Access Across America: Transit 2017 Final Report Prepared by: Andrew Owen Brendan Murphy Accessibility Observatory Center for Transportation Studies University of Minnesota CTS 18-12 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. CTS 18-12 2. 3. Recipients Accession No. 4. Title and Subtitle Access Across America: Transit 2017 5. Report Date June 2018 6. 7. Author(s) Andrew Owen and Brendan Murphy 8. Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Accessibility Observatory University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. CTS 2016016 11. Contract (C) or Grant (G) No. 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Center for Transportation Studies University of Minnesota 200 Transportation and Safety Building 511 Washington Ave. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Final Report 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes http://ao.umn.edu/publications/ http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/ResearchReports/ 16. Abstract (Limit: 250 words) Accessibility is the ease and feasibility of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured for a wide array of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to measure accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by transit and walking for each of the United States’ 11 million census blocks, and analyzes these data in 49 of the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Transit is used for an estimated 5 percent of commuting trips in the United States, making it the second most widely used commute mode after driving. Travel times by transit are calculated using detailed pedestrian networks and full transit schedules for the 7:00 – 9:00 a.m. period. The calculations include all components of a transit journey, including “last-mile” access and egress walking segments and transfers, and account for minute-by-minute variations in service frequency. This report presents detailed accessibility values for each metropolitan area, as well as block-level maps that illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. A separate publication, Access Across America: Transit 2017 Methodology, describes the data and methodology used in this evaluation. This analysis uses the same tools and techniques as Access Across America: Transit 2015 and 2016, and at the same fully national scale; availability of GTFS data has increased in consistency. For these reasons, direct comparisons between transit accessibility results of 2015 and 2016 are possible, and comparisons and time-series analysis are included in these reports going forward. 17. Document Analysis/Descriptors accessibility, transit, commuting, work trips, land use, travel time, travel behavior, urban transportation 18. Availability Statement No restrictions. Document available from: National Technical Information Services, Alexandria, Virginia 22312 19. Security Class (this report) Unclassified 20. Security Class (this page) Unclassified 21. No. of Pages 167 22. Price Access Across America: Transit 2017 Final Report Prepared by: Andrew Owen Brendan Murphy Accessibility Observatory Center for Transportation Studies University of Minnesota June 2018 Published by: Center for Transportation Studies University of Minnesota 200 Transportation and Safety Building 511 Washington Ave. S.E. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 This report represents the results of research conducted by the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the Center for Transportation Studies or the University of Minnesota. Authors Andrew Owen Director, Accessibility Observatory University of Minnesota Brendan Murphy Lead Researcher, Accessibility Observatory University of Minnesota Acknowledgements The development of this report was made possible by sponsorship from: • Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department • California Department of Transportation • District Department of Transportation • Federal Highway Administration • Florida Department of Transportation • Iowa Department of Transportation • Maryland Department of Transportation • Minnesota Department of Transportation • North Carolina Department of Transportation • Tennessee Department of Transportation • Virginia Department of Transportation • Washington State Department of Transportation Executive Summary Accessibility is the ease and feasibility of reaching valuable destinations. Accessibility can be measured for a wide array of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to deʮne accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent—as well as the most directly comparable between cities, and other geographic areas. This report focuses on accessibility to jobs by transit. Jobs are the most signiʮcant non-home destination, and job accessibility is an important consideration in the attractiveness and usefulness of a place or area. Transit is used for an estimated 5% of commuting trips in the United States nationwide, making it the second most widely used commute mode after driving. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by transit and walking for each of the United States’ 11 million census blocks, and analyzes these data in 49 of the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Travel times by transit are calculated using detailed pedestrian networks and full transit schedules for the 7:00 – 9:00 AM period. The calculations include all components of a transit journey, including “last mile” access and egress walking segments and transfers, and account for minute-by-minute variations in service frequency. Rankings are determined by a weighted average of accessibility, with a higher weight given to closer, easier to access jobs. Jobs reachable within ten minutes are weighted most heavily, and jobs are given decreasing weights as travel time increases up to 60 minutes. Based on this measure, the 10 metropolitan areas with the greatest accessibility to jobs by transit are: 1. New York 2. San Francisco 3. Chicago 4. Washington 5. Boston 6. Los Angeles 7. Philadelphia 8. Seattle 9. San Jose 10. Denver Additionally, rankings based on 1-year changes in weighted average accessibility are also provided, comparing the results of Access Across America: Transit 2016 with the results of the 2017 study. The 10 metropolitan areas with the greatest 1-year relative gains in accessibility to jobs by transit are: 1. Kansas City 2. Charlotte 3. Austin 4. Columbus 5. San Francisco 6. Orlando 7. Las Vegas 8. Phoenix 9. Minneapolis 10. Cincinnati This report presents detailed accessibility values for each metropolitan area, as well as block-level maps that illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. A separate publication, Access Across America: Transit 2017 Methodology, describes the data and methodology used in this evaluation. This analysis uses the same tools and techniques as Access Across America: Transit 2015 and Access Across America: Transit 2016, and at the same fully national scale; availability of GTFS data has increased in consistency. For these reasons, direct comparisons between transit accessibility results of 2016 and 2017 are possible, and longitudinal analysis is now included in these reports as of the 2017 study, via comparing accessibility results for 2017 and 2015. 4 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Accessibility to Jobs by Transit 3 2.1 Metropolitan Area Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 Longitudinal Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Discussion 8 3.1 Transit Service Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2 Land Use Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3 Comparisons With 2016 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4 Metropolitan Area Data and Maps 12 1 Introduction Accessibility is the ease and feasibility of reaching valuable destinations. It combines the simpler metric of mobility with the understanding that travel is driven by a desire to reach destinations. Accessibility can be measured for a wide range of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to deʮne accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent—as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This report focuses on accessibility to jobs by transit. Jobs are the most signiʮcant non-home destination, and economic accessibility is an important consideration in the attractiveness and usefulness of a place or area. Transit is used for an estimated 5% of commuting trips in the United States, making it the second most widely used commute mode after driving.1 The commute mode share of transit can be higher in individual metropolitan areas: 31% in the New York metropolitan area; 11% in Chicago; 8% in Seattle.2 Accessibility is not a new idea.3 Historically, however, implementations of accessibility evalua- tion have typically focused on individual cities or metropolitan areas. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility and value of systematically evaluating accessibility across multiple metropolitan areas by auto,4 and by transit.5 This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by transit and walking for each of the United States’ 11 million census blocks, and analyzes these data in 49 of the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas using transit schedules from 2017. The city excluded from comparisons due to lack of available GTFS data is Memphis, TN, which ranks 41st by metropolitan area population. Table 1 lists the included metropolitan areas, ordered by the total employment within each. Travel times by transit are calculated using detailed pedestrian networks and full transit schedules for the 7:00 – 9:00 AM period. The calculations include all components of a transit journey, including “last mile” access and egress walking segments and transfers, and account for minute-by-minute variations in service frequency. Section 2 presents the accessibility values for the included metropolitan areas and ranks metropoli- tan areas by accessibility, as well as by 1-year gains or losses in weighted accessibility between 2017 and 2016. Section 3 discusses these results and their implications, and Section 4 provides data and maps describing patterns of accessibility in individual metropolitan areas. A separate document, Access Across America: Transit 2017 Methodology, describes the data and detailed methodology used in the evaluation. 1McKenzie (2014) 2American Community Survey 2012 5-year estimates 3See Hansen (1959) for its origins, and Geurs and Van Eck (2001) and Handy and Niemeier (1997) for reviews. 