Research Reports

Persistent link for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11299/241

The Center for Transportation Studies' research reports present the results of University of Minnesota projects in all areas of transportation research.

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An Experimental and Feasibility Study of Teleoperated Autonomous Vehicles
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2025-05) Zhang, Zhi-Li; Rajamani, Rajesh
Remote driving, or teleoperating autonomous vehicles (AVs), is a key application that emerging 5G networks aim to support. In this report, we conduct a systematic feasibility study of AV teleoperations over commercial 5G networks from both cross-layer and end-to-end perspectives. Given the critical importance of the timely delivery of sensor data, such as camera and LIDAR data, for AV teleoperations, our focus is on the performance of uplink sensor data delivery. We evaluate the effectiveness of data compression and adaptive bitrate (ABR) adaptation mechanisms - commonly used in today's real-time video streaming applications - in reducing end-to-end latency. We also quantify the impact of latency on video perceptual quality. Additionally, we analyze the impacts of low-layer 5G radio network factors, including channel conditions, radio resource allocation, and handovers, on end-to-end latency performance. Furthermore, we explore the potential benefits of additional end-system mechanisms, such as selective frame dropping and leveraging multiple 5G operators, in improving tail latency performance. Finally, we investigate the challenges posed by multiple AVs competing for radio resources. Our study reveals the limitations of existing sensor data streaming mechanisms and the challenges posed by 5G networks. The insights obtained will help guide the co-design of future-generation wireless networks, end/edge cloud systems, and applications to overcome the low-latency barriers in AV teleoperations.
School start times impact on students walking or biking to school: Safe routes to school
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2025-04) Levin, Michael W.; Nie, Jaoting; Grzesiak, Jacob
Some school districts schedule elementary schools with early start times for various reasons. Such start times sometimes necessitate travel before sunrise during winter months. Intuitively, this could potentially conflict with a desire for increased use of active transportation, e.g. from the Safe Routes To School program, to reduce motor vehicle travel and associated traffic congestion from driving students to school. Since prior literature has identified that parents are concerned about child safety around traffic, it is possible that travel before sunrise (where visibility is reduced) would also be a concern to parents and further discourage active transportation. To answer this question, we conducted a stated preference survey of parents about their child's travel choices, asking parents to rank the importance of various factors including travel before sunrise. Due to concerns about whether stated parental preferences would align with actual behavior, we also conducted a revealed preference survey using StreetLight data on travel to elementary schools. Survey distribution and data collection occurred in February in Minnesota, during a period of late sunrise. Overall, the results from all data analyses are aligned. Early school start times were associated with slightly higher use of active transportation in both stated and revealed travel patterns. Parents ranked travel before sunrise only as a moderate concern behind distance, infrastructure, crossing busy roads, and child's age. We did not find data to conclude that travel before sunrise significantly limits use of active transportation.
Inventory Design for Mobile Food Markets Considering Customer Purchasing Behavior
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2025-03) Wang, Zijian; Cooper, William L.; Zhang, Yiling
Food insecurity remains a pressing challenge in the United States, driven in part by limited access to affordable and nutritious food. Mobile markets - vehicles that sell healthy food directly to underserved communities - offer a promising solution. However, many mobile markets face operational and financial challenges due to complex interactions between inventory decisions, customer purchasing behavior, and logistical constraints. In this project, we propose a bilevel optimization framework to design inventory strategies for mobile markets operating multiple stops on a single trip. The upper-level (leader) problem models the operator's inventory decisions under vehicle capacity constraints, aiming to maximize the total utility of all customers. The lower-level (follower) problem models individual customer purchasing behaviors, which depend on available inventory and budget constraints at the time of their visit. Our model captures the interdependencies between customers, as purchases made at earlier stops affect product availability for later customers. We provide an exact reformulation and develop a heuristic solution method to address computational complexity. Theoretical performance bounds for the heuristic are established. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of our proposed approach and provide insights into how mobile markets can improve customer satisfaction and operational outcomes through strategic inventory planning. This work lays the foundation for future studies that will incorporate additional operational decisions, such as pricing, routing, and the inclusion of stochastic customer behavior, to further support the financial and social sustainability of mobile market programs.
