird, Canada Warbler, Indigo Bunting and American Goldfinch) are associated with early successional, edge, or shrub habitat. Of the other two species that declined, the Downy Woodpecker occurs predominantly in mature deciduous forests and the Golden-crowned Kinglet is most abundant in mature lowland conifer habitat. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of these species declines. However, more detailed studies may be required for these species if declines continue.Item Breeding bird monitoring in Great Lakes National Forests: 1991-1999(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2000) Lind, Jim; Danz, Nicholas P; Jones, Malcolm T; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald JA total of 135, 168, and 133 stands (1,268 survey points) were surveyed for breeding birds in the Chippewa, Superior, and Chequamegon National Forests, respectively. Surveys have been completed for nine years in the Chippewa and Superior, and for eight years in the Chequamegon NF. Breeding bird surveys in the St. Croix region of Minnesota have been conducted over the last eight years at 171 points. Surveys in Southeast Minnesota have been conducted over the last five years at 211 points. We were able to examine trends in abundance for 79 bird species in at least one of the five study areas. Fifty-two species in the Chequamegon NF, 48 species in the Superior NF, 53 species in the Chippewa NF, 33 species in the St. Croix region, and 35 species in Southeast Minnesota were tested. Sixteen species showed a significant increase in at least one of the five study areas, and 13 species showed a significant decrease. Of the 16 increasing species, the American Robin, Yellow-rumped Warbler, and American Redstart showed significant increases in more than one study area. Of the 13 decreasing species, six declined significantly in more than one study area. The Eastern Wood-Pewee, Black-and-white Warbler, Ovenbird, Mourning Warbler, and Brown-headed Cowbird declined in two study areas and the White-throated Sparrow declined in three study areas.Item Breeding bird monitoring in Great Lakes National Forests: 1991-2000(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001) Lind, Jim; Danz, Nicholas P; Jones, Malcolm T; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald J• A total of 135, 168, and 133 stands (1,268 survey points) were surveyed for breeding birds in the Chippewa, Superior, and Chequamegon National Forests, respectively. Surveys have been completed for ten years in the Chippewa and Superior, and for nine years in the Chequamegon NF.• Breeding bird surveys in the St. Croix region of Minnesota have been conducted over the last nine years at 171 points. Surveys in southeast Minnesota have been conducted over the last six years at 211 points.• We were able to examine trends in abundance for 72 bird species in at least one of the five study areas. Fifty species in the Chequamegon NF, 40 species in the Superior NF, 47 species in the Chippewa NF, 36 species in the St. Croix region, and 36 species in Southeast Minnesota were tested.• Twenty-nine species showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in at least one of the five study areas, and 23 species showed a significant decrease. The Least Flycatcher showed significant increases (P < 0.01) in two study areas and the American Robin increased in three study areas. The Eastern Wood-Pewee, Black-and-white Warbler, and Brown-headed Cowbird showed significant declines (P < 0.01) n two study areas and the Common Yellowthroat and White-throated Sparrow declined in three study areas.• Nine (18%) of the species tested in the Chequamegon NF had increasing trends and nine (18%) had decreasing trends. In the Chippewa NF, 12 (26%) of the species tested increased significantly and 10 (21%) decreased. Seven (18%) of the species tested in the Superior NF had significant increasing trends, and seven (18%) had decreasing trends. In the St. Croix study area, six (17%) of the species tested increased significantly, and seven (19%) decreased. In the Southeast, ten (28%) species increased significantly and three (8%) decreased.• The regional analysis of the three National Forests combined revealed five species (14%) with significant increases; Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Least Flycatcher, Redbreasted Nuthatch, American Robin, and American Redstart. Six species (17%) had significant decreases: Eastern Wood-Pewee, Ovenbird, Canada Warbler, Scarlet Tanager，Song Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow.• Over 70% of the decreasing species nest on the ground, which is significantly more than would be expected. Ground-nesting species that declined in multiple study areas, such as the White-throated Sparrow, Common Yellowthroat, Black-and-white Warbler, and Ovenbird, warrant closer attention in the future.