Browsing by Subject "Artificial intelligence -- Research"
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Item Oral history interview with Allen Newell(Charles Babbage Institute, 1991-06) Newell, AllenNewell discusses his entry into computer science, funding for computer science departments and research, the development of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University, and the growth of the computer science and artificial intelligence research communities. Newell describes his introduction to computers through his interest in organizational theory and work with Herb Simon and the Rand Corporation. He discusses early funding of university computer research through the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Mental Health. He recounts the creation of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) under J. C. R. Licklider. Newell recalls the formation of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon and the work of Alan J. Perlis and Raj Reddy. He describes the early funding initiatives of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the work of Burt Green, Robert Cooper, and Joseph Traub. Newell discusses George Heilmeier's attempts to cut back artificial intelligence, especially speech recognition, research. He compares research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Computer Science Department with work done at Carnegie Mellon. Newell concludes the interview with a discussion of the creation of the ARPANET and a description of the involvement of the research community in influencing ARPA personnel and initiatives.Item Oral history interview with Bruce G. Buchanan(Charles Babbage Institute, 1991-06) Buchanan, Bruce G.Buchanan describes his work in artificial intelligence, the development of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the artificial intelligence (AI) community, and the role of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the Advanced Research projects Agency (later the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in AI research. Buchanan describes the work of Ed Feigenbaum, Josh Lederburg, Wes Churchman and Les Ernest at Stanford. He discusses the changes in AI funding, including developing additional NIH funding, with the Mansfield amendment which stipulated defense supported research should have defense applications. Buchanan concludes with a comparison of artificial intelligence and computer science development.Item Oral history interview with Calvin N. Mooers and Charlotte D. Mooers(Charles Babbage Institute, 1993-06-22) Mooers, Charlotte Davis, 1924-; Mooers, Calvin N., 1919-Calvin and Charlotte Mooers discuss their association with information retrieval and programming language research from World War II through the early 1990s. Calvin Mooers describes his work in the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) computer project and his decision to leave NOL for graduate school at MIT. He discusses his development of Zatocoding, an information retrieval system, after discussions with J. W. Perry in 1948. Mooers recalls the formation of the Zator Company in 1949 and his attempts to patent and market his system. He discusses how his frustration in the field of information retrieval led him to explore other interests and the shift in Zator's focus to research with the addition of Raymond J. Solomonoff in 1957. Mooers discusses the research advantages gained through the organization of the Rockford Research Institute, Inc. He describes Solomonoff's continued research in inductive inference (artificial intelligence), his development and attempts to market the TRAC programming language, and his work with Eugene Stuart Fergusson on ASCII standards. Mooers discusses his involvement with Data Concepts in the late 1970s to use TRAC to develop a software package that printed insurance policies. He recalls the company's dissolution in 1983 although the software, SIMPL!E, had been completed. Mooers describes his redefinition of TRAC into TRAC-2 and attempts to market TRAC-2 following his work with Data Concepts. The Mooers conclude the interview with a brief discussion of his current projects related to TRAC and writing vignettes on the history of computing.Item Oral history interview with Edward Feigenbaum(Charles Babbage Institute, 1989-03-03) Feigenbaum, Edward A.Feigenbaum begins the interview with a description of his initial recruitment by ARPA in 1964 to work on a time-sharing system at Berkeley and his subsequent move to Stanford in 1965 to continue to do ARPA-sponsored research in artificial intelligence. The bulk of the interview is concerned with his work on AI at Stanford from 1965 to the early 1970s and his impression of the general working relationship between the IPT Office at ARPA and the researchers at Stanford. He discusses how this relationship changed over time under the various IPT directorships and the resulting impact it had on their AI research. The interview also includes a general comparison of ARPA with other funding sources available to AI researchers, particularly in terms of their respective funding amounts, criteria for allocation, and management style. This interview was recorded as part of a research project on the influence of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on the development of computer science in the United States.Item Oral history interview with George H. Heilmeier(Charles Babbage Institute, 1991-03-27) Heilmeier, George