Browsing by Subject "1950s"

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Arthur Hughes and Bob W. near Greenhouses (1956)
(1956)
The Forgotten El Salvador: A Study of the Emergence and Downfall of the “Bright Spot” of Central America, 1948-1978
(2021-05) Quijada, Pedro
In this study I examine the history of El Salvador during the years 1948 to 1978. Current narratives regard this period as part of a sequence of oppression and underdevelopment under military rule that existed in this nation since the early decades of the twentieth century and that eventually led the people to erupt in civil war in the 1980s. In this study I re-examine the above period and consequentially offer an alternative narrative.I demonstrate that, during the years in question, the government embarked on a series of national reconfiguration projects that brought significant industrial and economic development, political stability, and improvements in social programs. The impact of these projects is demonstrated by a body of accounts written by journalists and other researchers who, at the time, praised the ongoing projects and referred to El Salvador as a progressive nation and, as quoted in the title, as a “bright spot” in the Central American isthmus. This study is mainly based on print primary sources. It is also supplemented by other sources such as contemporary memoirs, economic statistics, oral histories, music and films. The findings made through oral history interviews, it should be noted, were what led me to the print sources that now form the basis of the study. This work reinterprets previous analyses that have asserted an inaccurate view El Salvador’s entire twentieth-century history. It shows 1948-1978 as a period with socio-economic features distinct from previous and posterior years.
Interview with A. Marilyn Sime
(University of Minnesota, 2010-04-15) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Sime, A. Marilyn
A. Marilyn Sime begins by discussing her background, including her education. She discusses her experiences as a baccalaureate student at the University of Minnesota; working as a nurse at the University Hospital in the late 1950s; working as a nurse in Minot, ND, in the 1950s; her experiences as an instructor at the University of Minnesota; teaching in the baccalaureate program; and her doctoral research. She compares her responsibilities at the different places she worked, particularly Minot and the University Hospital. She describes nursing curriculum changes in the 1960s; technologies she interacted with in the critical care unit; how physicians treated nurses; the efforts of the School of Nursing to secure funding for building Unit F; the concern in the 1960s over the shortage of health care workers; challenge exams for RNs in the 1970s; the Boston University School of Nursing; the rural nursing program at the University of Minnesota; and the Block Nurse Program at the University of Minnesota. She discusses team nursing; faculty organization issues and discontent with Edna Fritz’s leadership; the effects of the School of Nursing being part of the College of Medical Sciences in the 1960s and the changes with the reorganization of the health sciences in the School of Nursing becoming more autonomous in 1970; and relations between the health science units and their faculty after the reorganization. She talks about the practical nursing program; changes in the graduate nursing curriculum and the development of doctoral program; funding; issues of gender; the women’s health movement; the development of the nurse midwifery program; the public health nursing program; the relationship between the University Hospital and the School of Nursing; the Minnesota Nursing Association, the American Nursing Association, and the National League of Nursing; and nurse practitioners. She remembers Katherine Densford, Edna Fritz, Isabel Harris, Irene Ramey, and Lyle French.
Interview with Alvin F. Weber
(University of Minnesota, 2011-10-06) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Weber, Alvin F.
Alvin F. Weber begins by discussing the influence of his rural upbringing on his decision to pursue veterinary medicine through college, at the University of Wisconsin, veterinary school, at the University of Iowa, and graduate studies, again at the University of Wisconsin. He discusses his close brush with military service and his move to the University of Minnesota in 1949. He comments on the impact of the electron microscope and his work on the International Nomenclature Committee. He then recounts his international research during sabbaticals working on cattle leukemia. He discusses his relationships with other faculty members like William Boyd, Bill Thorp, and Sid Ewing. He talks about the 1985 affiliation of the College with the AHC and about running the diagnostics facility at the University of Minnesota. He describes building, both structurally and programmatically, the Veterinary College, funding struggles, increasing numbers of female students over the years, technological and medical advances, and the development of small animal medicine. He also recounts his chromosomal research in cattle.