• Neither increasing nor decreasing species showed a relationship with any particular migration strategy, although no permanent residents declined significantly.• The abundance of many species varied over the survey period but did not show significant increases or decreases. A common thread among many species was a decline in abundance between 1994 and 1996, with an increase from 1996 to 1998. The reason for this pattern is unclear, but it may be related to winter and spring weather.Item Breeding bird monitoring in Great Lakes National Forests: 1991-2001(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001) Lind, Jim; Danz, Nicholas P; Jones, Malcolm T; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald J• A total of 135, 168, and 133 stands (1,268 survey points) were surveyed for breeding birds in the Chippewa, Superior, and Chequamegon National Forests, respectively. Eleven years of surveys have been completed in the Chippewa and Superior NF, and ten years in the Chequamegon NF. • Breeding bird surveys in the St. Croix region of Minnesota have been conducted over the past ten years at 171 points. Surveys in southeast Minnesota have been conducted over the past seven years at 211 points. • We were able to examine trends in abundance for 77 bird species in at least one of the five study areas. Fifty species in the Chequamegon NF, 49 species in the Chippewa NF, 41 species in the Superior NF, 39 species in the St. Croix region, and 40 species in Southeast Minnesota were tested for population trends. Thirty- five species were also tested for a regional trend (three national forests combined). • Twenty-six species increased significantly (P > 0.05) in at least one study area and 32 species decreased. Two species had highly significant (P < 0.01) increasing trends in multiple study areas, and seven species had highly significant decreasing trends in multiple study areas. Four species had significant increasing regional trends and 11 had decreasing trends. • The most convincing increasing trends were those of the Red-breasted Nuthatch and American Redstart regionally and in the Chippewa NF, Yellow-bellied Sapsuckcer and Yellow-bellied Flycatcher in the Chequamegon NF, the Chestnutsided Warbler in the Chippewa NF, the Northern Parula in the Superior NF, and the Least Flycatcher in the St. Croix region. Eight other species had highly significant trends in southeastern Minnesota, albeit with a shorter time span than the northern sites. • The most convincing decreasing trends are those of the Eastern Wood-Pewee, Winter Wren, Ovenbird, Scarlet Tanager, and Song Sparrow regionally, the Eastern Wood-Pewee in the Chequamegon and Superior NF, the Winter Wren in the Chequamegon NF, the Song Sparrow in the Chippewa NF, the Hermit Thrush in the Chequamegon and Chippewa NF, and the Black-and-white Warbler in the Chequamegon NF, Superior NF and St. Croix region. The Brown-headed Cowbird decreased in southeastern Minnesota during the six years of monitoring there. • The percentage of increasing species in each study area ranged from 13% in St. Croix, MN study area to 28% in Southeast MN. The percentage of decreasing species ranged from 20% in Southeast MN to 31% in the Chippewa NF. Over half the species in each study area had a non-significant trend (P > 0.05). • There are 17 instances where a species showed a significant increase in a particular study area in results from 2000, with no increase noted in 2001, and 11 instances where a species was not increasing in 2000 and is increasing in 2001. Conversely, there are five instances where a decreasing species in a particular study area from 2000 is no longer showing a significant decrease, and 25 instances where a species was not decreasing in 2000 and is decreasing in 2001. • Ten of the 35 species that were tested for a regional trend had similar trends on Breeding Bird Survey routes. One species had an increasing regional trend and an increasing BBS trend, three species had decreasing trends on both, and six species had non-significant trends on both. • When compared to all species tested, ground nesters were more prevalent among decreasing species (33% vs. 48%) and less prevalent among increasing species (33% vs. 19%), however the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.069). Evidence from other regional studies have demonstrated greater nest predation rates on ground nests near forest edges, as well as a significant increase in the creation of forest edges in recent years. Landscape fragmentation and nest predation may be having negative effects on declining ground-nesters such as the Winter Wren, Hermit Thrush, Black-and-white Warbler, Ovenbird, and Song Sparrow. • Averaged over all study areas, 10.6% of the points have been harvested since the beginning of monitoring, which is about 1% a year. This is comparable to the 4.8% change from mature forest to early-successional types on federally managed forest lands in northeastern Minnesota