Value of Dedicated Right-of-Way: Transit Service Reliability and User Impacts
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2025-02) Song, Ying; Zeng, Xiaohuan; Khani, Alireza; Sok, Sahas
Transit services connect people to jobs and opportunities, fostering vibrant communities and multimodal travel along service corridors. A transit right-of-way (ROW) can help buses bypass congestion and stay on schedule. Many studies have proved that transit ROWs effectively improve service reliability and reduce user costs. However, these studies often focus on one or two service corridors, limiting comprehensive impact assessment. This project addresses this gap by investigating service reliability for all route segments across a transit system. We derived reliability metrics at the route segment level using high-resolution automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger count (APC) data collected in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. We then collected and integrated data from various sources via spatial-temporal computing to capture service characteristics, operating environments, traffic conditions, and land-use features along route segments. We applied the Gradient Boosting Model (GBM) to examine nonlinear relationships between these factors and bus travel time reliability. Lastly, we used the trained model to estimate potential improvements in reliability with dedicated ROWs. Through these steps, we worked with members of the Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) to illustrate our methodology and demonstrate its utility for transit agencies. Specifically, the results proved that the ratio of bus lanes and busways was associated with more reliable travel time along route segments. We also found that route segments along a few service corridors with unreliable services can greatly benefit from implementing a dedicated ROW.
Assessment of Travel-Time Reliability and Operational Resilience of Metro Freeway Corridors
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-12) Kwon, Eil; Kazi, Farhanuddin; Seok, Taehyun
This study estimated and analyzed the travel-time reliability (TTR) and traffic-flow measures of effectiveness (MOE) for 74 directional corridors in the metro freeway network in Twin Cities, Minnesota, from January 2018 to December 2023, for both morning and afternoon peak periods. The network-wide trends for both TTR and MOE indicate that the traffic flows in the Twin Cities freeway network have not reached the pre-pandemic level as of December 2023. The TTR and MOE estimation results were applied to identify a set of the most vulnerable routes in the current network. Further, the preliminary resilience model, developed in the previous phase, was enhanced and applied to determine the operational resilience of 74 directional corridors in the network and a set of the low-resilient routes were identified. The effects of the route-wide geometric configuration on TTR, MOE and operational resilience on individual corridors were also analyzed. The results from this research could provide the basis for geometric and operational improvements of the metro freeway corridors.
Access Across America: Walk 2023
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2025-05-08) Owen, Andrew; Liu, Shirley Shiqin; Jain, Saumya; Lind, Eric M.
Accessibility is the ease of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured for a wide array of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to define accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by walking or rolling for each of the United States' 11 million census blocks and analyzes these data in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Travel times by walking or rolling are calculated using detailed pathway networks and low-speed streets. Rankings are determined by a weighted average of job accessibility; a higher weight is given to closer jobs, as jobs closer to origins are more easily reached, and are thus more valuable, than those further away. Jobs reachable within ten minutes are weighted most heavily, and jobs are given decreasing weights as travel time increases up to 60 minutes. This report presents detailed accessibility values for each metropolitan area, as well as block-level maps which illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. Additionally, access to jobs by travel time is separately analyzed according to the income grouping of resident workers who experience that access. Year-over-year changes in accessibility are likewise provided for each area. Given the typically slow change in pedestrian network infrastructure, there are not great changes in walk or roll access. What change does exist is likely a reflection of the land use (job destinations) changing in walkable areas, for better or worse.
Access Across America: Transit 2023
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2025-05-08) Owen, Andrew; Liu, Shirley Shiqin; Jain, Saumya; Lind, Eric M.
Accessibility is the ease of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured for a wide array of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to define accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by public transit for each of the United States' 11 million census blocks and analyzes these data in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Travel times by transit include the pedestrian travel times from each block origin to the first transit stop, and from the last transit stop to the job destination(s). Travel times are calculated using detailed pedestrian networks and full transit schedules for the 7:00 – 9:00 a.m. period, then access is calculated from the 15% fastest travel times, corresponding with a regularly occurring but fast transit trip. This report presents detailed accessibility values for each metropolitan area, as well as block-level maps which illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. Year-over-year changes in transit accessibility are provided for each area. The 2023 reporting year reflects the ongoing modification of transit service levels after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impacts to transit agencies of workforce and budget limitations. Most urban areas saw year over year declines in transit access for the average resident, reflecting impacts of altered transit service in response to these challenges.
Access Across America: Biking 2023
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2025-05-08) Owen, Andrew; Liu, Shirley Shiqin; Jain, Saumya; Lind, Eric M.