Interview with Arnold Anderson
(University of Minnesota, 2010-02-02) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Anderson, Arnold
Arnold Anderson begins by discussing his background, including his education and why he became a physician. He discusses his experiences as a medical student at the University of Minnesota, as an intern at San Diego County Hospital, in the army as a pediatrician, and as a pediatric fellow at the Mayo Clinic. He describes setting up his group practice and establishing the Park Nicollet Clinic and the development and building of the Minneapolis Children’s hospital. He discusses pediatric medicine, the University of Minnesota Medical School, the UMN Medical School’s relationship with private practitioners, Internal Medicine at the UMN, the Department of Pediatrics at the UMN, the relationship between the Mayo Clinic and the UMN Medical School, the relationship between the UMN Medical School and Twin Cities hospitals, and relations between departments at the UMN Medical School. He discusses the Teenage Medical Center, Human Ecology, physician fees, academic medicine, and principles of management and leadership. He talks about Robert Howard, Irvine McQuarrie, John Anderson, Robert Good, and Richard Magraw.
Interview with Carl R. Jessen
(University of Minnesota, 2011-08-12) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Jessen, Carl R.
Carl Jessen begins his interview by discussing his upbringing, his interest in veterinary medicine, and his education. He follows this with his entrance into private practice and then his return to school for a Ph.D. in qualitative genetics and radiology. He then reflects on changes in the department over the period when he first entered the DVM program, to his reentrance for a Ph.D. and subsequent hiring as a faculty member, and then makes a modern comparison. Within his reflection on the school, Jessen discusses budgetary problems in the teaching hospital, the push for the faculty to get a constitution and faculty council, the relationship between the School and the legislature in terms of funding, and the growth of the profession. Within his own career, Jessen shares his philosophy on the balance of research, teaching, and clinical work. In terms of the land grant mission of the University, he also considers relationships between the Vet School and out-of-state students and between the School and the community. Reviewing the history of the school under Dean Sidney Ewing, Jessen relates the effects of changes in the structure of the school and the school’s loss of accreditation in the mid 1970s. Pursuant with these changes in the mid 1970s, he also relates changes in the profession and the school that led to an increase in the number of female students. He then speaks to relations with the University of Wisconsin, his duties as associate dean and director of the hospital, Robert Dunlop’s tenure as dean, budget problems and the hospital business model, the School’s emphasis on teaching over research, the integration of the Vet School into the AHC, the deanships of Jeff Kausner and David Thawley, and the connection between the Vet School and the legislature through animal industries. He ends the interview by again emphasizing the teaching mission of the School.
Interview with Davitt Felder
(University of Minnesota, 2009-12-04) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Felder, Davitt
Davitt Felder discusses his background and provides an overview of his career. He describes why he went into medicine and surgery; his decision to enter private practice; and his decision to retire. He discusses at length the establishment of the Northern Association for Medical Education and the organization’s attempt to establish a medical school in St. Paul. He describes his work in vascular surgery and the establishment of the Midwestern Board for Medical and Allied Education. He discusses the relationship between Minneapolis and St. Paul private physicians and the University of Minnesota; the private practice issue at the University of Minnesota; and Robert Howard, Owen Wangensteen, Walter Lillehei, Michael E DeBakey; the relationship between the Surgery Department and other clinical departments; and his work with the Health Care Financing Administration.
Interview with Donna Aker Dehn
(University of Minnesota, 2013-08-07) Klaffke, Lauren E.; Dehn, Donna Aker
Mrs. Donna Aker Dehn begins her interview by briefly describing where she was born and raised and her early education. She then describes her move to the University of Minnesota, teaching in the Dental Hygiene program, and what the Dental School was like in the 1950s and 1960s. Mrs. Dehn continues her interview with a discussion of the following topics: manpower shortages in dentistry and dental hygiene; continuing education programs; changes in professional skills and responsibilities among dental assistants, dental hygienists, and dentists; gender issues in dentistry; curriculum changes and the class tracking system; and the creation of a bachelor’s degree program in dental hygiene. She then reflects on larger topics related to dental hygiene and the University’s program, including: changes in the state law regarding dental hygiene; her time in private practice; grants she pursued for the program; relations between Dental Hygiene and the Chemistry Department; retrenchment; her work with the legislature; Helen Tuckner’s leadership style; fears that arose with water fluoridation; the emergence of team dentistry; work with the School of Public Health; Dr. Oliver’s tenure as dean; her work in initiating the Minnesota Dental Hygiene Educators Association; human relations programs in dentistry; and student behavior in the dental school. She concludes by discussing relations within the Academic Health Center and with the basic sciences.
