Dr. Ralph Holzenthal
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Item Phylogeny of Trichoptera.(2003) Kjer, Karl M.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.; Blahnik, Roger J.Item Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Costa Rica: the genus Oxyethira Eaton(New York Entomological Society, 1992) Holzenthal, Ralph W.; Harris, Steven C.Nine new species of Oxyethira (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) are described from Costa Rica: 0. apinolada, 0 . cuernuda, 0. culebra, 0. espinada, 0. hilosa, 0. rareza, 0 . sencilla, 0. sierruca, and 0. tica. Males of each new species are described and figured. In addition, distribution records are presented for eight previously described species occurring in Costa Rica: 0. arizona Ross, 0. azteca (Mosely), 0. costaricensis Kelley, 0. glasa (Ross), O.janella Denning, 0 . parazteca Kelley, 0. parce (Edwards and Arnold), and 0. simulatrix Flint. A key is provided to males of the Costa Rican species.Item New species and records of Costa Rican Polycentropus (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae)(New York Entomological Society, 1988) Holzenthal, Ralph W.; Hamilton, Steven W.Five new species of Pofycentropus (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from Costa Rica are described and illustrated: P. fasthi, P. fortispinus, P. nebulosus, P. volcanus, and P. zurqui. In addition, P. digitus Yamamoto, P. fortunus Flint, and P. mayanus Flint are recorded from Costa Rica for the first time. Also, P. acanthogaster Flint, P. altmani Yamamoto, P.costaricensis Flint, P. dentoides Yamamoto, P. lingulatus Flint, and P. spicatus Yamamoto occur or are likely to occur in the country.Item Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Costa Rica and the Neotropics: Systematics of the genus Byrsopteryx Flint (Stactobiini)(New York Entomological Society, 1994) Harris, Steven C.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The systematics of the genus Byrsopteryx are reviewed. Two previously described species, B. miri.fica Flint from Venezuela, the type species of the genus, and B. septempunctata (Flint) from Dominica are redescribed and illustrated. In addition, 11 new species are described and illustrated: B. chaconi, B. cuchilla, B. esparta, B. gomezi, B. solisi, B. tapanti, and B. tica from Costa Rica; B. loja an.d B. rayada from Ecuador; and B. abrelata and B. espinhosa from Brazil. Keys to species for males and females are presented. The genus is transferred from the Leucotrichiini to the Stactobiini. A species level phylogenetic analysis reveals that the Costa Rican species form a monophyletic group.Item Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Costa Rica: the genus Mayatrichia Mosely(New York Entomological Society, 1990) Harris, Steven C.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The genus Mayatrichia is represented in Costa Rica by three species, M. ayama Mosely, M. rualda Mosely, and M. illobia, new species. The new species, also known from Ecuador, is described and illustrated. Distribution records, maps, and a key are provided for known Costa Rican species of Mayatrichia.Item Two new genera of Hydroptilidae from the neotropics (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Stactobiini).(New York Entomological Society, 2002) Harris, Steven C.; Flint, Oliver S. JR; Holzenthal, Ralph W.Two new monotypic genera of stactobine microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae), Orinocotrichia, and Tizatetrichia, are described and illustrated from Venezuela and Costa Rica, respectively. Keys are provided for males and females of the New World generacomprising the tribe Stactobiini.Item Review of the Neotropical genus Flintiella (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Stactobiini)(New York Entomological Society, 2002) Harris, Steven C.; Flint, Oliver S. JR; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The Neotropical genus Flintiella is reviewed and eight new species are described and illustrated: F. alajuela from Costa Rica, F. boraceia from Brazil, F. panamensis from Panama, F. tamaulipasa from Mexico, F. yanamona from Peru, F. heredia from Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru, F. astilla from Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela, and F. pizotensis from Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. New illustrations are provided for F. andreae Angrisano. Keys are provided to separate the males and the associated females of the nine known species in the genus.Item Nomenclatural and systematic changes in the Neotropical caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)(Center for Systematic Entomology Inc., 1999) Flint, Oliver S. JR; Holzenthal, Ralph W.; Harris, Steven C.Recent work on a catalog of the Neotropical caddisflies has resulted in the recognition of the need to make numerous lectotype designations, new names for homonyms, specific and generic synonymies, transfers of species between genera and genera between families, and placement of many long ignored names of Muller and others. Rationales are presented for all actions, many of which had been known for years as the result of examination of types, but no opportunity had arisen to publish them, others became apparent as a result of the cataloging. This opportunity is taken to present all of those known to us to avoid having them hidden in a general catalog. They are presented alphabetically by family and then alphabetically by the name of the species or genus requiring action. Acronyms of museums and collections cited in the text aredetailed in the Acknowledgments.Item New Neotropical species of the genus Austrotinodes Schmid (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae)(Magnolia Press, 2010) Thomson, Robin E.