4Levinson (2013) Levine et al. (2012) 5Ramsey and Bell (2014), Tomer et al. (2011) 1 510 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Table 1: Metropolitan Areas Ranked by Total Employment Rank Area Total Employment 1 New York 8,654,470 2 Los Angeles 5,636,421 3 Chicago 4,389,339 4 Dallas 3,206,364 Houston 2,888,073 6 Philadelphia 2,793,982 7 Washington 2,776,148 8 Atlanta 2,416,397 9 Miami 2,412,346 Boston 2,401,512 San Francisco 2,164,298 12 Detroit 1,869,538 13 Phoenix 1,865,829 14 Minneapolis 1,794,806 Seattle 1,709,920 16 Riverside 1,635,100 17 San Diego 1,363,986 18 Denver 1,356,387 19 St. Louis 1,310,349 Baltimore 1,291,995 21 Tampa 1,227,356 22 Pittsburgh 1,100,915 23 Portland 1,093,778 24 Orlando 1,050,065 Kansas City 1,023,563 26 Cincinnati 1,018,914 27 San Antonio 986,091 28 Cleveland 955,181 29 Austin 917,901 Sacramento 915,759 Columbus 911,367 32 San Jose 909,053 33 Las Vegas 897,183 34 Indianapolis 886,380 Charlotte 877,360 36 Nashville 801,589 37 Milwaukee 771,322 38 Providence 757,913 39 Virginia Beach 707,752 Louisville 627,630 Jacksonville 626,060 42 Richmond 617,617 43 Hartford 593,012 44 Raleigh 583,916 Salt Lake City 576,320 46 Oklahoma City 574,561 47 Buffalo 529,252 48 New Orleans 513,830 49 Birmingham 476,681 11 31 41 Employment totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. 2 2 Accessibility to Jobs by Transit Table 2 gives the accessibility values for each metropolitan area, in alphabetical order, based on January, 2017 transit schedules. The columns represent the number of jobs that a typical worker residing in the city can reach within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes of travel, between 7:00 and 9:00 AM, by transit and walking. 2.1 Metropolitan Area Rankings The rankings of accessibility across U.S. cities for 2017 are shown in Table 3. The ranking is based on a weighted average, where the jobs reachable within each threshold are given a decreasing weight as travel time increases. A job reachable within 10 minutes counts more toward the ranking than a job reachable within 20, and so on. The 10 metro areas where workers can, on average, reach the most jobs are listed below. Within the speciʮc time thresholds, the rankings vary. 1. New York 2. San Francisco 3. Chicago 4. Washington 5. Boston 6. Los Angeles 7. Philadelphia 8. Seattle 9. San Jose 10. Denver 2.2 Longitudinal Analyses The 1-year relative gains and losses of weighted transit accessibility across U.S. cities between 2016 and 2017 are shown in Table 4. The differences detailed here are relative percentage changes in weighted accessibility. Following are the 10 metro areas which saw the largest gains in relative transit accessibility over 2016 are as follows. 1. Kansas City 2. Charlotte 3. Austin 3 4. Columbus 5. San Francisco 6. Orlando 7. Las Vegas 8. Phoenix 9. Minneapolis 10. Cincinnati Additional details about each metropolitan area, including block-level maps of accessibility, are presented in Section 4. 4 Table 2: Number of Jobs Reachable by Number of Minutes, 2017 Area 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min Atlanta 327 1,936 7,152 18,963 40,575 72,599 Austin 479 3,125 11,444 27,794 51,601 81,826 Baltimore 656 5,202 17,344 39,068 71,035 111,707 Birmingham Boston 195 1,569 914 12,461 2,713 44,014 6,097 102,793 11,236 185,162 17,858 275,182 Buffalo 459 3,348 11,101 25,397 46,002 70,219 Charlotte 412 2,342 7,682 18,417 34,868 55,578 Chicago Cincinnati 1,765 365 15,515 2,157 53,831 7,080 124,251 16,385 224,898 30,562 342,635 48,793 Cleveland 439 2,527 8,703 22,317 44,429 74,528 Columbus 404 3,165 10,857 24,913 46,249 74,521 Dallas 472 3,132 10,699 27,006 56,150 100,304 Denver 820 6,136 20,665 50,416 102,821 180,478 Detroit 298 1,877 6,349 16,277 34,937 64,677 Hartford 455 3,438 11,300 24,037 41,986 64,698 Houston 474 3,637 13,639 33,725 66,836 114,960 Indianapolis Jacksonville 332 277 2,278 1,211 7,491 3,765 17,349 9,340 32,467 18,984 52,705 32,651 Kansas City Las Vegas Los Angeles Louisville 351 286 1,246 321 2,094 2,094 10,266 2,155 6,864 8,350 38,647 7,263 15,944 24,295 96,294 17,588 29,505 57,145 194,784 33,099 47,330 110,821 341,437 52,872 Miami 753 4,558 14,419 33,960 66,127 113,542 Milwaukee 697 5,216 19,383 47,810 89,491 139,321 Minneapolis Nashville 558 283 4,455 1,595 18,029 5,380 46,801 12,248 90,650 21,929 146,905 34,390 New Orleans 592 3,413 10,429 21,972 35,117 48,220 New York 6,132 62,161 213,407 471,409 840,599 1,287,186 Oklahoma City Orlando 262 331 1,587 1,811 4,936 5,596 11,529 13,357 21,693 27,105 35,139 48,584 Philadelphia Phoenix 1,337 325 11,406 2,611 38,185 10,290 80,695 28,260 138,076 60,739 205,692 109,972 Pittsburgh Portland 514 819 3,133 5,785 12,317 20,666 28,734 50,787 50,509 96,831 76,673 156,682 Providence 535 3,205 9,751 20,457 35,071 53,339 Raleigh Richmond 244 349 1,347 2,201 4,371 6,719 10,631 13,934 21,036 22,782 36,321 33,016 Riverside 203 1,371 4,732 11,519 22,827 39,302 Sacramento 478 2,969 9,430 22,005 43,074 72,932 Salt Lake City San Antonio 499 328 3,877 2,326 14,721 9,306 38,625 24,329 81,033 49,566 144,560 86,468 San Diego San Francisco 655 2,773 3,727 25,965 12,109 81,215 30,587 169,525 63,522 283,096 113,058 415,289 San Jose 654 5,173 19,254 51,597 111,469 203,107 Seattle 1,478 9,530 29,003 65,316 117,114 185,318 St. Louis 358 2,102 7,268 18,833 37,894 64,119 Tampa Virginia Beach Washington 343 284 1,324 2,078 1,492 12,775 6,891 4,649 50,551 16,252 10,542 120,916 31,310 19,919 226,810 52,728 33,168 357,510 5 510 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Table 3: Rank of Accessibility by Metropolitan Area, 2017 Rank Weighted 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min Average 1 New York New York New York New York New York New York New York 2 San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco 3 Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Washington Washington 4 Washington Boston Washington Washington Washington Chicago Chicago Boston Seattle Boston Boston Boston Los Angeles Los Angeles 6 Los Angeles Philadelphia Philadelphia Los Angeles Los Angeles Boston Boston 7 Philadelphia Washington Los Angeles Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia 8 Seattle Los Angeles Seattle Seattle Seattle Seattle San Jose 9 San Jose Denver Denver Portland San Jose San Jose Seattle Denver Portland Portland Denver Portland Denver Denver Portland Miami Milwaukee Milwaukee Denver Portland Portland 12 Milwaukee Milwaukee Baltimore San Jose Milwaukee Minneapolis Minneapolis 13 Minneapolis Baltimore San Jose Minneapolis Minneapolis Milwaukee Salt Lake City 14 Salt Lake City San Diego Miami Baltimore Baltimore Salt Lake City Milwaukee Baltimore San Jose Minneapolis Salt Lake City Salt Lake City Baltimore Houston 16 Miami New Orleans Salt Lake City Miami Miami Houston Miami 17 Houston Minneapolis San Diego Houston Houston Miami San Diego 18 San Diego Providence Houston Pittsburgh San Diego San Diego Baltimore 19 Phoenix Pittsburgh Hartford San Diego Pittsburgh Phoenix Las Vegas Dallas Salt Lake City New Orleans Austin Phoenix Las Vegas Phoenix 21 Pittsburgh Austin Buffalo Hartford Austin Dallas Dallas 22 Austin Sacramento Providence Buffalo Dallas Austin San Antonio 23 Las Vegas Houston Columbus Columbus Buffalo Pittsburgh Austin 24 Buffalo Dallas Pittsburgh Dallas Columbus San Antonio Pittsburgh Columbus Buffalo Dallas New Orleans San Antonio Columbus Cleveland 26 San Antonio Hartford Austin Phoenix Las Vegas Buffalo Columbus 27 Hartford Cleveland Sacramento Providence Hartford Cleveland Sacramento 28 Sacramento Charlotte Phoenix Sacramento Cleveland Sacramento Atlanta 29 Cleveland Columbus Cleveland San Antonio Sacramento Hartford Buffalo New Orleans Cincinnati Charlotte Cleveland New Orleans Atlanta Hartford Providence St. Louis San Antonio Las Vegas Providence St. Louis Detroit 32 Atlanta Kansas City Indianapolis Charlotte Atlanta New Orleans St. Louis 33 St. Louis Richmond Richmond Indianapolis St. Louis Providence Charlotte 34 Charlotte Tampa Cincinnati St. Louis Charlotte Detroit Providence Indianapolis Indianapolis Louisville Louisville Louisville Charlotte Louisville 36 Detroit Orlando St. Louis Atlanta Indianapolis Louisville Tampa 37 Louisville San Antonio Las Vegas Cincinnati Cincinnati Indianapolis Indianapolis 38 Tampa Atlanta Kansas City Tampa Detroit Tampa Cincinnati 39 Cincinnati Phoenix Tampa Kansas City Tampa Cincinnati Orlando Kansas City Louisville Atlanta Richmond Kansas City Kansas City New Orleans Orlando Detroit Detroit Detroit Richmond Orlando Kansas City 42 Richmond Las Vegas Orlando Orlando Orlando Riverside Riverside 43 Nashville Virginia Beach Nashville Nashville Nashville Richmond Raleigh 44 Oklahoma City Nashville Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Nashville Oklahoma City Riverside Jacksonville Virginia Beach Riverside Riverside Oklahoma City Nashville 46 Virginia Beach Oklahoma City Riverside Virginia Beach Raleigh Raleigh Virginia Beach 47 Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Virginia Beach Virginia Beach Richmond 48 Jacksonville Riverside Jacksonville Jacksonville Jacksonville Jacksonville Jacksonville 49 Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham 11 31 41 6 510 15 20 25 30 35 45 Table 4: 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank Area 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 1 Kansas City 2 Charlotte 3 Austin 4 Columbus San Francisco 6 Orlando 7 Las Vegas 8 Phoenix 9 Minneapolis Cincinnati 11 New Orleans 12 Denver 13 San Jose 14 Hartford Philadelphia 16 Portland 17 Indianapolis 18 Milwaukee 19 Dallas Washington 21 Riverside 22 Houston 23 Raleigh 24 Richmond Nashville 26 San Diego 27 Oklahoma City 28 Detroit 29 San Antonio St. Louis 31 Virginia Beach 32 Chicago 33 Atlanta 34 Salt Lake City Cleveland 36 New York 37 Birmingham 38 Louisville 39 Pittsburgh 40 Providence 41 Tampa 42 Boston 43 Buffalo 44 Sacramento Baltimore 46 Seattle 47 Jacksonville 48 Miami 49 Los Angeles 7 +17.36% +10.81% +9.76% +8.99% +8.72% +7.88% +7.68% +7.31% +7.01% +6.78% +6.76% +6.64% +6.57% +6.54% +6.14% +6.01% +5.87% +5.62% +5.41% +5.21% +4.78% +4.63% +4.49% +4.37% +3.74% +3.72% +3.69% +3.66% +3.40% +3.33% +3.13% +3.00% +2.76% +2.62% +2.33% +1.91% +1.86% +1.42% +1.25% +1.10% +1.07% +1.01% -0.03% -0.69% -1.67% -3.18% -5.99% -6.47% -6.64% 3 Discussion This report builds on the work begun in Access Across America: Transit 2014 and continued in Access Across America: Transit 2015 and Access Across America: Transit 2016, which introduced a new method- ology and datasets to enable inter-metropolitan comparisons of accessibility by transit in a way that is clearly understood and explainable, tracks with our experience and the available evidence, and incorpo- rates the many factors that determine the