H.Heilmeier describes his introduction to the Department of Defense as a White House Fellow assigned to the Office of the Secretary of Defense working in the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering. Most of the interview is devoted to his years as Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (1975-1979). He discusses programmatic changes (including those pertaining to artificial intelligence), budgetary issues, personnel, and relations with management.Item Oral history interview with Ivan Sutherland(Charles Babbage Institute, 1989-05-01) Sutherland, Ivan Edward, 1938-Following a brief overview of his background, Sutherland describes his tenure as head of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) from 1963 to 1965. He discusses the existing programs as established by J. C. R. Licklider, his interaction with the research community, the budget, and the new initiatives started while he was there: projects in graphics and networking, the ILLIAC IV, and the Macromodule program. Other topics covered include: the difficulties of getting qualified people into the office, the impact of IPTO's funding in artificial intelligence, and the review process. This interview was recorded as part of a research project on the influence of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on the development of computer science in the United States.Item Oral history interview with Lawrence G. Roberts(Charles Babbage Institute, 1989-04-04) Roberts, Lawrence G.Roberts, Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) Director from 1968-1973 and later chief operating officer of Network Express, begins by discussing his own research in computer science and the development of computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lincoln Laboratory. The interview focuses on IPTO and the Advanced Research Projects Agency. Much of Roberts description of the work of ARPA and IPTO is set within the context of his interactions with Congress on budget matters. Topics include: J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Steve Lukasik, Wesley Clark, ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO.Item Oral history interview with Marvin L. Minsky(Charles Babbage Institute, 1989-11-01) Minsky, Marvin Lee, 1927-Minsky describes artificial intelligence (AI) research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Topics include: the work of John McCarthy; changes in the MIT research laboratories with the advent of Project MAC; research in the areas of expert systems, graphics, word processing, and time-sharing; variations in the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) attitude toward AI with changes in directorship; and the role of ARPA in AI research.Item Oral history interview with Nils J. Nilsson(Charles Babbage Institute, 1989-03-01) Nilsson, Nils J., 1933-Nilsson begins the interview with a brief historical overview of DARPA-sponsored AI research at SRI, including his own work in robotics, research on the Computer Based Consultant, and related research on natural language and speech understanding. He notes the impact of the Mansfield amendment on DARPA funding for these projects at SRI. The major portion of the interview is concerned specifically with his work in robotics during the period 1966-1971. He describes the significance and relationship of this work to the larger field of AI, particularly the intellectual problems it addressed and the enabling technologies it helped develop. In the last section of the interview he gives a general impression of changes over time (from the early 1960s to the early 1970s) in funding trends and research emphases at DARPA. He concludes with a short list of contributions to AI research that came out of DARPA-sponsored work during this period.Item Oral history interview with Patrick H. Winston(Charles Babbage Institute, 1990) Winston, Patrick HenryWinston focuses on his work in computer science and artificial intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and funding of projects through the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Winston discusses: computer science and artificial intelligence research, the work of Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, the Laboratory for Computer Science and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT, his own work in the AI Lab, the programming language FRL, the changes in DARPA support over time, and the influence of DARPA support on project design.Item Oral history interview with Raj Reddy(Charles Babbage Institute, 1991-06-12) Reddy, RajReddy discusses his work in artificial intelligence (AI), especially speech recognition, from his graduate work at Stanford University through his research as a principle investigator on Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) grants at Carnegie-Mellon University. Other topics include: the interaction of researchers at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, DARPA funding of AI research, the expansion of the principle investigator community over time, and the various directions of AI research from the 1960s to the 1980s.Item Oral history interview with Robert Lee Simpson, Jr.