Interview with Ellis Benson
(University of Minnesota, 2009-12-01) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Benson, Ellis
Ellis Benson starts with his background, including growing up in China (his parents were missionaries), why he went into medicine and academic medicine, and his educational history. He discusses his residency in pathology at the UMN, his internal medicine residency at the VA Hospital, joining the Department of Laboratory Medicine, his work while he was in charge of the blood bank, his work as director of Clinical Laboratories, and his work as head of Pathology. He offers reflections on cardiac surgeons Richard Varco and Walter Lillehei and how they dealt with the Lab and the Blood Bank, as well as working with the Department of Surgery and surgeons more generally. He discusses the appointment of Robert Howard as dean of the College of Medical Sciences in 1959 and Howard’s deanship, the Vice President of the Health Sciences search and the appointment of Lyle French. He also discusses Franz Halberg, and David Brown. He discusses his work on protein chemistry and going to the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagen, the UMN’s Clinical Laboratory providing community services to anyone in Minnesota, the Medical Technology program, why technologists tended to be women, and specialization in medicine. He describes the founding of the Academy of Clinical Laboratory Physicians and Scientists, the creation of the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the UMN in 1959, space issues in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the merger of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and the relationships between the clinical and basic science departments within the Medical School. He discusses the attempt to establish a second medical school in St. Paul, relations between the Medical School and other UMN health science schools in the 1960s and 1970s, faculty attitudes toward the 4 reorganization in 1970, the impact of the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare, the attempt to create a School of Allied Health Sciences in the late 1960s and early 1970s, relations between the Medical School and the Mayo Clinic, and relations with the University Hospitals.
Interview with Eugenia Taylor
(University of Minnesota, 2010-05-27) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Taylor, Eugenia
Eugenia Taylor begins by discussing her background, including growing up in Montana, her education, her early nursing career, and why she became a nurse. She discusses her experiences as a diploma student, as a baccalaureate student at the UMN, getting her MA in education, and as faculty member at the UMN. She talks about the UMN School of Nursing faculty and deans, including Katherine J. Densford, Edna Fritz, and Isabel Harris. She discusses the practical nursing program and its position within the School of Nursing; the rural nursing program; licensed practical nurses (LPNs) versus registered nurses (RNs); nursing education; the Child Bearing-Child Rearing program; Building F; the Shyamala Rajender decree, sex discrimination, and women at the UMN; the Disaster Nursing Program in the 1950s/1960s; the School of Nursing and the reorganization of the health sciences in the late 1960s; the nurse midwifery program; the nursing Ph.D. program; the Area Health Education Commission; and the School of Nursing’s regional work. She describes changes in nursing education curriculum in the 1960s; the creation of a School of Nursing dean and the appointment of Isabel Harris as the School’s first dean; nursing education in the Twin Cities; nursing licensing; nursing aids; physicians assistants; nurse practitioners; relations in the School of Nursing between faculty with Ph.D.s and those without; and nursing research laboratories.
Interview with Florence Marks
(University of Minnesota, 2010-04-13) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Marks, Florence
Florence Marks begins by describing her background, including her education and why she went into nursing. She describes traveling to Denmark to temporarily work as a nurse; her experiences as a staff nurse and then assistant head nurse at the University Hospital; getting her master’s in nursing administration; working as nursing supervisor at Variety Club Hospital; her experiences as an instructor in the School of Nursing; and some of the other work she did after she had children. She discusses in detail her experiences as a nursing student at the University of Minnesota, including the School of Nursing curriculum when she was a student, clinical instruction and her experiences worked at different affiliated hospitals, her rural nursing experience, and living in Powell Hall. She describes working as a woman chemist in the early 1950s; the perceived and real differences between RNs, LPNs, and nursing assistants; the technologies she worked with; curriculum changes in the School of Nursing; and the different ways women physicians were treated from the 1950s through the 1970s. She discusses the different relationship between nurses and physicians in private hospital settings and teaching hospitals; minority nursing students; nursing shortages; nursing students failing the state boards in the 1960s; the reorganization of the health sciences in 1970 and the impact on the School of Nursing. She compares her experiences as a nurse in Denmark and at the University Hospital. She talks about Katherine Densford, Florence Brennan, Ray Amberg, and Edna Fritz.