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.Six new species of Austrotinodes Schmid (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae) from the Neotropics are described: A. abrachium (Brazil), A. belchioris (Brazil), A. boliviensis (Bolivia), A. cressae (Venezuela), A. longispinum (Brazil), and A. taquaralis (Brazil). Illustrations of male genitalia are provided. These additions bring the total world fauna of Austrotinodes to 55 species.Item Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness.(Magnolia Press, 2011) Holzenthal, Ralph W.; Morse, John C.; Kjer, KarlAn outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richnessItem Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies(Magnolia Press, 2007) Holzenthal, Ralph W.; Blahnik, Roger J.; Prather, Aysha L.; Kjer, Karl M.The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.Item The Trichoptera of Panama I. New records for caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Republic of Panama(Center for Systematic Entomology Inc., 2015) Armitage, Brian J.; Harris, Steven C.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The Republic of Panama currently has 245 recorded species of Trichoptera distributed among 13 families. Herein we add 32 new country records for Panama, including one new family (Limnephilidae) and one new genus (Limnephilus). We also provide the first collection information for Oxyethira maya Denning for Panama. These results are part of an ongoing effort to characterize the caddisfly fauna of Panama, and to evaluate that country’s major cuencas (water basins).Item A revision of the Neotropical caddisfly genus Rhyacopsyche, with the description of 13 new species (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae)(Magnolia Press, 2007) Wasmund, Anne M.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The Neotropical genus Rhyacopsyche Müller, 1879, was last reviewed in 1971 when 5 species were known. Since that time, the genus has gradually grown to 13 species: R. andina Flint, 1991 (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela), R. chichotla Bueno & Hamilton, 1986 (Mexico), R. duplicispina Flint, 1996 (Tobago), R. hagenii Müller, 1879b (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay), R. jimena Flint, 1991 (Colombia), R. matthiasi Flint, 1991 (Colombia), R. mexicana (Flint, 1967) (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua), R. mutisi Mey & Joost, 1990 (Colombia), R. obliqua Flint, 1971 (Mexico), R. peruviana Flint, 1975 (Ecuador, Peru), R. torulosa Flint, 1971 (Costa Rica, Guatemala), R. turrialbae Flint, 1971 (Costa Rica), and R. yatay Angrisano, 1989 (Argentina). Thirteen new species are described and illustrated: R. benwa (Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru), R. bulbosa (Brazil), R. colei (Venezuela), R. colombiana (Colombia), R. colubrinosa (Ecuador, Peru), R. dikrosa (Brazil), R. flinti (Venezuela), R. hasta (Peru), R. intraspira (Peru), R. otarosa (Venezuela), R. patulosa (Brazil), R. rhamphisa (Colombia, Costa Rica), and R. tanylobosa. (Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela). The distribution of Rhyacopsyche is widened to include Bolivia and Nicaragua. Detailed illustrations are presented for all species as well as diagnoses, descriptions, and a taxonomic key. A species level phylogenetic analysis using PAUP* 4.0b 10 was performed. A heuristic search was conducted based on 20 morphological characters of the male genitalia, with species of Ochrotrichia and Metrichia used as outgroups. A strict consensus of 23 equally parsimonious trees is presented. The analysis revealed 3 characters supporting the monophyly of Rhyacopsyche. The monophyly of 1 of the 2 previously established species groups, the turrialbae group, is supported.Item Revision and phylogeny of the caddisfly subfamily Protoptilinae (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) inferred from adult morphology and mitochondrial DNA(Magnolia Press, 2013) Robertson, Desiree R.