between 1990 and 1995.Item Breeding bird monitoring in Great Lakes National Forests: 1991-2006(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2007) Etterson, Matthew; Danz, Nicholas P; Lind, Jim; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald J• A total of 132, 133, and 164 stands (1,254 survey points) were surveyed for breeding birds in the Chequamegon, Chippewa, and Superior National Forests (NF), respectively in 2006. Annual surveys have been conducted since 1991 in the Chippewa and Superior NF, and since 1992 in the Chequamegon NF. • Comprehensive surveys of vegetation structure were carried out on 93, 74, and 63 points in the Chequamegon, Chippewa, and Superior NFs, respectively, on over 50 observer-days of sampling. Monitoring personnel on the Chippewa and Superior NFs provided excellent assistance in the coordination and completion of this effort. • Trends in relative abundance were calculated for 72 bird species, including 57 species in the Chequamegon NF, 57 in the Chippewa NF, and 49 in the Superior NF. Thirty-nine species were also tested for a pooled trend by combining data from the three national forests. • A total of 163 species/national forest trends were calculated in 2006 (not including pooled trends), 68 (42%) of which were significant (P ≤ 0.05). Twenty three species increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in at least one national forest and 24 species decreased. Eleven species had significant increasing pooled trends and 11 had decreasing trends. Of the 158 species/national forest trends calculated in 2005, 19 (12%) changed in 2006. • The percent of increasing species on each national forest ranged from 9% in the Chequamegon NF, to 25% in the Chippewa NF. The percent of decreasing species ranged from 20% in the Superior NF, to 28% in the Chequamegon NF. • The short-distance migrant guild showed highly significant declines on all national forests. Long-distance migrants also declined on all national forests. Permanent residents increased on the Chippewa and Superior NF and in the pooled NFs, but were stable on the Chequamegon NF. • The ground nesting guild showed highly significant declines on all national forests. Shrub/sub-canopy nesters increased on Chippewa NF, but were stable in Chequamegon and Superior NFs. Canopy nesters increased in Chquamegon NF and cavity-nesters increased in Chippwa and Superior NFs. All nesting guilds showed significant trends in the pooled NFs with increases in shrub/subcanopy-nesters and cavity-nesters and decreases in ground- and canopy-nesters. • The deciduous and mixed forest bird guilds declined on the Chequamegon and Superior NFs and the pooled NFs. The lowland coniferous forest bird guild declined on the Chippewa NF and the pooled NFs. The early-successional bird guild increased on the Chippewa NF and the upland coniferous bird guild increased on the Chippewa and Superior NFs as well as in the pooled NFs. • Evidence from previous regional studies have demonstrated greater nest predation rates on ground nests near forest/clearcut edges, as well as a significant increase in the creation of forest edges in recent years. Increasing amounts of forest edge and nest predation may be having negative effects on declining ground-nesters such as the Winter Wren, Veery, Hermit Thrush, Ovenbird, and White-throated Sparrow. • Of the 1274 survey sites on the three national forests, 15.5% have been at least partially harvested since the beginning of monitoring, which is about 1% a year. This harvest rate is comparable to the documented 4.8% change from mature forest to early-successional types on federally managed forest lands in northeastern Minnesota between 1990 and 1995 (i.e., ~1% annual change). Thus, it appears that management activities on our sample sites are representative of the national forests as a whole, and that the trends we are documenting are probably occurring across the regional landscape. • Many of the declining trends that we have detected appear to be consistent across years instead of being due to a few years with very low or high abundance. One of the main goals of this monitoring program is to identify potential declines of forest bird species, especially for species of conservation concern such as the Eastern Wood-Pewee, Winter Wren, Hermit Thrush, Ovenbird, and White-throated Sparrow. The declines observed over the past years for common species such as the Ovenbird and White-throated Sparrow are a continuing concern and special management consideration should be given to these species.Item Breeding Bird Monitoring in Western Great Lakes National Forests: 1991-2008(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2009) Niemi, Gerald J; Danz, Nicholas P; Peterson, Anna; Linne-Dolan, Paul; Etterson, MatthewA total of 425 existing stands were surveyed for breeding birds including 131, 126, and 168 stands (1,298 survey points) in the