Interview with Frederic Kottke
(University of Minnesota, 2010-02-04) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Kottke, Frederic
Frederic Kottke begins by describing some of his background, including his education and why he went into medicine and specifically physical medicine and rehabilitation. He briefly talks about the establishment of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; the integrative and interdisciplinary approach to medicine in physical medicine and rehabilitation; the different types of patients he saw; funding at the University of Minnesota; perceptions in the 1960s that there was a shortage of physicians; the Medical School curriculum revisions in the 1960s; the faculty practice issue; the attempt to establish a medical school in St. Paul; the reorganization of the health sciences in 1970; Lyle French and Neal Gault; the establishment of the Program in Human Sexuality; the support of members of Congress; and the VA Hospital.
Interview with Grace Ederer
(University of Minnesota, 2012-07-30) Hagens, Emily; Ederer, Grace M.
Grace Ederer begins her interview with a description of her upbringing, her education, and her decision to enter the field of medical technology. She then recalls the early stages of her career and her work at the University of Minnesota from 1952 to 1982. Ederer describes the role of women in medical technology, the building of the new medical sciences building, and Dr. Gerald T. Evans’ efforts to reorganize the clinical laboratories and medical technology to integrate them into the Medical School. Ederer also discusses her decision to adopt a dog that had been used in experiments conducted C. Walton Lillehei on hypothermia in open-heart surgery. She goes on to describe her changing positions at the University, her teaching, her research, and her pursuit of a master’s in public health. She also talks about her interactions with Dr. Evans, Dr. Ellis Benson, and Dr. Lillehei. She then discusses the Medical Technology Program, her work with Barbara Tucker on laboratory safety and ethics, her work with Ruth Hovde and Verna Rausch, the changing curriculum, dealing with the high volume of lab work, working with graduate students, her experiences with Robert Howard, and efforts to establish a school of Allied Health Sciences.
Interview with H. Mead Cavert
(University of Minnesota, 2009-04-28) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Cavert, H. Mead
H. Mead Cavert begins by describing his background, including his childhood, his education, and why he chose medicine as his profession. He describes his work in the Department of Physiology and his research in the early 1950s. He discusses entering medical administration and his work as Assistant Dean, Associate Dean and Executive Officer of the Medical School, and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs. He reflects on working with Maurice Visscher, Nathan Lifson, Jack Johnson, Neal Gault, Harold Diehl, Robert Howard, and Lyle French. He discusses the appointment of Robert Howard to replace Diehl as the Dean of the College of Medical Sciences, and the creation of the Vice President of the Health Sciences and the hiring of Lyle French. He discusses the faculty practice issue; the financing of medical education in the late 1950s and 1960s; the dean’s office relationship with the state legislature and its role in securing state funds; the revision of the Medical School curriculum in the 1960s and responses to the revision, including the Comprehensive Clinical Program and the Rural Physician Associate Program. He also discusses the development of the Academic Health Center; transfer students from the Universities of North and South Dakota in the late 1950s and 1960s; the attempt to establish a medical school in St. Paul; the establishment of the Medical Scientist Training Program, the history of the MD-Ph.D. program and Ph.D.s in clinical medicine at UMN; the relationship between the University of Minnesota and the Medical School and the Mayo Clinic; the issue of the status of residents as students or employees; team teaching in the health sciences; and the establishment of a program for minority students in the late 1960s. Cavert’s wife, June Cavert, sits through most of the interview, interjecting a few comments. At one point, she discusses the organizations for the wives of undergraduate medical students and residents, and the Caverts also discuss the contribution of spouses (generally wives) to the successful development of medical students and residents.