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.Protoptilinae Ross, 1956, is the most diverse subfamily belonging to the saddle- or tortoise-case-making caddisfly family Glossosomatidae Wallengren, 1891. The subfamily has a disjunct distribution: 5 genera are known from the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions; the remaining 13 are restricted to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Monophyly of Protoptilinae and each of 17 genera was tested using 80 taxa, 99 morphological characters, and mitochondrial DNA (COI). Additionally, homologies of morphological characters were assessed across genera and a standardized terminology for those structures was established. Mitochondrial DNA data were unavailable for 55 of the 80 taxa included in this study. To test the effects of the missing molecular data, 5 different datasets were analyzed using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. There was incongruence between the COI and morphological data, but results suggest the inclusion of COI data in a combined analysis, although incomplete, improved the overall phylogenetic signal. Bayesian and parsimony analyses of all 5 datasets strongly supported the monophyly of Protoptilinae. Monophyly of the following genera was also supported: Canoptila Mosely, 1939; Culoptila Mosely, 1954; Itauara Müller, 1888; Mastigoptila Flint, 1967; Mortoniella Ulmer, 1906; Protoptila Banks, 1904; and Tolhuaca Schmid, 1964. Several taxonomic changes were necessary for classification to reflect phylogeny accurately. Accordingly, Matrioptila Ross, 1938; Poeciloptila Schmid, 1991; Temburongpsyche Malicky, 1992; and Nepaloptila Kimmins, 1964, are designated new junior synonyms of Padunia Martynov, 1910. Additionally, the endemic Caribbean genera Campsiophora Flint, 1964, and Cubanoptila Sykora, 1973, are designated new junior synonyms of Cariboptila Flint, 1964. Diagnoses and a key to the subfamilies of Glossosomatidae and world genera of Protoptilinae incorporating these taxonomic changes are provided.Item The Neotropical caddisfly genus Canoptila (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)(Magnolia Press, 2006) Robertson, Desiree R.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The caddisfly genus Canoptila Mosely (Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae), endemic to southeastern Brazil, is diagnosed and discussed in the context of other protoptiline genera, and a brief summary of its taxonomic history is provided. A new species, Canoptila williami, is described and illustrated, including a female, the first known for the genus. Additionally, the type species, Canoptila bifida Mosely, is redescribed and illustrated. There are three possible synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of Canoptila: 1) the presence of long spine-like posterolateral processes on tergum X; 2) the highly membranous digitate parameres on the endotheca; and 3) the unique combination of both forewing and hind wing venational characters.Item The Neotropical caddisfly genus Tolhuaca (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)(Magnolia Press, 2005) Robertson, Desiree R.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The caddisfly genus Tolhauca Schmid 1964 (Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) is diagnosed and discussed in the context of other protoptiline genera, and a review of its taxonomic history is provided. A new species, Tolhuaca brasiliensis, from southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated, and the type species, Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid 1964, from Chile, is redescribed and illustrated. Additionally, females of the genus are described and illustrated for the first time. Characters of the female genitalia, wing venation, and thorax suggest that Tolhuaca is more primitive than any other protoptiline genus and probably deserves a basal placement within the subfamily. The genus shows a broadly disjunct distribution perhaps reflecting an ancient southern Gondwana pattern.Item Revision of the Neotropical species of the caddisfly genus Wormaldia McLachlan (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)(Magnolia Press, 2015) Munoz-Quedada, Fernando J.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.Wormaldia McLachlan 1865 is the 2nd largest genus in the family Philopotamidae (Trichoptera) after Chimarra Stephens 1829 and is diverse and widely distributed, with ca. 175 extant species in all biogeographic regions except the Australasian. In this monograph, 14 previously described species are recognized for the Neotropical region: W. alicia Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, & Barba-Alvarez 2005 [Mexico]; W. arizonensis (Ling 1938) [Mexico, USA]; W. cornuta Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal1986 [Mexico]; W. dampfi Ross & King 1956 [Mexico, Nicaragua]; W. dorsata Ross & King 1956 [Mexico]; W. endonima Ross & King 1956 [Mexico]; W. esperonis Ross & King 1956 [Mexico]; W. insignis (Martynov 1912) [Peru]; W. luma Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal 1986 [Mexico]; W. matagalpa Flint 1995 [Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua]; W. palma Flint 1991 [Colombia]; W. planae Ross & King 1956 [southwestern USA, Mexico, Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America]; W. prolixa Flint 1991[Colombia]; and W. tarasca Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal 1986 [Mexico]. Also, 36 additional Neotropical species are newly diagnosed, described, and illustrated: W. andrea [Ecuador]; W. anhelitus [Central America]; W. araujoi [Ecuador]; W. aymara [Bolivia]; W. barbai [Mexico]; W. bolivari [Venezuela]; W. boteroi [Colombia]; W. buenorum [Mexico]; W. calderonae [Mexico]; W. chrismark [Panama]; W. contrerasi [Panama]; W. dachiardiorum [Colombia]; W. eberhardi [Panama]; W. flinti [Bolivia, Panama]; W. francovilla [Panama]; W. fredycarol [Costa Rica, Panama]; W. gallardoi [Costa Rica, Panama]; W. gonzalezae [Venezuela]; W. hedamafera [Costa Rica, Nicaragua]; W. imberti [Costa Rica]; W. inca [Peru]; W. isela [Mexico]; W. juarox [Costa Rica]; W. lauglo [Panama]; W. machadorum [Costa Rica, Panama]; W. maesi [Nicaragua]; W. menchuae [Guatemala]; W. monsonorum [Costa Rica]; W. navarroae [Mexico]; W. paprockevi [Costa Rica]; W. saboriorum [Panama]; W. tocajoma [Costa Rica]; W. trondi [Costa Rica, Panama]; W. tupacamara [Bolivia]; W. zunigae [Colombia]; and W. zunigarceorum [Costa Rica, Panama]. In addition, the species W. arcopa Denning 1966 from Panama is considered a junior subjective synonym of W. planae. Furthermore, new distribution records for the Neotropical region for several species are given. Diagnoses, redescriptions, and illustrations of the male genitalia of the other 14 described Neotropical species in the genus are also presented. Illustrations of the forewing and hind wing of 19 species are also given. A structural terminology for male tergum X is proposed. Finally, a key for identification of males of all Neotropical species is provided.Item Revision of the Nearctic species of the caddisfly genus Wormaldia McLachlan (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)(Magnolia Press, 2008) Munoz-Quedada, Fernando J.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.The genus Wormaldia McLachlan 1865 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae: Philopotaminae) is one of eight Philopotamidae genera found in the New World. In the Nearctic Region five genera are reported: Chimarra, Dolophilodes, Fumonta, Sisko, and Wormaldia. This last genus is diverse and widely distributed from Canada to South America; for the Nearctic Region the following species are reported: W. anilla (Ross, 1941), Canada, USA; W. arizonensis (Ling, 1938), Mexico, USA; W. gabriella (Banks, 1930), Canada, USA; W. gesugta Schmid, 1968, USA; W. hamata Denning, 1951, USA; W. lacerna Denning, 1958, USA; W. laona Denning, 1989, USA; W. moesta (Banks, 1914), Canada, USA; W. mohri (Ross, 1948), USA; W. occidea (Ross, 1938), Canada, USA; W. oconee Morse, 1989, USA; W. pachita Denning, 1956, USA; W. planae Ross and King, 1956, USA, W. shawnee (Ross, 1938), USA; W. strota (Ross, 1938), USA; and W. thyria Denning, 1950, USA. Diagnoses, redescriptions, and illustrations of the forewing, the hind wing, and the male genitalia of the 16 species are provided. New state distribution records are given for W. anilla, W. gabriella, W. occidea, W. planae, and W. shawnee. Two undescribed Nearctic species are diagnosed, described, and illustrated: Wormaldia birneyi, new species, from USA (California) and W. clauseni, new species, from Canada (British Columbia). A key for identification of males of these 18 species of Wormaldia is provided, as well as maps of their Nearctic distributions.Item The snail-case caddisfly subgenus Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) in Costa Rica, with the description of 3 new species (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)(Magnolia Press, 2010) Johanson, Kjell A.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.Thirteen species of Helicopsyche, subgenus Feropsyche (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) are recorded from Costa Rica, including 3 new species: H. alajuela, n. sp., H. dorsocurvata, n. sp., and H. golfitoensis, n. sp., as well as 10 previously described species: H. borealis (Hagen), H. chiriquensis Johanson & Malm, H. dampfi Ross, H. incisa Ross, H. lewalleniDenning & Blickle, H. mexicana Banks, H. rentzi Denning & Blickle, H. selanderi Ross, H. truncata Ross, and H. vergelana Ross. The male genitalia of the new species are illustrated and distribution maps are provided for all species.Item Thirteen new species and new distribution records of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson from Venezuela (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)(Magnolia Press, 2004) Johanson, Kjell A.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.Thirteen new species of Helicopsyche subgenus Feropsyche are described and illustrated from Venezuela: H. auroa, new species, H. camuriensis, new species, H. circulata, new species, H. disjuncta, new species, H. laneblina, new species, H. lara, new species, H. linabena, new species, H. neblinensis, new species, H. perija, new species, H. succincta, new species, H. sucrensis, new species, H. tachira, new species, and H. venezuelensis, new species. In addition, new distribution records for Venezuela are reported for H. angulata Flint, H. breviterga Flint, H. extensa Ross, H. fistulata Flint, H. grenadensis Flint & Sykora, H. maculisternum Botosaneanu, H. merida Botosaneanu & Flint, H. monda Flint, H. selanderi Ross, H. vergelana Ross, and H. woytkowskii Ross. Finally, a key to males of the known species in the subgenus from Venezuela is included.