Chequamegon, Chippewa, and Superior National Forests (NFs), respectively in 2008.Item Breeding Birds of the Cornish Hardwood Management Area: Aitkin County, Minnesota 1998-1999(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1999) Hanowski, JoAnn MBreeding bird surveys were conducted for the second consecutive year in the Cornish Hardwood management area (CHMA), located in northeast Aitkin County. The objectives of this project are to: 1) establish a long-term breeding bird monitoring program in the CHMA to detect annual changes in species abundances, 2) determine whether bird community composition and species abundances are affected by uneven-aged management, and 3) compare the bird community in the CHMA with other northern hardwood stands in northern Minnesota. This report provides a summary of bird surveys completed in June of 1999 and also compares 1998 and 1999 survey results. Please refer to the 1998 report for more detail on methods and rationale for this study. Twenty-six individual stands that were greater than 40 acres were selected for monitoring. Eight stands were harvested within the past 10 years (managed), eight stands are in the management area, but have not been recently managed (unmanaged), and ten sites were located in Savannah Portage State Park. One breeding bird survey was conducted at each point with an unlimited radius 10 minute count point count in Junes of 1998 and 1999. A total of 25 bird species were observed in 26 stands (52 points) in 1998 and 32 species were counted in 1999. Over both years, a total of 37 species have been observed in this area. On average, we observed about 22 individuals and 7 to 8 species in each stand (total of two point counts) in 1998 and a slightly higher number, about 25 individuals and 8 species in 1999. Results of a two-way analysis of variance for the bird community variables indicated that more (P < 0.001) total individuals were observed in 1999 than in 1998. In addition, we found a significant difference in number of species observed in stands with different management history. Here, unmanaged stands had fewer species (P < 0.01) than the managed or reference stands. Not one of the 8 species tested with two-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference (P < 0.05) in abundance among management types or year. We found a significant interaction for year and treatment for the Scarlet Tanager. This test result indicated that the species abundance pattern on unmanaged sites was not consistent between 1998 and 1999. For example, more Scarlet Tanagers were observed on unmanaged sites in 1998 than in the other two management groups, but in 1999, this management type had the fewest number of individuals of this species. A cluster analysis with bird species showed that bird community composition was not different among management types or between years. Occurrence of uncommon species on individual sites was most likely the reason why some sites differed in their relative cluster position (or composition of cluster) between the two years. A species that was absent in northern hardwood stands in this region in 1998 but present in 1999 was the Black-throated Blue Warbler. This species is rarely found in northern hardwoods in north central Minnesota but occurs in selected northern hardwood stands in northeast Minnesota, primarily in the Lake Superior highlands. A recently completed study on the Black-throated Blue Warbler in northeast Minnesota applied in managing in 1999 will provide quantitative habitat information for this species that could be the CHMA for this hardwood dependent species.Item Breeding Birds of the Cornish Hardwood Management Area: Aitkin County, Minnesota 1998-2000(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2000) Hanowski, JoAnn MBreeding bird surveys were conducted for the third consecutive year in the Cornish Hardwood management area (CHMA), located in northeast Aitkin County. The objectives of this project are to: 1) establish a long-term breeding bird monitoring program in the CHMA to detect annual changes in species abundances, 2) determine whether bird community composition and species abundances are affected by uneven-aged management, and 3) compare the bird community in the CHMA with other northern hardwood stands in northern Minnesota. This report provides a summary of bird surveys completed in June of 2000 and also compares 1998, 1999 and 2000 survey results.Item Development of Habitat Models and Habitat Maps for Breeding Bird Species In the Agassiz Lowlands Subsection, Minnesota, USA(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2015) Bednar, Joshua D; Zlonis, Edmund J; Panci, Hannah; Moen, Ronald; Niemi, Gerald JWe report results of a two-‐year effort in 2013 and 2014 to sample breeding bird species in the extensive lowland coniferous forests in the Agassiz Lowland Ecological Subsection (ALS) of northwestern Minnesota. The effort is