Interview with Henry Blackburn
(University of Minnesota, 2010-11-11) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Blackburn, Henry
Henry Blackburn begins by describing his background, including his education, his experiences in the Navy, and his decision to pursue a career in medicine. He discusses coming to the University of Minnesota and his experiences as a Fellow in the Department of Medicine in the 1950s. He discusses the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene (LPH), including collaboration between Cardiology and the LPH; the School of Public Health (SPH) and the distance between the SPH and the LPH; the retirement of Ancel Keys and the status of the LPH; space issues for the LPH; the teaching responsibilities of the LPH faculty; the growth of the LPH in the 1970s; the merger of the LPH and the Division of Epidemiology; and his research projects in the 1960s, including the Seven Countries Study. He describes attitudes toward public health and epidemiology in the mid-twentieth century; relationships between divisions in the SPH; the status of public health in the College of Medical Sciences; and relations between the University of Minnesota Medical School and the local medical community. He discusses federal funding, particularly the funding epidemiology studies; tensions between medicine and public health; concern in the 1960s over a shortage in health manpower; the Medical School curriculum revisions in the 1960s and early 1970s; the nurse practitioner program and public health nursing; the reorganization of the health sciences in 1970; the Division of Epidemiology; the recruitment of minority students; women faculty; changes in public health during his career; and the growing emphasis on personalized medicine. He talks about Albert Sullivan, CJ Watson, Ancel Keys, Maurice Visscher, Gaylord Anderson, Robert Howard, Lyle French, Lee Stauffer, Robert Kane, and Edith Leyasmeyer.
Interview with Henry Buchwald
(University of Minnesota, 2012-09-28) Klaffke, Lauren E.; Buchwald, Henry
Dr. Henry Buchwald begins his interview talking about his early life: fleeing Austria in the midst of the Holocaust, growing up in New York, and his baccalaureate and medical education at Columbia. He discusses how he arrived at an interest in medicine, his time in the Air Force, and his reasons for choosing to pursue a residency at the University of Minnesota. As part of his time at Minnesota, Dr. Buchwald compares the University’s research program with those of other medical schools, relates the profound influence of Owen Wangensteen on the Surgery Department, and discusses his early lab work and his studies of biochemistry, particularly lipids, with Ivan Frantz. In reviewing his changing research interests, Dr. Buchwald cites major diseases afflicting society at various times during his career: the increasing association of cholesterol with heart disease prompted his early interest in lipid uptake and spurred his work on the Program on Surgical Control of Hyperlipidemias (POSCH); the need for treatments for diabetes prompted his research into Infusaid, the first implantable infusion pump, a collaborative effort that led to the development of several other devices and eventually the establishment of a bioengineering program at the University; and finally, the ongoing obesity epidemic spurred Dr. Buchwald’s current research into the jejunoileal bypass for the treatment of obesity. In his reflections on obesity research, Dr. Buchwald discusses the high level of stigmatism associated with the disease and the difficulty of funding research into its treatment.
Interview with Ida Martinson
(University of Minnesota, 2010-07-07) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Martinson, Ida
Ida Martinson begins by discussing her background, including her education and why she became a nurse. She discusses working at St. Luke’s Hospital as a diploma student, working with Christian Family Service Center, studying tuberculosis nursing in Japan as part of the University of Minnesota Student Project for Amity among Nations, going to the University of Illinois for her Ph.D., working in the University of Minnesota School of Nursing as faculty, and going to the University of California, San Francisco. She describes relations between nurses and physicians; the medical technologies she interacted with at St. Luke’s Hospital; and having a joint faculty appointment in the Department of Physiology and in the School of Nursing at the University of Minnesota. Other topics discussed include relations between diploma and baccalaureate nurses; interactions between the School of Nursing and other health sciences schools at the University of Minnesota; interactions with insurance companies; her research in Asia; the building of Unit F; regional planning and nursing workforce in the 1970s; and the Midwest Nursing Research Group. Martinson describes her research, including her doctoral research, doing research in Taiwan, and the Home Care for the Dying Child Project. She discusses doing clinical work when she was a baccalaureate student; School of Nursing curriculum revisions; concern over the shortage of health care workers in the 1960s; the federal Nurse Scientist Program; the School of Nursing’s efforts to develop a nursing doctoral program during the 1970s and early 1980s; the reorganization of the health sciences in 1970; public health nursing; sabbaticals; working with the Human Subjects Research Committee; her work in China; nurse practitioners; the Nurse Midwifery Program; the Program for Human Sexuality and attending a Sexual Attitude Reassessment; efforts by the health sciences faculty to establish a health sciences bargaining unit; the development of the 4 Block Nurse Program; and a nursing exchange program with China. She talks about the faculty at the University of Minnesota while she was a student, Katherine Densford, and other School of Nursing deans.