usefulness of a transit system. Additionally, in 2015 the work expanded its scope to become fully national – accessibility data are calculated for every census block in the U.S.; data are aggregated and summarized within CBSAs for this report. In 2016, the uniform methodology across years allowed for direct comparison, and the beginning of longitudinal analysis of accessibility. Not all jobs are the same. Some jobs are higher paying, some are lower skilled, and they exist in a variety of industries. Given sufficient data, one could differentiate accessibility by breaking down jobs by type and get different results. Accessibility to non-work locations (shopping, health care, education, etc.) is also important. Regardless of trip purpose, people who experience higher accessibility tend to travel shorter distances because origins and destinations are closer together. But accessibility to jobs is not the only thing that people care about. If it were, cities would be situated on a minimum amount of space so people could live immediately adjacent to their jobs, or everyone would work from home. Measuring (and then valuing) accessibility to other opportunities and considering the trade-off between accessibility and living space are central problems of urban economics, regional science, and transportation and land-use planning. While being more accessible is generally better, there are costs as well as beneʮts associated with accessibility. If land is more valuable, its price is higher, and purchasers can afford less. Streets in places with more activities are inherently more crowded, and trips are less peaceful. Accessibility is a function of both transportation networks and land use decisions, which has impor- tant policy implications. There are two broad avenues to increasing accessibility: improving transporta- tion systems, and altering land use patterns. Neither of these things can be easily shifted overnight, but over time they do change—both through direct plans and action and through market forces. It is important to recognize that aggregate metrics such as these are also affected simply by the size of the areas being studied. For example, residents of central Minneapolis enjoy greater accessibility than those of central Milwaukee, but the expansive Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, which is over four times as large in land area, includes far more suburban and exurban areas (with little or no transit service) than does the Milwaukee area. 3.1 Transit Service Effects Transit transportation improvements within existing infrastructure take the form of speed increases or frequency increases. Speed improvements increase accessibility by making destinations reachable in less time, but they are often difficult to achieve for transit vehicles operating in mixed traffic. Frequency improvements reduce the average amount of time spent waiting for transit vehicles at stops, leaving more time for travel toward valuable destinations. Speed and frequency are also linked: as average speeds increase, a ʮxed number of transit vehicles can serve the same route length with increasing 8 frequency.6 Improvements involving construction of new transit infrastructure (additional bus stops, rail line extensions, or entirely new transit lines) also can heavily inʯuence accessibility by transit, by providing transit-based access to job centers and destinations previously unreachable. New transit lines which serve already-served areas do not expand the basin of reachable valuable destinations, but could serve to increase service frequency in aggregate. This evaluation reʯects the impact of transit service frequency by making the assumption that all de- parture times are equally valuable to users, and it includes full waiting times before each trip. This is an important difference relative to earlier national evaluations of transit accessibility, which typically use a single departure time and/or a ʮxed wait time.7 This approach provides two important beneʮts. First, it avoids the assumptions that transit service with 30-minute frequency is as valuable as service with 10-minute frequency, and that users suffer no inconvenience from adjusting their personal schedules to match transit schedules. Second, it allows more meaningful comparisons with accessibility evaluations for other transportation modes such as driving,8 which typically use average speeds over time periods— implicitly assuming an equal value of departure times. As a result of this methodological choice, the accessibility results presented here are far more sensitive to service frequency effects than those of ear- lier transit accessibility evaluations. Cities with robust transit coverage but low service frequency are generally ranked lower than cities with comparable networks but higher frequencies. 3.2 Land Use Effects Land use-based approaches to improving transit accessibility revolve around proximity and density for both origins and destinations. Proximity to transit service is critical in overcoming both the low speed of pedestrian access to and from stops and stations, and the decrease in motivation to make the walking trip with greater distance. Density is the manifestation of the increasing value of more accessible locations. As residential areas become denser, more residents experience the local accessibility; as employment areas become denser, more jobs can be accessed through the same transit system. Density is not determined solely by accessibility, however: land-use policies can restrict density where it would otherwise be high or encourage density where it might otherwise be low. Perhaps the most famous examples of such policies are Oregon’s urban growth boundary laws, which encourage density by restricting the amount of land available for urban development, and the Height of Buildings Act of 1910, which restricts density in the District of Columbia by limiting building heights. Other notable areas with urban growth boundary laws in the U.S. include Seattle, San Jose, and Boulder; additionally, Boston limits building heights near its Common central park. Between these most salient examples lie a range of density-focused urban policies, typically embedded in zoning codes, which help enable (and hinder) each city’s transit accessibility performance. In general, areas with higher residential and employment density can achieve greater transit accessibility given the same level of transit service. At lower accessibility thresholds, and especially at the 10-minute threshold, the job accessibility experienced by a typical worker is determined primarily by local employment density and only secon- darily, if at all, by transit service. With a 10-minute travel time budget, reaching a stop, waiting for a vehicle, and walking to the destination after alighting leave little time available for actually traveling on 6Walker (2012) provides a detailed and accessible exploration of transit service fundamentals. 7e.g. Tomer et al. (2011), Ramsey and Bell (2014) 8e.g. Levinson (2013), Levine et al. (2012) 9 a transit vehicle. It is likely that most jobs within this threshold are reached solely by walking and do not involve a transit vehicle at all. The results presented in Table 3 for the 10-minute threshold look much like a ranking by employment and residential density. As the travel time threshold increases, so does the relative contribution of transit service and coverage to the rankings. 3.3 Comparisons With 2016 Data This analysis uses the same tools and techniques as Access Across America: Transit 2016, and at the same fully national scale. GTFS data availability has steadily improved, and now is sufficiently consistent year-to-year in major metropolitan areas to allow meaningful comparisons of transit accessibility, and to inform discussions of transit coverage and land use changes. As detailed in Access Across America: Tran- sit 2017, this report implements the most recent update to the U.S. Census LEHD dataset, LEHD 2015. Access Across America: Transit 2015 relied on LEHD 2013 data, while Access Across America: Transit 2016 relied on LEHD 2014 data. This update of datasource, in combination with increased GTFS consistency, allows observation of signiʮcant land-use changes (namely, job growth and mixed- use densiʮcation in certain metropolitan areas), and the impact of land-use on how accessible a city will turn out to be. The precise disentanglement of accessibility changes due to land-use mix or tran- sit improvements (and determining relative percentage apportionment) requires a signiʮcant increase in the amount of accessibility computations. However, absent signiʮcant restructuring of an entire transit system (e.g. Houston, TX ca. 2015), or the addition of new corridor lines (e.g. Metro Transit adding the Green Line LRT in the Twin Cities, MN in 2014), it is reasonable to suggest a majority of accessibility changes are due to evolving land use patterns. 3.4 Conclusions The cities that make up the top 10 transit accessibility ranks all exhibit a combination of high density land use and fast, frequent transit service. However, there is still signiʮcant variation within this group. In New York, San Francisco, Washington, and Chicago, fast heavy rail systems connect both urban and suburban areas with a highly employment-dense core. It is instructive to compare these cities to Atlanta, which has a similar, but smaller, rail system but a much more decentralized job and population distribution, and lower accessibility. Seattle and Denver both have rapidly expanding light rail systems, supported by extensive and frequent bus networks. Though Portland is famous for its streetcar service, this covers only a small part of the city, and operates mostly in mixed traffic with very little access to proprietary right-of-way, limiting its service speed. Its urban growth boundary, combined with frequent bus service throughout core areas and light rail connections to suburban areas, likely plays a more important role in providing high accessibility: by encouraging both residents and employers to locate in parts of the city already well served by transit, each new resident enjoys high accessibility but imposes only a small marginal burden on the transit system’s existing resources. Additionally, the expanded scope of this report’s focus toward analyzing accessibility for every census block in the U.S. affords a look at what impact public transit has on a national scale. The vast majority of the U.S. land mass is quite sparsely-populated outside of metropolitan areas, and the contained metropolitan areas are in many cases very far apart. Also, the type of transit service included in the analysis is strictly limited to public transit, most commonly found in urban areas—inter-city bus and 10 rail services, such as Megabus, Greyhound, or Jefferson, and Amtrak, respectively, are not included. Further, such services operate on time-scales greater than the travel times involved in this analysis. Given that mostly urban-centric systems are included, only a very small geographical area of the country enjoys mass transit services, and thus the total area experiencing transit accessibility beneʮts is quite small. Transportation and land use systems are both dynamic, and this report presents the third annual national evaluation, following those detailed in Access Across America: Transit 2015 and Access Across America: Transit 2016. In constantly-evolving systems like these, it is critical to monitor changes over time. A city that adopts a goal of increasing transit accessibility should be evaluated based on how effec- tively it advances that goal relative to a baseline. Access Across America: Transit 2014 served as a starting framework for inter-city accessibility evaluation, and Access Across America: Transit 2015 expanded the scope and data availability to allow direct year-to-year comparisons, which began in Access Across America: 2016 ; this report adds 2017 transit accessibility data, and continues the process of monitor- ing and comparing how accessibility in these metropolitan areas evolves in response to transportation investments and land use decisions. 