Accessibility is the ease of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured for a wide array of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to define accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by cycling (biking) for each of the United States' 11 million census blocks and analyzes these data in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Travel times by biking are calculated using detailed roadway networks classified by their Level of Traffic Stress (LTS), which correspond to whether riders would use those roadways for travel by bike. Rankings are determined by a weighted average of job accessibility; a higher weight is given to closer jobs, as jobs closer to origins are more easily reached, and are thus more valuable, than those further away. Jobs reachable within ten minutes are weighted most heavily, and jobs are given decreasing weights as travel time increases up to 60 minutes. This report presents detailed accessibility values for each metropolitan area, as well as block-level maps which illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. Year-over-year changes in accessibility by bike are provided for each area. The 2023 reporting year reflects the changes in bike infrastructure some cities have made, in part responding to changing travel behavior after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Access Across America: Auto 2023
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2025-05-08) Owen, Andrew; Liu, Shirley Shiqin; Jain, Saumya; Lind, Eric M.
Accessibility is the ease of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured for a wide array of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to define accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by auto for each of the 11 million U.S. census blocks and analyzes these data in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas for 2023. Travel times are calculated using a detailed road network and speed data that reflect typical conditions for an 8 a.m. Wednesday morning departure. Additionally, the accessibility results for 8 a.m. are compared with accessibility results for 2 a.m. to estimate the impact of road and highway congestion on job accessibility. Rankings are determined by a weighted average of accessibility, with a higher weight given to closer, easier-to-access jobs. Jobs reachable within 10 minutes are weighted most heavily, and jobs are given decreasing weights as travel time increases up to 60 minutes. This report presents detailed accessibility values for each metropolitan area, as well as block-level maps which illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. Year-over-year changes in accessibility, and in congestion impacts on accessibility, are provided for each area. The 2023 reporting year reflects the evolution in local travel behavior after the subsidence of the COVID-19 pandemic, including return of congestion in many areas resulting in more limited access by auto.
Development and demonstration of a novel Red Light Running Warning System using connected V2I technology
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-12) Levin, Michael W.; Sun, Zongxuan; He, Suiyi; Zamanpour, Maziar; Guo, Jianshe
Running red traffic signals is a major cause of traffic collisions and resulting injuries and fatalities. Despite extensive prior work on systems to reduce red light violations, they continue to be a major problem in practice, partly because existing systems suffer from the flaw of providing the same guidance to all drivers. As a result, some violations are avoided, but other drivers ignore or respond inappropriately to red light running systems, resulting in safety issues overall. We present a novel method of providing accurate warnings to individual drivers to avoid the broad guidance approach of most existing systems. Recognizing if a driver will run red lights is highly dependent on signal phase and timing, traffic conditions along the road, and individual driver behavior, the proposed warning system contains three parts: a traffic prediction algorithm, an individual warning signal optimizer, and a driver warning display. The traffic prediction algorithm predicts future traffic states along the road towards the signalized intersections using the latest traffic conditions obtained through vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicleto-infrastructure communications. Then, an optimization problem is formulated to compute the optimal warning signal based on predicted traffic states and driver reaction model. Finally, the optimal warning signal is shown on the display screen to advise driver on how much braking is needed to avoid running the red light. The results of both simulated driving scenarios and real-world road tests show that the proposed system provides more effective and accurate warning signals to drivers, helping them avoid running red lights.
Re-Use Of Minnesota Waste Material In Sustainably Designed Soils—Part 2
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-09) Saftner, David; Cai, Meijun; Aro, Matt; Amoateng, Godbless
Minerals, forestry, agriculture, and industrial activities in Minnesota generate substantial by-products and waste. Strategies to reuse or recycle these can reduce landfill waste, enhance public health, conserve resources, and cut costs and emissions. Building on the frameworks by Johnson et al. (2017), Saftner et al. (2019), and Saftner et al. (2022), this project extended its scope across Minnesota to include materials like dredge sediment from Mississippi River, RCA (recycled concrete aggregate) and VersaLime. Researchers identified, selected, and characterized various waste, by-products, and commercial materials statewide, as well as tested engineered soil mixes for roadway applications, assessing their stormwater retention and support for native plants. Laboratory methods characterized these mixes, which were implemented and evaluated in situ. A preliminary environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) was also conducted quantifying the environmental impacts of the engineered soil mixtures. Results were compiled into a design guide for the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) engineers.
