Host, George E2015-03-022017-04-142015-03-022017-04-141994https://hdl.handle.net/11299/187233Permanent openings are an integral part of the Forest Plan on the Chippewa National Forest. There are established across a range of ecological units using numerous methods. It is unclear, however, how floristic composition changes as a function of site or establishment method, or how quickly these changes occur. The objective of this study were: 1) To assess differences in the species composition of permanent openings among Landtype Associations (LTAs). 2) To assess the effects of mechanical treatments on species composition. 3) To assess the effects of fire on species composition, particularly on woody vegetation.enChippewa National ForestPermanent openingsFireWoody plantsNatural Resources Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota DuluthTechnical Report