11 4 Metropolitan Area Data and Maps The following pages present summary accessibility data and maps for each of the 49 included metropoli- tan areas. Metropolitan areas are presented in alphabetical order. The maps show 30-minute accessi- bility values at the Census block level, averaged between 7:00 and 9:00 AM. On the data summary pages, two different chart scales are used to accommodate the wide range of accessibility values across metropolitan areas. All charts using the same scale are plotted in the same color. 12 Atlanta Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 32 Rank by Total Employment 8 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 33 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +2.76% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +8.34% Total Jobs 2,511,895 Average Job Density (per km2) 116 Total Workers 2,416,397 Average Worker Density (per km2) 112 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 327 1,936 7,152 18,963 40,575 72,599 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +18 -49 -51 +152 +1,847 +4,554 13 Atlanta Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Atlanta Streetcar March 25, 2016 – December 31, 2016 Atlantic Station Shuttle January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013 Buc Shuttle January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013 Cherokee Area Transportation System (CATS) January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013 Cliff Shuttles/Emory University January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013 CobbLinc September 30, 2016 – September 30, 2017 GRTA Xpress May 10, 2014 – June 10, 2015 Georgia Tech Trolley & Stinger Shuttles August 12, 2013 – May 3, 2014 Gwinnett County Transit June 12, 2014 – December 31, 2014 Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority December 10, 2016 – April 16, 2017 14 15 Austin Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX Rank by Weighted Accessibility 22 Rank by Total Employment 29 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 3 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +9.76% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.34% Total Jobs 956,883 Average Job Density (per km2) 88 Total Workers 917,901 Average Worker Density (per km2) 84 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 479 3,125 11,444 27,794 51,601 81,826 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +60 +339 +1,054 +2,456 +4,238 +6,191 16 Austin Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates CapMetro June 7, 2015 – August 22, 2015 17 18 Baltimore Baltimore-Towson, MD Rank by Weighted Accessibility 15 Rank by Total Employment 20 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 45 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -1.67% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -1.30% Total Jobs 1,309,980 Average Job Density (per km2) 194 Total Workers 1,291,995 Average Worker Density (per km2) 192 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 656 5,202 17,344 39,068 71,035 111,707 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +31 +99 -257 -1,115 -2,300 -3,340 19 Baltimore Baltimore-Towson, MD Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Annapolis Transit January 1, 2015 – December 31, 2015 BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Carroll Transit System January 1, 2016 – January 1, 2018 Charm City Circulator May 1, 2016 – December 30, 2018 Delmarva Community Transit August 1, 2014 – December 31, 2017 Harford Transit LINK October 1, 2015 – December 31, 2017 MTA Office of Local Transit Support August 28, 2016 – February 4, 2017 Maryland Transit Administration February 5, 2017 – September 2, 2017 Queen Anne’s County Ride March 8, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Rabbit Transit November 30, 2016 – December 1, 2017 Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland June 1, 2016 – March 1, 2018 WMATA February 22, 2017 – August 20, 2017 20 21 Birmingham Birmingham-Hoover, AL Rank by Weighted Accessibility 49 Rank by Total Employment 50 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 37 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.86% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +5.13% Total Jobs 508,196 Average Job Density (per km2) 37 Total Workers 476,681 Average Worker Density (per km2) 35 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 195 914 2,713 6,097 11,236 17,858 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +10 +23 +35 +65 +162 +314 22 Birmingham Birmingham-Hoover, AL Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Birmingham Jefferson County Transit Authority February 1, 2017 – December 31, 2018 23 24 Boston Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Rank by Weighted Accessibility 5 Rank by Total Employment 10 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 42 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.01% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +0.87% Total Jobs 2,597,474 Average Job Density (per km2) 288 Total Workers 2,401,512 Average Worker Density (per km2) 266 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,569 12,461 44,014 102,793 185,162 275,182 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +60 +285 +438 +301 +763 +2,582 25 Boston Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Bloom Bus January 2, 2015 – January 2, 2016 Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park May 7, 2016 – October 10, 2016 Brockton Area Transit Authority April 21, 2014 – January 8, 2020 Cape Ann Transportation January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority (CCRTA) September 6, 2016 – June 23, 2017 DATTCO January 2, 2015 – January 2, 2016 Lexpress Lexington MA October 1, 2014 – June 30, 2016 Lowell Regional Transit Authority January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 MBTA January 23, 2017 – March 24, 2017 Massport January 23, 2017 – March 24, 2017 Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 MetroWest Regional Transit Authority September 24, 2013 – September 23, 2020 Montachusett Regional Transit Authority January 1, 2015 – May 31, 2018 Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway Co. June 28, 2014 – June 28, 2015 The Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority January 1, 2016 – January 1, 2017 26 27 Buffalo Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY Rank by Weighted Accessibility 24 Rank by Total Employment 48 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 43 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -0.03% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -2 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.46% Total Jobs 547,851 Average Job Density (per km2) 135 Total Workers 529,252 Average Worker Density (per km2) 131 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 459 3,348 11,101 25,397 46,002 70,219 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +5 +46 +75 -5 -306 -930 28 Buffalo Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates NFTA - Metro November 26, 2016 – March 4, 2017 29 30 Charlotte Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC Rank by Weighted Accessibility 34 Rank by Total Employment 35 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 2 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +10.81% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +2 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +23.02% Total Jobs 971,585 Average Job Density (per km2) 122 Total Workers 877,360 Average Worker Density (per km2) 110 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 412 2,342 7,682 18,417 34,868 55,578 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +55 +291 +854 +1,727 +2,919 +4,277 31 Charlotte Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Charlotte Area Transit System September 8, 2016 – February 5, 2017 32 33 Chicago Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Rank by Weighted Accessibility 3 Rank by Total Employment 3 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 32 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.00% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +5.67% Total Jobs 4,480,793 Average Job Density (per km2) 240 Total Workers 4,389,339 Average Worker Density (per km2) 235 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,765 15,515 53,831 124,251 224,898 342,635 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +123 +802 +2,050 +2,364 +4,136 +6,549 34 Chicago Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Chicago Transit Authority January 17, 2017 – March 31, 2017 Metra January 1, 2017 – September 3, 2017 PACE January 13, 2017 – March 24, 2017 35 36 Cincinnati Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Rank by Weighted Accessibility 39 Rank by Total Employment 26 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 10 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.78% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +18.78% Total Jobs 1,019,443 Average Job Density (per km2) 90 Total Workers 1,018,914 Average Worker Density (per km2) 90 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 365 2,157 