Transfer Behavior and Off-Peak Commutes
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2024-10) Baek, Kwangho; Khani, Alireza
To improve transit service for off-peak travelers, an essential yet often underrepresented group, and promote social equity, this study examines off-peak transit commutes and transfers, with a focus on the transitway system in the Twin Cities. The research contrasts off-peak and peak travel behaviors using an onboard survey (OBS) from 2016 and automatic fare collection (AFC) data from 2018 to 2023. The initial analysis involved clustering trips from OBS into 16 regional zones and creating origin-destination matrices to explore spatial travel patterns. Key findings include longer peak-time trips (8.51 miles) compared to off-peak trips (5.74 miles) and a higher concentration of non-work trips during off-peak times. The study also reveals that off-peak trips are more dispersed geographically. In the second phase, path choice sets were generated for each respondent from OBS, and logistic regression models were used to analyze preferences for transitway versus bus-only routes. The results indicated a strong preference for transitways, with 60% of passengers opting for them over buses when travel times were equal. Finally, AFC data was integrated with OBS using machine learning techniques to examine long-term trends, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Post-pandemic data show an increase in off-peak commutes and transit trips with transfers despite an overall decline in transfers. This study provides insights into evolving transit usage behaviors and highlights the importance of the transitway system in facilitating efficient travel.
Shared Transportation Goals Workshops
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2024-08) Center for Transportation Studies
This report summarizes four Shared Transportation Goals Workshops held by the Center for Transportation Studies in April through June 2024. These included the Equity Workshop, the Climate Change and Natural Systems Workshop, the Our Region is Dynamic and Resilient Workshop and the Our Communities are Healthy and Safe Workshop. Participants were representatives of the University of Minnesota and local, regional, and state transportation professionals. Metropolitan Council's Transportation Policy Plan 2050 (TPP) was used as the scaffolding for the discussion.
Toward implementation of max-pressure control on Minnesota roads: Phase 2
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-10) Stern, Raphael; Levin, Michael W.; Kiani, Amirhossein
Max-pressure (MP) traffic signal control is a new and innovative control algorithm that uses upstream and downstream vehicle counts to determine signal timing that maximizes throughput. While this method has been extensively tested in simulation, it has not yet been tested on actual traffic signals in the US. To close this gap, this report presents the results of the development of a hardware-in-the-loop traffic signal testbed where microsimulation is used to simulate realistic traffic conditions, and the MP algorithm is used to control the signal display using a traffic controller (Q-Free MaxTime controller). The hardware-in-the-loop results demonstrate that MP can be safely deployed on North American traffic signal control hardware.
Development of a smart phone app to warn the driver of unintentional lane departure using GPS technology
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-10) Hayee, M. I.; Tasnim, N. Z.
Unintentional lane departure is a significant safety risk. Currently, available commercial lane departure warning systems use vision-based or GPS technology with lane-level resolution. These techniques have their own performance limitations in poor weather conditions. We have previously developed a lane departure detection (LDD) algorithm using standard GPS technology. Our algorithm acquires the trajectory of a moving vehicle in real-time from a standard GPS receiver and compares it with a road reference heading (RRH) to detect any potential lane departure. The necessary RRH is obtained from one or more past trajectories using our RRH generation algorithm. This approach has a significant limitation due to its dependency on past trajectories. To overcome this limitation, we have integrated Google routes in addition to past trajectories to extract the RRH of any given road. This advancement has been incorporated into a newly developed smartphone app, which now combines our previously developed LDD algorithm with the enhanced RRH generation algorithm. The app effectively detects lane departures and provides real-time audible warnings to drivers. Additionally, we have designed the app's database structure and completed the programming of the necessary algorithms. To evaluate the performance of the newly developed smartphone app, we perform many field tests on a freeway. Our field test results show that our smartphone app can accurately detect all lane departures on long straight sections of the freeway irrespective of whether the RRH is generated from a Google route or past trajectory.
Grand Rapids GoMARTI Self-Driving Shuttle Pilot Program
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-07) Douma, Frank; Weiner, Evelyn
In fall 2022, a first-of-its-kind connected and automated vehicle (CAV) pilot program called goMARTI (Minnesota's Autonomous Rural Transit Initiative) was launched as a collaborative effort between numerous partners. The 18-month pilot offers free, on-demand rides to area residents and visitors using five autonomous shuttle vans (including three wheelchair-accessible vans) at 70 drop-off and pick-up points within a 17-square-mile area. In this project, researchers documented lessons learned from the pilot, which included exploring the recent history of institutional and community engagement efforts regarding transportation in Itasca County and Grand Rapids, as well as the innovations and collaborations that took place to make the pilot's implementation possible.
Stormwater BMP Inspection and Maintenance Resource Guide
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-06) Erickson, Andrew J.; Gulliver, John S.; Weiss, Peter T.