(Charles Babbage Institute, 1990-03-14) Simpson, Robert Lee, 1946-Simpson discusses his education in computer science and artificial intelligence and work as a program manager in the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Topics include: Simpson's data analysis work while in the Air Force; the work of Ronald B. Ohlander at IPTO; the DARPA contracting process; program manager interaction at DARPA; and the management of DARPA. This interview was recorded as part of a research project on the influence of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on the development of computer science in the United States.Item Oral history interview with Ronald B. Ohlander(Charles Babbage Institute, 1989-09-25) Ohlander, Ronald B.The interview begins with a discussion of Ohlander's background in the Navy and his education in computer science in the mid-1970s. From 1981 through 1985 Ohlander was a program manager in ISTO. He describes the programmatic, administrative, and technical management of the artificial intelligence program while he was there. Topics covered include the AI contractors and programs, the Strategic Computing Initiative, and the Competition Bill. In the last part of the interview, Ohlander talks about the necessity of the long-term funding of AI provided by DARPA and the AI influence on computer science, industry, and the military. This interview was recorded as part of a research project on the influence of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on the development of computer science in the United States.Item Oral history interview with Saul Amarel(Charles Babbage Institute, 1989-10-05) Amarel, SaulAmarel begins the interview with a discussion of his interest in artificial intelligence (AI) and his early research in the field while at Radio Corporation of America. He provides a brief overview AI research at Carnegie-Mellon University and Stanford University in the 1960s and his establishment of the computer science program at Rutgers University in the early 1970s. Amarel also discusses the relationship of AI to computer science. The bulk of the interview concerns the Information Processing Techniques Office's (IPTO) support of research in computer science and artificial intelligence. The primary topics of this discussion are IPTO and Amarel's recruitment as director in 1985, the importance of strategic computing, the creation of the Information Science and Technology Office (ISTO) and the budgeting process for ISTO. Amarel concludes with his thoughts on current directions in AI research.Item Oral history interview with Stephen Crocker(Charles Babbage Institute, 1991-10-24) Crocker, StephenCrocker discusses computer networks, artificial intelligence research, and his work at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Crocker details his interactions with other DARPA personnel including Cordell Green, Barry Wessler, Larry Roberts, Robert Kahn, and David Russell. He discusses his work as a program manager in the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). Crocker describes the effect of the Mansfield amendment, which specified research needed to be relevant to the military, on DARPA projects. He also discusses software development.Item Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik(Charles Babbage Institute, 1991-10-17) Lukasik, StephenLukasik discusses his tenure at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), later the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The interview focuses on the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of ARPA. Topics include: the work of Eb Rechtin, the development of computer networks and the ARPANET, artificial intelligence research, the recruitment of IPTO directors, the effect of the Mansfield amendment--which specified research should be relevant to the military--on IPTO and ARPA funding, the grant process, and the development of ILLIAC. Lukasik concludes the interview with a discussion of the name change from ARPA to DARPA.Item Oral history interview with Terry Allen Winograd(Charles Babbage Institute, 1991-12-11) Winograd, TerryWinograd describes his education in computer science and introduction to linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He discusses the work of Marvin Minsky and other in artificial intelligence. He describes his move to the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and his additional linguistic research at Xerox-PARC. Winograd compares the approach to artificial intelligence at MIT and Stanford. He describes his involvement with obtaining funding from the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.Item Oral history interview with Val Tareski(Charles Babbage Institute, 1990-10-15) Tareski, ValTareski briefly outlines his education and recounts his decision to go to the National Science Foundation before discussing his work in the theoretical computer science program. In this context he describes the artificial intelligence orientation of the military agencies that funded computer science research and details the duties of a program officer. Tareski describes at length the proposal review process and the role of NSF in developing theoretical computer science. He concludes with some thoughts on Kent Curtis's management style.Item Oral history interview with Wesley Clark(Charles Babbage Institute, 1990-05-03) Clark, WesleyClark describes his research at Lincoln Laboratory and interaction with the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Topics include: various custom computers built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; timesharing and network research; artificial intelligence research; ARPA contracting; interaction with IPTO directors; the work of Larry Roberts at IPTO.