7,080 16,385 30,562 48,793 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +32 +158 +577 +1,097 +1,536 +2,124 37 Cincinnati Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority December 4, 2016 – May 27, 2017 Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky October 27, 2016 – May 31, 2017 38 39 Cleveland Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Rank by Weighted Accessibility 29 Rank by Total Employment 28 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 35 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +2.33% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +0.71% Total Jobs 1,016,398 Average Job Density (per km2) 196 Total Workers 955,181 Average Worker Density (per km2) 185 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 439 2,527 8,703 22,317 44,429 74,528 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +47 +141 +201 +224 +318 +1,057 40 Cleveland Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad January 21, 2017 – October 29, 2017 Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority September 11, 2016 – March 11, 2017 Laketran January 1, 2016 – December 1, 2018 41 42 Columbus Columbus, OH Rank by Weighted Accessibility 25 Rank by Total Employment 31 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 4 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +8.99% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +2 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +12.24% Total Jobs 987,881 Average Job Density (per km2) 96 Total Workers 911,367 Average Worker Density (per km2) 89 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 404 3,165 10,857 24,913 46,249 74,521 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +23 +299 +981 +1,978 +3,623 +5,883 43 Columbus Columbus, OH Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Central Ohio Transit Authority January 2, 2017 – September 3, 2017 44 45 Dallas Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Rank by Weighted Accessibility 20 Rank by Total Employment 4 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 19 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +5.41% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.16% Total Jobs 3,352,887 Average Job Density (per km2) 145 Total Workers 3,206,364 Average Worker Density (per km2) 139 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 472 3,132 10,699 27,006 56,150 100,304 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +30 +196 +611 +1,367 +2,609 +4,514 46 Dallas Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Dallas Area Rapid Transit October 24, 2016 – March 12, 2017 Fort Worth Transportation Authority May 22, 2016 – September 24, 2016 47 48 Denver Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Rank by Weighted Accessibility 10 Rank by Total Employment 18 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 12 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.64% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +12.12% Total Jobs 1,404,705 Average Job Density (per km2) 65 Total Workers 1,356,387 Average Worker Density (per km2) 63 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 820 6,136 20,665 50,416 102,821 180,478 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +49 +425 +1,260 +2,890 +6,232 +11,745 49 Denver Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Regional Transportation District January 15, 2017 – May 20, 2017 50 51 Detroit Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Rank by Weighted Accessibility 36 Rank by Total Employment 12 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 28 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.66% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +8.33% Total Jobs 1,881,505 Average Job Density (per km2) 187 Total Workers 1,869,538 Average Worker Density (per km2) 186 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 298 1,877 6,349 16,277 34,937 64,677 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +16 +78 +210 +523 +1,140 +2,309 52 Detroit Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority May 1, 2016 – January 28, 2017 Detroit Department of Transportation September 1, 2016 – January 27, 2017 SMART January 2, 2017 – April 2, 2017 53 54 Hartford Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT Rank by Weighted Accessibility 27 Rank by Total Employment 43 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 14 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.54% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +13.40% Total Jobs 637,363 Average Job Density (per km2) 162 Total Workers 593,012 Average Worker Density (per km2) 151 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 455 3,438 11,300 24,037 41,986 64,698 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +34 +269 +749 +1,444 +2,269 +3,128 55 Hartford Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates 9 Town Transit September 1, 2016 – September 1, 2017 CTTransit- Hartford December 4, 2016 – May 9, 2017 CTTransit- New Britain-Bristol July 12, 2015 – June 30, 2017 CTTransit- Waterbury June 27, 2016 – September 23, 2017 PVTA August 24, 2016 – September 4, 2017 Shore Line East November 5, 2016 – May 1, 2017 56 57 Houston Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Rank by Weighted Accessibility 17 Rank by Total Employment 5 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 22 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.63% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.18% Total Jobs 2,986,623 Average Job Density (per km2) 131 Total Workers 2,888,073 Average Worker Density (per km2) 126 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 474 3,637 13,639 33,725 66,836 114,960 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +29 +170 +586 +1,483 +2,929 +4,895 58 Houston Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County August 21, 2016 – February 11, 2017 59 60 Indianapolis Indianapolis-Carmel, IN Rank by Weighted Accessibility 35 Rank by Total Employment 34 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 17 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +5.87% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +2 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.97% Total Jobs 976,644 Average Job Density (per km2) 98 Total Workers 886,380 Average Worker Density (per km2) 89 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 332 2,278 7,491 17,349 32,467 52,705 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +28 +228 +597 +883 +1,030 +1,324 61 Indianapolis Indianapolis-Carmel, IN Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates IndyGo August 31, 2016 – February 11, 2017 62 63 Jacksonville Jacksonville, FL Rank by Weighted Accessibility 48 Rank by Total Employment 41 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 47 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -5.99% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -9.84% Total Jobs 635,773 Average Job Density (per km2) 77 Total Workers 626,060 Average Worker Density (per km2) 76 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 277 1,211 3,765 9,340 18,984 32,651 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +4 -61 -303 -739 -1,265 -2,104 64 Jacksonville Jacksonville, FL Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Jacksonville Transportation Authority December 5, 2016 – April 2, 2017 Sunshine Bus Company July 1, 2015 – July 1, 2017 65 66 Kansas City Kansas City, MO-KS Rank by Weighted Accessibility 40 Rank by Total Employment 25 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 1 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +17.36% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.09% Total Jobs 1,041,536 Average Job Density (per km2) 51 Total Workers 1,023,563 Average Worker Density (per km2) 50 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 351 2,094 6,864 15,944 29,505 47,330 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +41 +359 +1,264 +2,530 +3,895 +5,264 67 Kansas City Kansas City, MO-KS Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates KCATA January 3, 2017 – April 2, 2017 The JO January 1, 2013 – May 31, 2019 68 69 Las Vegas Las Vegas-Paradise, NV Rank by Weighted Accessibility 23 Rank by Total Employment 33 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 7 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.68% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +14.25% Total Jobs 911,758 Average Job Density (per km2) 45 Total Workers 897,183 Average Worker Density (per km2) 44 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 286 2,094 8,350 24,295 57,145 110,821 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +11 +117 +542 +1,720 +4,310 +8,700 70 Las Vegas Las Vegas-Paradise, NV Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada November 6, 2016 – December 30, 2017 71 72 Los Angeles Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 6 Rank by Total Employment 2 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 49 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -6.64% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -3.65% Total Jobs 6,021,504 Average Job Density (per km2) 480 Total Workers 5,636,421 Average Worker Density (per km2) 449 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,246 10,266 38,647 96,294 194,784 341,437 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -40,000 -20,000 0 20,000 40,000 +14 -227 -2,251 -7,767 -17,154 -30,675 73 Los Angeles Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Anaheim Resort Transportation October 2, 2016 – January 1, 2018 Big Blue Bus August 21, 2016 – June 10, 2017 Culver CityBus December 21, 2016 – May 14, 2017 Duarte Transit January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2018 Eastern Sierra Transit Authority January 2, 2015 – December 31, 2018 Foothill Transit October 30, 2016 – July 1, 2017 Glendale Beeline October 19, 2015 – November 1, 2016 Irvine Shuttle June 10, 2013 – December 31, 2015 Kern Transit February 29, 2016 – January 1, 2018 LADOT May 1, 2016 – December 25, 2017 Laguna Beach Transit January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Long Beach Transit June 19, 2016 – February 11, 2017 Metro - Los Angeles - Bus December 11, 2016 – June 24, 2017 Metro - Los Angeles - Rail January 25, 2017 – February 8, 2017 Metrolink Trains April 2, 2016 – December 31, 2017 OMNITRANS January 2, 2017 – September 3, 2017 Orange County Transportation Authority June 12, 2016 – June 10, 2017 Palos Verdes Peninsula Transit Authority January 2, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Riverside Transit Agency October 3, 2016 – May 13, 2017 Spirit Bus January 1, 2016 – January 1, 2018 