a part of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) forest planning process to identify forested areas of conservation concern to selected forest bird species potentially affected by logging activity. The general objectives were to: 1) identify lowland coniferous forest stands that encompassed a gradient of age classes, productivity as measured by site index, and forest patch sizes, 2) sample breeding bird populations within each of the selected stands in 2013 and 2014, 3) identify habitat and landscape characteristics associated with selected breeding bird species within these forest stand types, 4) develop habitat models for bird species of conservation concern and those potentially affected by logging activity, 5) apply the habitat models to state-‐owned land to map the potential distribution of individual species or combinations of species in the ALS, and 6) provide recommendations on forest management that could be beneficial for conservation of breeding birds within the ALS.Item Encampment Forest: Breeding Bird Species Composition – 2014-2015(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2016) Niemi, Gerald J; Condon, Elizabeth; Bracey, Annie; Zlonis, Edmund J; Schutte, SaraDuring the summers of 2014 and 2015, we completed point count surveys for breeding birds along transects within a selected portion of the Encampment Forest during the breeding season (June) and the post-breeding season (late July-early August). The main objectives of these surveys were to determine the species composition of breeding birds within this old-growth forest area and identify the habitats and landscape characteristics associated with these species. During the breeding season a combined total of 66 species were observed within the 644 acre area that was sampled in 2014 and 2015. These included four species that flew over while sampling (Common Loon, Canada Geese, Turkey Vulture, and Ring-billed Gull). As expected, detectability decreased during the post-breeding period where we observed about 20 fewer species (44 species in both 2014 and 2015) and an average of about 500 fewer individuals with the same effort.Item Minnesota's Forest Bird Diversity Initiative FY02-03 Final Report(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2003) Niemi, Gerald J; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Danz, Nicholas P; Lind, Jim; Jones, Malcolm T; Sales, JamesThe Minnesota Forest Bird Diversity Initiative (MFBDI) was initiated in 1991 as a comprehensive monitoring, research, and education effort to maintain Minnesota’s rich diversity of forest birds. The Initiative was motivated by: 1) forest-related problems in the eastern US and emerging issues in the Pacific Northwest US, 2) a major study on the potential effects of increased forest harvesting and management in Minnesota (known as the GEIS) indicated that forest birds may exhibit substantial changes in the future unless several mitigation measures were implemented, and 3) little was known about many fundamental issues on the ecology of forest birds. These included limited information on a) population trends of forest birds, b) factors associated with nest success, c) how landscape level changes affect forest bird distribution and abundance, d) how forest management activities affected forest birds, and e) the ability to predict the effects of increased forest harvesting (three-fold increase from 1950 to 1990) on forest birds. Significant progress has been made during this 12-year effort towards improving our understanding of Minnesota’s forest birds. Major accomplishments include: 1) establishment of a comprehensive and effective monitoring program throughout the forested areas of Minnesota to identify habitats used by birds and to detect trends in populations; 2) examination of recent population trends (using data gathered during the past twelve years from the Initiative’s monitoring program) and long-term population trends (using data gathered during the past 37 years from the US Geological Survey’s Breeding Bird Survey roadside routes) to identify forest birds with declining populations; 3) development of a detailed, state-of-the-art classification of Minnesota’s forested areas using satellite imagery (30 m pixel resolution); 4) development of many species-specific models relating bird distribution and abundance to forest cover, age, and landscape patterns; 5) completion of a variety of nesting studies on forest birds that have revealed low reproductive success in southeastern Minnesota and highly variable reproductive success in northern Minnesota; 6) a simulation analysis of the Nashwauk Uplands for four alternative management scenarios - an analysis that links a landscape, succession, and disturbance (LANDIS) model of forest change with the response by forest birds, 7) a prediction on the potential effects of forest plan alternatives that have been proposed for managing