Stormwater treatment practices, often referred to as stormwater best management practices (BMPs), require a substantial commitment to maintenance, including regular inspections and assessments. Existing regulations require governmental units to develop a systematic approach for ongoing inspection and maintenance to ensure that they are achieving their desired treatment goals. A lack of maintenance will lead to a decrease in BMP performance and will often result in expensive rehabilitation or rebuild. In 2009, SRF Consulting produced a maintenance guide for the Local Road Research Board (LRRB) (Marti, et al. 2009). In 2023, the LRRB commissioned the University of Minnesota St. Anthony Falls Laboratory to update this guide to reflect new best practices. The Stormwater BMP Inspection and Maintenance Resource Guide (the Guide) is a supplement to the Minnesota Stormwater Manual (MPCA 2023) and will help the reader plan for recommended long-term maintenance activities through guidance on visual inspection, testing, and monitoring methods for identifying what maintenance is needed, and when it is needed. The Guide describes inspection and maintenance for constructed stormwater ponds (both dry and wet) and wetlands, underground sedimentation practices, infiltration practices, filtration practices, bioretention practices, permeable pavements, and stormwater harvesting. In addition, the Guide includes a section on Meeting Stormwater Management Objectives, which provides information on achieving reductions for sediment, phosphorus, nitrogen, metals, chloride, pathogens, and organic chemicals. The Guide also includes Field Inspections Resources, which contains inspection checklists and maintenance activity recommendations for all of the practices listed above.
Toward the development of pavement-specific structural synthetic fibers
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-06) Barman, Manik; Sabu, Rohith; Sharma, Pranav; Janson, Austin
Thin fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) pavements and overlays can be economical for low- and moderate-traffic volume roads. Due to insufficient concrete cover thickness, thin concrete pavements or overlays cannot accommodate dowel bars that are typically used in conventional thick concrete pavements. The critical distress for such applications is the transverse joint faulting because of the lack of joint load transfer between the concrete slabs. The currently available synthetic structural fibers can contribute to joint performance to a certain extent. However, as pavements experience significant slab contraction and expansion and carry both wheel and environmental loads, there is a need to design and develop fibers that will provide high joint performance and help mitigate transverse joint faulting when used at an affordable dosage. The overall goal of this study is to develop pavement-specific fibers that will yield the needed joint performance benefits to achieve the intended design life. The study is being conducted in two phases. This report is written for Phase 1 of the study. The study started with a literature review, followed by a finite element analysis, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data analysis, and laboratory testing of fiber reinforced concrete and individual fibers embedded in concrete. The finite element results and FWD data were amalgamated to quantify the possible joint load transfer of the base layer and foundation, aggregate interlocking, and the needed contribution from the structural fibers. A procedure was established to account for the contribution of the fibers. A new parameter, namely, modulus of fiber support, was introduced to evaluate the stiffness of the fibers that participate in joint load transfer. Notably, a laboratory approach is identified to determine the modulus of fiber support, which can help determine the optimum fiber dosages as well as design and test the pavement-specific fibers in the future phase of the study.
Mobile-device data, non-motorized traffic monitoring, and estimation of annual average daily bicyclist and pedestrian flows
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-06) Barman, Simanta; Levin, Michael W.; Lindsey, Greg; Petesch, Michael; Scotty, Suzy; Stern, Raphael
People who walk and bike are the most vulnerable road users. However, understanding where they walk and bike requires continual data monitoring. Traditional methods rely on physical sensors in the infrastructure to detect the presence of pedestrians and bicyclists. However, these are expensive to deploy and only detect road users at the specific locations they are deployed. Instead, this study develops methods to use mobile phone based GPS data to estimate the number of bicyclists and pedestrians, and applies this methodology to the Twin Cities Metro area in Minnesota. The developed methodology is able to estimate average pedestrian and bicyclist volumes with relatively high accuracy.
Access Across America: Walk 2022
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2024-09) Owen, Andrew; Liu, Shirley Shiqin; Jain, Saumya; Lind, Eric
Accessibility is the ease and feasibility of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured for a wide array of transportation modes, to different types of destinations, and at different times of day. There are a variety of ways to define accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by walking or rolling for each of the United States' 11 million census blocks and analyzes these data in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Travel times by walking or rolling are calculated using detailed pathway networks and low-speed streets. Rankings are determined by a weighted average of job accessibility; a higher weight is given to closer jobs, as jobs closer to origins are more easily reached, and are thus more valuable, than those further away. Jobs reachable within ten minutes are weighted most heavily, and jobs are given decreasing weights as travel time increases up to 60 minutes. This report presents detailed accessibility values for each metropolitan area, as well as block-level maps which illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. Additionally, access to jobs by travel time is separately analyzed according to the income grouping of resident workers who experience that access. Because this is the first national pedestrian accessibility report since 2014, year-over-year changes in accessibility are not provided for each area. Future annual evaluations will include the changes over time.

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