Thousand Oaks Transit January 1, 2016 – January 1, 2018 Torrance Transit System January 8, 2017 – July 9, 2017 Ventura County Transportation Commission September 1, 2016 – January 1, 2018 74 75 Louisville Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN Rank by Weighted Accessibility 37 Rank by Total Employment 40 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 38 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.42% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -3 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.04% Total Jobs 645,913 Average Job Density (per km2) 61 Total Workers 627,630 Average Worker Density (per km2) 59 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 321 2,155 7,263 17,588 33,099 52,872 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +8 +46 +162 +214 +223 +435 76 Louisville Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Transit Authority of River City January 18, 2017 – June 3, 2017 77 78 Miami Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Rank by Weighted Accessibility 16 Rank by Total Employment 9 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 48 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -6.47% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -3.48% Total Jobs 2,471,380 Average Job Density (per km2) 188 Total Workers 2,412,346 Average Worker Density (per km2) 183 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 753 4,558 14,419 33,960 66,127 113,542 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +56 +89 -614 -3,213 -7,309 -13,201 79 Miami Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Broward County Transit January 15, 2017 – June 17, 2017 Miami-Dade Transit November 20, 2016 – September 16, 2017 Palm Tran January 8, 2017 – May 13, 2017 SFRTA/Tri-Rail April 20, 2012 – December 31, 2024 80 81 Milwaukee Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Rank by Weighted Accessibility 12 Rank by Total Employment 37 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 18 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +5.62% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +12.51% Total Jobs 845,543 Average Job Density (per km2) 224 Total Workers 771,322 Average Worker Density (per km2) 205 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 697 5,216 19,383 47,810 89,491 139,321 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +54 +389 +1,216 +2,342 +3,904 +5,855 82 Milwaukee Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Milwaukee County Transit System January 22, 2017 – March 26, 2017 Waukesha County Transit November 1, 2014 – June 8, 2016 83 84 Minneapolis Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Rank by Weighted Accessibility 13 Rank by Total Employment 14 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 9 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.01% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +5.26% Total Jobs 1,841,695 Average Job Density (per km2) 118 Total Workers 1,794,806 Average Worker Density (per km2) 115 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 558 4,455 18,029 46,801 90,650 146,905 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +55 +349 +1,332 +3,087 +5,401 +8,001 85 Minneapolis Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Airport (MAC) March 11, 2017 – June 16, 2017 MVTA November 7, 2016 – February 17, 2017 Maple Grove March 13, 2017 – June 16, 2017 Metro August 1, 2016 – November 18, 2016 Metro Bus November 24, 2016 – January 14, 2017 Metro Transit March 11, 2017 – June 16, 2017 Plymouth March 13, 2017 – June 16, 2017 Prior Lake January 12, 2015 – March 6, 2015 Scott County January 12, 2015 – March 6, 2015 SouthWest Transit March 13, 2017 – June 16, 2017 St. Cloud Link March 11, 2017 – June 16, 2017 University of Minnesota March 11, 2017 – June 16, 2017 86 87 Nashville Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Rank by Weighted Accessibility 43 Rank by Total Employment 36 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 25 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.74% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +8.25% Total Jobs 867,546 Average Job Density (per km2) 59 Total Workers 801,589 Average Worker Density (per km2) 54 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 283 1,595 5,380 12,248 21,929 34,390 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 -19 +65 +200 +448 +938 +1,783 88 Nashville Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Nashville Metropolitan Transit Authority September 25, 2016 – September 30, 2017 89 90 New Orleans New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 30 Rank by Total Employment 49 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 11 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.76% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +13.36% Total Jobs 540,982 Average Job Density (per km2) 71 Total Workers 513,830 Average Worker Density (per km2) 67 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 592 3,413 10,429 21,972 35,117 48,220 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +33 +198 +774 +1,643 +2,091 +2,212 91 New Orleans New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates New Orleans RTA January 1, 2017 – May 27, 2017 92 93 New York New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 1 Rank by Total Employment 1 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 36 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.91% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.62% Total Jobs 8,848,900 Average Job Density (per km2) 511 Total Workers 8,654,470 Average Worker Density (per km2) 500 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 6,132 62,161 213,407 471,409 840,599 1,287,186 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -40,000 -20,000 0 20,000 40,000 +107 +1,033 +3,037 +5,666 +17,650 +38,273 94 New York New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates CTTransit- Stamford December 4, 2016 – March 25, 2017 JFK Airtrain July 21, 2015 – July 9, 2016 Long Island Rail Road November 14, 2016 – May 21, 2017 MTA Bus Company January 8, 2017 – April 8, 2017 MTA New York City Transit November 6, 2016 – December 31, 2017 MTA New York City Transit - Bronx January 7, 2017 – April 1, 2017 MTA New York City Transit - Brooklyn January 7, 2017 – April 1, 2017 MTA New York City Transit - Manhattan January 7, 2017 – April 1, 2017 MTA New York City Transit - Queens January 7, 2017 – April 1, 2017 MTA New York City Transit - Staten Island January 8, 2017 – April 1, 2017 Metro-North Railroad October 12, 2016 – April 1, 2017 NJ TRANSIT BUS December 28, 2016 – June 25, 2017 NJ TRANSIT RAIL December 20, 2016 – June 17, 2017 NY Waterway November 10, 2015 – April 3, 2016 Nassau Inter-County Express January 15, 2017 – April 8, 2017 New York City Department of Transportation April 30, 2014 – December 31, 2021 Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation January 1, 2017 – January 1, 2018 Port Authority of NY and NJ February 8, 2017 – January 1, 2018 Seastreak June 15, 2015 – July 20, 2017 Shore Line East November 5, 2016 – May 1, 2017 Suffolk County Transit January 1, 2015 – December 31, 2017 Sussex County Skylands Ride April 1, 2012 – January 2, 2019 Westchester County Bee-Line System June 20, 2016 – March 19, 2017 95 96 Oklahoma City Oklahoma City, OK Rank by Weighted Accessibility 44 Rank by Total Employment 47 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 27 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.69% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +2.36% Total Jobs 609,953 Average Job Density (per km2) 43 Total Workers 574,561 Average Worker Density (per km2) 40 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 262 1,587 4,936 11,529 21,693 35,139 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +10 +50 +182 +417 +776 +1,252 97 Oklahoma City Oklahoma City, OK Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Embark July 31, 2016 – July 30, 2017 98 99 Orlando Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL Rank by Weighted Accessibility 41 Rank by Total Employment 24 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 6 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.88% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +19.57% Total Jobs 1,157,075 Average Job Density (per km2) 128 Total Workers 1,050,065 Average Worker Density (per km2) 117 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 331 1,811 5,596 13,357 27,105 48,584 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +53 +239 +494 +851 +1,314 +1,887 100 Orlando Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Central Florida Regional Transit Authority January 10, 2017 – April 29, 2017 Florida Department of Transportation December 21, 2015 – December 31, 2017 Polk County Transit Services July 3, 2015 – December 31, 2015 Winter Haven Area Transit July 3, 2015 – December 31, 2015 101 102 Philadelphia Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Rank by Weighted Accessibility 7 Rank by Total Employment 6 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 15 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.14% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.83% Total Jobs 2,774,614 Average Job Density (per km2) 233 Total Workers 2,793,982 Average Worker Density (per km2) 234 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,337 11,406 38,185 80,695 138,076 205,692 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +210 +1,136 +2,367 +3,969 +5,129 +5,973 103 Philadelphia Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Cecil Transit September 1, 2015 – September 19, 2017 Dart First State December 11, 2016 – May 21, 2017 Harford Transit LINK October 1, 2015 – December 31, 2017 MTA Office of Local Transit Support August 28, 2016 – February 4, 2017 Maryland Transit Administration February 5, 2017 – September 2, 2017 NJ TRANSIT BUS December 28, 2016 – June 25, 2017 NJ TRANSIT RAIL December 20, 2016 – June 17, 2017 Port Authority Transit Corporation July 2, 2015 – November 29, 2016 SEPTA-bus September 4, 2016 – February 25, 2017 SEPTA-rail December 11, 2016 – January 28, 2017 104 105 Phoenix Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ Rank by Weighted Accessibility 19 Rank by Total Employment 13 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 8 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.31% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +2 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +15.37% Total Jobs 1,913,898 Average Job Density (per km2) 51 Total Workers 1,865,829 Average Worker Density (per km2) 49 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 325 