the Chippewa and Superior National Forests, and 8) production of a multitude of materials to transfer the knowledge gained from this effort to landowners, land managers, foresters, wildlife biologists, and others. The latter includes the delivery of more than 130 presentations; over 40 peer-reviewed publications and technical reports; training of ten graduate students and two post-doctoral associates; publication of a book, Birds and forests: a conservation and management guide, that reviews current research and management guidelines on birds and their relationships to forest habitats; organizing and participating in numerous workshops on forest bird management and conservation; and publication of a small booklet, Planning for the birds: things to consider when managing your forest, for distribution to private woodland owners through the Forest Stewardship Program. Most of this information is summarized in a web site on Minnesota’s forest birds - www.nrri.umn.edu/mnbirds.Item Monitoring Bird Populations on Biophysical Inventory Plots: St. Louis County, 1994(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1995) Montgomery, Kent; Niemi, Gerald JNeotropical migrant birds have recently received much attention following reported declines in many species that breed in eastern North America. Probable causes for such declines include events, such as habitat alteration, occurring on both breeding and wintering grounds. Changes in forest species composition and age structure, and the spatial arrangement of these forest components, may possibly influence bird communities in both regions. The consequences of these changes to birds and other wildlife in Minnesota are not well understood. Minnesota’s forests harbor a greater diversity of songbirds than anywhere else in North America. Birds represent more than 60% of the more than 150 vertebrate species in northern Minnesota forests. Development of forest management plans designed to sustain the diversity of these forests should address bird communities occupying them. To better understand the affect of forest management activities on bird communities in St. Louis County, a site-specific bird monitoring program was initiated on County Biophysical plots during June 1994. Census points were established on Biophysical plots and monitored for forest birds. Results of these censuses will be used to determine avian community composition within plots, refine species/habitat relationships for St. Louis County lands, establish baselines for continued monitoring of bird populations on selected plots, and explore landscape-level effects on avian communities.Item Monitoring Bird Populations on Biophysical Inventory Plots: St. Louis County, 1994-1996(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1997) Montgomery, Kent; Niemi, Gerald JNeotropical migrant birds have recently received much attention following reported declines in many species that breed in eastern North America. Probable causes for such declines include events such as habitat alteration, occurring on both breeding and wintering grounds. Changes in forest species composition and age structure, and the spatial arrangement of these forest components may influence bird communities in both regions. The consequences of these changes to birds and other wildlife in Minnesota are not well understood. Minnesota's forests harbor a greater diversity of songbirds than anywhere else in North America. Birds represent more than 70% of the more than 150 terrestrial vertebrate species in northern Minnesota forests. Development of forest management plans designed to sustain the diversity of these forests should address bird communities occupying them. To better understand the affect of forest management activities on bird communities in St. Louis County, a site-specific bird monitoring program was initiated on biophysical plots. Bird census points were established on biophysical plots and surveyed for forest birds during June of 1994, 1995, and 1996. Results of these surveys were used to determine avian community composition within plots, refine species/habitat relationships for St. Louis County, and establish baselines for continued monitoring of bird populations on selected plots.Item Monitoring Bird Populations on Biophysical Inventory Plots: St. Louis County, 1995(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1995) Montgomery, Kent; Niemi, Gerald JNeotropical migrant birds have recently received much attention following reported declines in many species that breed in eastern North America. Probable causes for such declines include events such as habitat alteration, occurring on both breeding and wintering grounds. Changes in forest species composition and age structure, and the spatial arrangement of these forest components may influence bird communities in both regions. The consequences of these changes to birds and other wildlife in Minnesota