Interview with John Kralewski
(University of Minnesota, 2011-02-14) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Kralewski, John
John Kralewski begins by describing his background, including his education, his service in the Air Force, his early career, and why he went into the health sciences. He discusses his experiences as student in pharmacy and then in hospital administration at the UMN. He discusses the Program in Hospital Administration at UMN; hospital administration as a field in the 1960s and 1970s; the School of Public Health; funding; his research; efforts to introduce mandatory generic prescribing in the 1960s; pharmacy as a profession; nursing; the divisions within the School of Public Health in the 1960s; leadership in the health sciences at the UMN; University Hospitals; other hospitals in the Twin Cities; and the University of Minnesota’s decision to sell University Hospitals to Fairview. He talks about Gaylord Anderson, James Hamilton, Cherie Perlmutter, Stephen Joseph, Lyle French, Frank Cerra, and others in leadership and administrative position in the Health Sciences. In his second interview, John Kralewski discusses his experiences as assistant vice president for Health Sciences. He talks about the Center for Health Services Research; health services research at Minnesota and around the country; working with the Minnesota state legislature; rural health care; the Health Information Foundation (at the University of Chicago); moving the Center for Health Services Research out of the vice president’s office and into the School of Public Health; the Hospital Administration program; graduate programs in Public Health; relations between the Academic Health Center administration and the state legislature; the relationship between the health sciences units, and health sciences education and funding. He discusses Lyle French, Neal Vanselow, and Robert Kane.
Interview with John P. Delaney
(University of Minnesota, 2012-03-27) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Delaney, John P.
Dr. John Delaney begins by describing his education at Notre Dame and the University of Minnesota. He discusses his perception Harold S. Diehl as Dean of the Medical School, C. Walton Lillehei’s surgical innovations, and Dr. Owen Wangensteen’s tenure as chief of surgery during Delaney’s time in the medical school. He also describes University Hospital administrator Ray Amberg and his assistant Gertrude Gilman. He discusses the changing fee system in hospitals in the mid 1960s. Delaney describes the cardiac program at the University of Minnesota in the 1950s and 1960s. He discusses his early research interest in bleeding from the stomach and his clinical specialization in gastrointestinal surgery. He describes changes in the Department of Surgery when John Najarian took over for Owen Wangensteen as chief. He recounts his experiences with Robert Howard as dean of the medical colleges, particularly his role in the faculty practice plan. He also discusses surgical nurses and the increasing emphasis on patient satisfaction with hospital care to receive full reimbursement for services. Delaney discusses the reorganization of the health sciences at the University of Minnesota, town/gown issues with Twin Cities practitioners, and competing medical school plans in Saint Paul and at Saint Thomas. He also discusses his later focus on surgical oncology and working with B.J. Kennedy and Seymour Levitt. Finally, he describes the ALG scandal.
Interview with Katherine Lillehei
(University of Minnesota, 2010-10-27) Tobbell, Dominique A.; Lillehei, Katherine
Katherine Lillehei begins by describing her background, including her education and why she went into nursing. She discusses her experiences as a nursing student at the University of Minnesota, working at the General Hospital, working at the University Hospital, and as a private duty nurse. She describes the relationship between nurses and physicians; the heart/lung machine; the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Lillehei lectures; the experiences of wives of surgeons; the elimination of the practical nursing degree program at the University of Minnesota School of Nursing; and commuting back and forth to New York City while her husband worked at the New York Hospital. She discusses her husband, C. Walton Lillehei, touching on topics such as his experiences with cancer and the atmosphere in the Department of Surgery while he was there. She talks about Richard Varco, Owen Wangensteen, Earl Bakken, Maurice Vischer, Katherine Densford, Ellen Fahy, and other School of Nursing Deans.

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