2,611 10,290 28,260 60,739 109,972 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +19 +159 +660 +1,899 +4,326 +7,934 106 Phoenix Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Valley Metro September 20, 2016 – April 23, 2017 107 108 Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 21 Rank by Total Employment 22 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 39 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.25% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -4.05% Total Jobs 1,122,707 Average Job Density (per km2) 82 Total Workers 1,100,915 Average Worker Density (per km2) 80 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 514 3,133 12,317 28,734 50,509 76,673 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +13 +42 +164 +384 +549 +633 109 Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Port Authority of Allegheny County November 20, 2016 – March 18, 2017 110 111 Portland Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 11 Rank by Total Employment 23 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 16 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.01% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +9.00% Total Jobs 1,115,646 Average Job Density (per km2) 64 Total Workers 1,093,778 Average Worker Density (per km2) 63 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 819 5,785 20,666 50,787 96,831 156,682 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +58 +426 +1,334 +2,937 +4,870 +6,800 112 Portland Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Blue Star Bus January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 C-TRAN December 30, 2016 – September 30, 2017 CCC Xpress January 9, 2017 – June 14, 2017 Canby Area Transit January 1, 2014 – January 1, 2018 Caravan Airport Transportation January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Cascades POINT January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2017 Central Oregon Breeze January 1, 2014 – June 1, 2018 Cherriots March 4, 2012 – July 1, 2023 City2City Shuttle January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Columbia Area Transit January 1, 2012 – January 1, 2018 Columbia County Rider January 1, 2012 – January 1, 2017 Columbia Gorge Express May 27, 2016 – September 25, 2016 NorthWest POINT October 24, 2016 – January 1, 2018 Portland Aerial Tram September 4, 2016 – March 4, 2017 Portland Streetcar September 12, 2016 – March 4, 2017 Ride Connection January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Sandy Area Metro December 1, 2016 – December 1, 2018 Skamania County Public Transit (Gorge WET Bus) January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 South Clackamas Transportation District November 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 South Metro Area Regional Transit January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Sunset Empire Transportation District July 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Swan Island TMA January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Tillamook County Transportation District January 1, 2012 – January 1, 2018 TriMet January 15, 2017 – June 3, 2017 Valley Retriever January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Washington Park Shuttle May 1, 2016 – October 31, 2017 Yamhill County Transit Area January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 113 114 Providence Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 31 Rank by Total Employment 38 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 40 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.10% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +11.87% Total Jobs 682,358 Average Job Density (per km2) 166 Total Workers 757,913 Average Worker Density (per km2) 184 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 535 3,205 9,751 20,457 35,071 53,339 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +10 +56 +117 +155 +254 +444 115 Providence Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Block Island Ferry December 19, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Bloom Bus January 2, 2015 – January 2, 2016 Brockton Area Transit Authority April 21, 2014 – January 8, 2020 Cuttyhunk Ferry Co. October 17, 2016 – April 13, 2018 DATTCO January 2, 2015 – January 2, 2016 MBTA January 23, 2017 – March 24, 2017 MetroWest Regional Transit Authority September 24, 2013 – September 23, 2020 Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway Co. June 28, 2014 – June 28, 2015 Rhode Island Public Transit Authority December 24, 2016 – June 16, 2017 Seastreak June 15, 2015 – July 20, 2017 Southeastern Regional Transit Authority January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 The Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority January 1, 2016 – January 1, 2017 Vineyard Fast Ferry May 27, 2016 – October 10, 2016 116 117 Raleigh Raleigh-Cary, NC Rank by Weighted Accessibility 47 Rank by Total Employment 44 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 23 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.49% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.41% Total Jobs 645,722 Average Job Density (per km2) 118 Total Workers 583,916 Average Worker Density (per km2) 106 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 244 1,347 4,371 10,631 21,036 36,321 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +29 +39 +189 +378 +906 +1,471 118 Raleigh Raleigh-Cary, NC Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates GoCary January 1, 2015 – December 31, 2018 GoDurham January 1, 2014 – January 1, 2018 GoRaleigh December 25, 2016 – December 31, 2018 GoTriangle January 1, 2014 – December 31, 2018 NCSU Wolfline January 9, 2017 – September 6, 2017 119 120 Richmond Richmond, VA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 42 Rank by Total Employment 42 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 24 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.37% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -0.10% Total Jobs 639,299 Average Job Density (per km2) 43 Total Workers 617,617 Average Worker Density (per km2) 42 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 349 2,201 6,719 13,934 22,782 33,016 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +15 +93 +305 +608 +939 +1,164 121 Richmond Richmond, VA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates GRTC Transit System May 14, 2017 – August 19, 2017 122 123 Riverside Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 45 Rank by Total Employment 16 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 21 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.78% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +11.69% Total Jobs 1,335,442 Average Job Density (per km2) 19 Total Workers 1,635,100 Average Worker Density (per km2) 23 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 203 1,371 4,732 11,519 22,827 39,302 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +5 +45 +226 +520 +1,107 +2,037 124 Riverside Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Beaumont Transit System January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Corona Cruiser January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Foothill Transit October 30, 2016 – July 1, 2017 Metrolink Trains April 2, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Mountain Transit January 1, 2014 – January 1, 2018 OMNITRANS January 2, 2017 – September 3, 2017 Orange County Transportation Authority June 12, 2016 – June 10, 2017 Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Riverside Transit Agency October 3, 2016 – May 13, 2017 Sunline Transit Agency September 4, 2016 – March 4, 2017 Victor Valley Transit Authority January 1, 2016 – January 1, 2018 125 126 Sacramento Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville, CA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 28 Rank by Total Employment 30 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 44 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -0.69% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -2 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -0.47% Total Jobs 903,212 Average Job Density (per km2) 68 Total Workers 915,759 Average Worker Density (per km2) 69 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 478 2,969 9,430 22,005 43,074 72,932 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 -12 -60 -89 -155 -224 +340 127 Sacramento Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville, CA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Amador Transit January 1, 2012 – January 1, 2018 BlueGo September 5, 2015 – January 1, 2017 Capitol Corridor August 22, 2016 – May 29, 2017 El Dorado Transit January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Fairfield and Suisun Transit January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Mountain Line January 1, 2014 – January 1, 2017 Nevada County Gold Country Stage July 5, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Night Rider (Airport Minibus) July 1, 2015 – September 6, 2015 Rio Vista Delta Breeze February 1, 2017 – December 31, 2018 Roseville Transit August 8, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Sacramento Regional Transit January 1, 2017 – June 17, 2017 San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD) August 7, 2016 – January 28, 2017 Tahoe Area Regional Transit December 3, 2015 – March 27, 2016 Tahoe Truckee Area Regional Transit March 14, 2016 – March 1, 2017 Unitrans (Davis) January 8, 2017 – June 10, 2017 Verde Lynx January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2017 Yolo County Transportation District September 27, 2016 – February 1, 2017 Yuba-Sutter Transit January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 128 129 Salt Lake City Salt Lake City, UT Rank by Weighted Accessibility 14 Rank by Total Employment 46 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 34 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +2.62% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank +1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.13% Total Jobs 682,296 Average Job Density (per km2) 28 Total Workers 576,320 Average Worker Density (per km2) 23 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 499 3,877 14,721 38,625 81,033 144,560 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +29 +146 +386 +526 +1,846 +4,042 130 Salt Lake City Salt Lake City, UT Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Elevated Transit November 20, 2014 – January 1, 2018 Utah Transit Authority December 18, 2016 – August 12, 2017 131 132 San Antonio San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Rank by Weighted