are not well understood. Minnesota's forests harbor a greater diversity of songbirds than anywhere else in North America. Birds represent more than 70% of the more than 150 terrestrial vertebrate species in northern Minnesota forests. Development of forest management plans designed to sustain the diversity of these forests should address bird communities occupying them. To better understand the affect of forest management activities on bird communities in St. Louis County, a site-specific bird monitoring program was initiated on biophysical plots. Bird census points were established on biophysical plots and surveyed for forest birds during June of 1994 and 1995. Results of these surveys were used to determine avian community composition within plots, refine species/habitat relationships for St. Louis County lands, identify changes in relative abundance of breeding birds between years, and establish baselines for continued monitoring of bird populations on selected plots.Item Monitoring Bird Populations on National Forest Lands: 1994(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1994) Hawrot, Rita Y; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald J; Lima, Ann RA habitat specific bird monitoring program was established on the Chequamegon, Chippewa, and Superior National Forests in 1991 and 1992 (Chequamegon National Forest). The program was designed to assess annual differences in bird relative abundance, and to attribute changes in numbers to habitat changes on the forest, or to natural fluctuations in bird numbers. Data collected from 1991 to 1994 or 1992 to 1994 have provided information on annual variation among guilds and individual species, and on relative densities of species within representative cover types on the Forests. A total of ten species (all Forests total) showed significant trends during the monitoring period. The White and Red-breasted Nuthatches, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Alder Flycatcher, and Yellow-rumped Warbler increased in abundance over all years; while Swamp and Chipping Sparrows, Brown Creeper, Eastern Wood-Pewee, and Hairy Woodpecker decreased in abundance over all years. No simple explanation can be offered for a particular trend in annual variation; however, it is important to note that the monitoring activity is beginning to reach a state of longevity where trends are can be detected. Trends or lack thereof of trends will be useful in resolving potential problems within a National Forest or to support conclusions that a problem does not exist. This information can be used to aid forest management by providing information on forest cover types. Based on power analysis, a sufficient sampling regime is in place to detect reasonable changes in abundance for many forest birds, including many neotropical migrants.Item Monitoring Bird Populations on National Forest Lands: 1995(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1995) Hawrot, Rita Y; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Lima, Ann R; Niemi, Gerald JA habitat specific bird monitoring program was established on the Chequamegon, Chippewa, and Superior National Forests in 1991 and 1992 (Chequamegon National Forest). The program was designed to assess annual differences in bird relative abundances and to eventually distinguish between larger-scale trends and small-scale shifts in abundance. Data collected from 1991 to 1995 or 1992 to 1995 have provided information on annual variation and trends over time for individual species and community parameters and relative abundance within representative cover types on the Forests. A total of 16 species (all Forests total) had significant linear trends during the monitoring period. The Great-crested Flycatcher, Blue Jay, Red and White-breasted Nuthatches, Veery, Brown Thrasher, Northern Parula, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Canada Warbler, Swamp Sparrow, and Evening Grosbeak increased in abundance over all years; while the Hairy Woodpecker, Winter Wren, Red-eyed Vireo, and Indigo Bunting decreased in abundance over all years. The Red-eyed Vireo also had a decreasing trend in the Ottawa National Forest and decreased consistently in the Apostle Island National Lakeshore. No single explanation can be offered for a particular trend in annual variation; however; it is important to note that the monitoring activity has reached a state of longevity where trends can be detected. Trends or lack thereof of trends will be useful in resolving potential problems within a National Forest or to support conclusions that a problem does not exist. Results from the monitoring can be used to aid forest managers by providing information on bird/habitat associations within forest cover types. Based on power analysis, a sufficient sampling regime is in place to detect reasonable changes in abundance for many forest birds, including many neotropical migrants.