Accessibility 26 Rank by Total Employment 27 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 29 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.40% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank -1 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -0.68% Total Jobs 949,296 Average Job Density (per km2) 50 Total Workers 986,091 Average Worker Density (per km2) 52 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 328 2,326 9,306 24,329 49,566 86,468 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +15 +39 +251 +778 +1,655 +3,573 133 San Antonio San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates VIA Metropolitan Transit January 9, 2017 – August 27, 2017 134 135 San Diego San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 18 Rank by Total Employment 17 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 26 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.72% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +2.92% Total Jobs 1,338,649 Average Job Density (per km2) 123 Total Workers 1,363,986 Average Worker Density (per km2) 125 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 655 3,727 12,109 30,587 63,522 113,058 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +10 +60 +346 +1,090 +2,833 +5,334 136 San Diego San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates MTS September 4, 2016 – June 10, 2017 Metrolink Trains April 2, 2016 – December 31, 2017 North County Transit District October 2, 2016 – April 2, 2017 Riverside Transit Agency October 3, 2016 – May 13, 2017 San Diego International Airport September 12, 2016 – January 28, 2017 137 138 San Francisco San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 2 Rank by Total Employment 11 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 5 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +8.72% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +13.54% Total Jobs 2,312,021 Average Job Density (per km2) 361 Total Workers 2,164,298 Average Worker Density (per km2) 338 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,773 25,965 81,215 169,525 283,096 415,289 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -40,000 -20,000 0 20,000 40,000 +282 +2,731 +7,643 +12,722 +17,686 +24,418 139 San Francisco San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates AC Transit December 17, 2016 – March 18, 2017 ACE Altamont Corridor Express March 11, 2013 – May 19, 2019 Bay Area Rapid Transit March 28, 2016 – January 1, 2018 Bear Transit - UC Berkeley Shuttle January 7, 2015 – January 31, 2018 Caltrain October 5, 2014 – October 5, 2024 Capitol Corridor August 22, 2016 – May 29, 2017 County Connection November 20, 2016 – June 10, 2017 Fairfield and Suisun Transit January 1, 2013 – January 1, 2018 Golden Gate Transit December 11, 2016 – March 11, 2017 Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority August 30, 2016 – March 1, 2017 Marin Transit December 11, 2016 – June 11, 2017 Modesto Area Express January 1, 2014 – July 1, 2018 Rio Vista Delta Breeze February 1, 2017 – December 31, 2018 SamTrans January 22, 2017 – June 10, 2017 San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency August 13, 2016 – February 24, 2017 San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD) August 7, 2016 – January 28, 2017 SolTrans December 1, 2014 – December 31, 2018 Sonoma County Transit January 4, 2016 – January 1, 2018 Stanford Marguerite Shuttle December 20, 2016 – March 31, 2017 VTA April 11, 2016 – July 3, 2016 WestCat (Western Contra Costa) June 1, 2016 – June 9, 2017 Wheels Bus January 23, 2016 – December 1, 2016 140 141 San Jose San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 9 Rank by Total Employment 32 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 13 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +6.57% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +12.38% Total Jobs 1,022,079 Average Job Density (per km2) 147 Total Workers 909,053 Average Worker Density (per km2) 131 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 654 5,173 19,254 51,597 111,469 203,107 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +28 +341 +1,313 +3,224 +6,687 +11,955 142 San Jose San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates AC Transit December 17, 2016 – March 18, 2017 ACE Altamont Corridor Express March 11, 2013 – May 19, 2019 Caltrain October 5, 2014 – October 5, 2024 Capitol Corridor August 22, 2016 – May 29, 2017 MVgo Mountain View May 1, 2016 – January 1, 2018 SamTrans January 22, 2017 – June 10, 2017 San Benito County Express January 1, 2014 – January 1, 2018 San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD) August 7, 2016 – January 28, 2017 Santa Cruz Metro November 22, 2016 – March 8, 2017 Stanford Marguerite Shuttle December 20, 2016 – March 31, 2017 VTA April 11, 2016 – July 3, 2016 143 144 Seattle Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Rank by Weighted Accessibility 8 Rank by Total Employment 15 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 46 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility -3.18% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +7.27% Total Jobs 1,817,683 Average Job Density (per km2) 120 Total Workers 1,709,920 Average Worker Density (per km2) 112 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,478 9,530 29,003 65,316 117,114 185,318 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +67 +340 +15 -2,879 -8,872 -16,128 145 Seattle Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates City of Seattle September 1, 2016 – March 10, 2017 Community Transit November 7, 2016 – March 10, 2017 Everett Transit January 10, 2017 – March 18, 2017 Intercity Transit December 14, 2016 – December 14, 2021 Island Transit August 20, 2014 – May 31, 2015 Kingcounty Marine Divison November 29, 2016 – June 16, 2017 Kitsap Transit July 1, 2016 – August 30, 2017 Metro Transit September 22, 2016 – March 10, 2017 Pierce Transit September 11, 2016 – March 11, 2017 Seattle Children’s Hospital Shuttle March 20, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Sound Transit September 10, 2016 – September 23, 2017 Washington State Ferries November 3, 2016 – April 1, 2017 146 147 St. Louis St. Louis, MO-IL Rank by Weighted Accessibility 33 Rank by Total Employment 19 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 30 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.33% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.13% Total Jobs 1,327,533 Average Job Density (per km2) 59 Total Workers 1,310,349 Average Worker Density (per km2) 59 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 358 2,102 7,268 18,833 37,894 64,119 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +11 +57 +239 +658 +1,261 +2,003 148 St. Louis St. Louis, MO-IL Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates JeffCo Express May 1, 2015 – January 1, 2018 Metro St. Louis November 28, 2016 – June 11, 2017 149 150 Tampa Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Rank by Weighted Accessibility 38 Rank by Total Employment 21 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 41 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +1.07% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +2.50% Total Jobs 1,254,396 Average Job Density (per km2) 193 Total Workers 1,227,356 Average Worker Density (per km2) 189 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 343 2,078 6,891 16,252 31,310 52,728 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +22 +85 +107 -3 -126 -12 151 Tampa Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Hillsborough Area Regional Transit December 4, 2016 – July 15, 2017 Manatee County Area Transit November 12, 2016 – April 15, 2018 PSTA June 5, 2016 – February 4, 2017 Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority October 9, 2016 – June 3, 2017 The Hernando Express January 1, 2015 – January 1, 2017 152 153 Virginia Beach Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Rank by Weighted Accessibility 46 Rank by Total Employment 39 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 31 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +3.13% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +4.62% Total Jobs 706,028 Average Job Density (per km2) 104 Total Workers 707,752 Average Worker Density (per km2) 104 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 284 1,492 4,649 10,542 19,919 33,168 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +6 +46 +142 +326 +632 +1,025 154 Virginia Beach Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) October 1, 2016 – April 30, 2017 WATA November 17, 2016 – June 17, 2017 155 156 Washington Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Rank by Weighted Accessibility 4 Rank by Total Employment 7 Rank by 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility 20 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +5.21% 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility Rank 0 2-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility +8.50% Total Jobs 2,939,000 Average Job Density (per km2) 203 Total Workers 2,776,148 Average Worker Density (per km2) 191 Job and worker totals are based on LEHD estimates and may not match other sources. Job Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,324 12,775 50,551 120,916 226,810 357,510 1-Year Change in Weighted Accessibility by Travel Time Threshold 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 +39 +634 +2,571 +5,765 +10,718 +19,357 157 Washington Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Transit Schedules Included Agency Dates Alexandria Transit Company (DASH) November 27, 2016 – February 25, 2017 Arlington Transit January 3, 2017 – December 31, 2018 Calvert County Public Transportation August 1, 2014 – December 31, 2017 Charles County VanGo January 1, 2014 – December 31, 2017 DC Circulator February 22, 2017 – August 20, 2017 Fairfax Connector August 10, 2016 – September 1, 2017 MTA Office of Local Transit Support August 28, 2016 – February 4, 2017 Maryland Transit Administration February 5, 2017 – September 2, 2017 Montgomery County MD Ride On January 8, 2017 – September 16, 2017 Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission February 23, 2017 – July 2, 2017 Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland June 1, 2016 – March 1, 2018 St. Mary’s Transit System August 1, 2014 – December 31, 2017 The Bus of Prince George’s County September 25, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Virginia Railway Express March 6, 2017 – June 14, 2017 WMATA February 22, 2017 – August 20, 2017 158 159 References Geurs, K. and Van Eck, J. 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