University of Minnesota Duluth
Persistent link for this communityhttps://hdl.handle.net/11299/183663
The Digital Conservancy is an online service and space that allows the Kathryn A. Martin Library to continue its mission to collect, preserve, and make information accessible to students, faculty, researchers, and community members in digital formats.
The repository accepts submissions from University affiliates for digital archiving and access. Learn more about depositing to the repository and other services to manage your data.
Browse
Browsing University of Minnesota Duluth by Type "Dataset"
Now showing 1 - 16 of 16
- Results Per Page
- Sort Options
Item The Babbitt Copper-Nickel Deposit: Part A: Digital Drill Hole Data Files for the Babbitt and Serpentine Copper-Nickel Deposits(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1994-09) Patelke, Richard LThe main objective of this investigation is to assist Arimetco International, Inc. in their evaluation of establishing a non-ferrous mine in northeastern Minnesota. This portion of the report presents data compilation work done on the Babbitt and Serpentine Cu-Ni deposits by the NRRI. The purpose was to put all available copper-nickel-sulfur assays, precious metal assays, RQD (Rock Quality Designation) information, and down hole drill hole survey data into a uniform digital format.Item The Babbitt Copper-Nickel Deposit: Part B: Structural Datums(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1994-09) Severson, Mark J; Patelke, Richard L; Hauck, Steven A; Zanko, Lawrence MThis portion of the investigation concentrated on determining specific structural and stratigraphic datums within the Babbitt Cu-Ni deposit of the Partridge River Intrusion, Duluth Complex, northeastern Minnesota. Structural datums and footwall lithologies were obtained by relogging the footwall portions of all surface drill holes (391) within the confines of the deposit. Specific lithologies recorded during relogging included depth to: 1) basal contact of the Duluth Complex with the footwall rocks; 2) distinctive units within the footwall Virginia Formation; and 3) top of the underlying Biwabik Iron-formation and the specific iron-formation submembers intersected in drill hole. In addition, 100 surface drill holes were relogged in detail and compared with 166 previously relogged drill holes. The top of Unit I, the main sulfide-bearing igneous unit of the Babbitt deposit, was determined for all 266 drill holes that were relogged. The top of the first significant sulfide-bearing zone (not always the top of Unit I) was also determined for the relogged drill holes. All these datum points are used to generate several contoured surface maps to gain a better understanding of the main structural features present within the Babbitt deposit. The contoured surface for the top of the Biwabik Iron-formation is an excellent means of displaying the major structural features, i.e., the Local Boy Anticline, Bathtub Syncline, and Grano Fault. These same features are evident in the contoured surface of the basal contact and indicate that pre-existing structures in the footwall were important to how the basal portion of the Duluth Complex was emplaced. Datum points within the upper portion of the Duluth Complex also suggest that these structures were reactivated throughout the emplacement history of the Duluth Complex (see discussion in Part C). Some of the structures were also important controls of Cu-Ni mineralization. A contoured surface of the bedrock ledge is also presented for the Babbitt deposit. Several structural features are outlined by the bedrock ledge. A crude subsurface geologic map is also portrayed for the bedrock ledge. In addition, an isopach map of glacial overburden thickness is included in this report.Item Campus Operations Data(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2023) University of Minnesota Duluth. Office of SustainabilityItem Characterization of the Kaolin Occurrences in Northern and Central Minnesota(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1998) Heine, John J; Patelke, Richard L; Oreskovich, Julie AKaolin mining and exploration in Minnesota has been concentrated in the Minnesota River Valley, in the south-central part of the state. Potential exists for kaolins in northern and central Minnesota. Using the resources of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Drill Core Repository, over 1,250 drill logs were reviewed for references to kaolin bearing materials. This process resulted in 170 drill holes that contained references to kaolin bearing materials. Examination of these drill holes resulted in the selection of 60 drill holes containing kaolinitic materials for detailed logging. Detailed logging resulted in the collection of 287 samples from 40 drill holes. All samples were run for particle size analysis, and 27 selected samples were run for geochemistry. Many regions in the study area show potential for kaolin clay exploration. All areas sampled have favorable geochemistry and particle size analyses for current industrial clay uses, which include brick manufacturing, ceramics, and portland cement production. The areas with the greatest potential are Cass, Crow Wing, Stearns, Chippewa, Lac Qui Parle, and Pope Counties. Other possible uses for these clays include, refractory materials, fillers and pigments for industrial and agricultural applications, and coating and fillers for the paper industry. Exploration for kaolin deposits may be hindered by the lack of outcrop and thick overburden in some of these areas. The use of geophysical techniques, coupled with the examination of other drill holes and water well log data, may aid in the location of areas of further interest for exploration companies.Item Geology of the Southern Portion of the Duluth Complex(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1995-12) Severson, Mark JThe Duluth Complex (Middle Proterozoic - 1,099 Ga) is a large intrusive body that contains numerous smaller intrusions that collectively comprise the Complex. Recent work has shown that igneous stratigraphic sections can be delineated within these intrusions through detailed relogging of drill core, e.g., for the Partridge River intrusion (Severson and Hauck, 1990; Severson, 1991) and the South Kawishiwi intrusion (Severson, 1994). This report pertains to the igneous geology of the South Complex area. More than 140 drill holes are located in the "South Complex" area. Most of these holes are relogged (112 holes, 88,000 feet of core) and are correlated into several troctolitic to gabbroic stratigraphic units for several specific areas in the South Complex that have abundant drill holes. While each individually drilled area exhibits good correlative units, these correlative units do not extend into an adjacent drilled area that is located only a few miles distant. This lack of large-scale continuity suggests: 1) the South Complex study area constitutes an area that actually includes several smaller intrusive bodies; 2) drilling is not detailed enough to delineate large-scale correlative units; 3) because most of the drill holes are located close to the basal contact, the effects of contamination to the magma, via assimilation of footwall rocks, hampers large-scale correlations; or 4) combinations of the above. Most of the holes within the South Complex were drilled during exploration for Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization. Only weak sulfide mineralization is present in these drill holes. However, many of the holes intersect small plug-like bodies of Oxide-bearing Ultramafic Intrusions (OUIs) that are intrusive into the troctolitic rocks of the Complex. The OUIs are characterized by coarsegrained to pegmatitic clinopyroxenite, picrite, peridotite, and dunite. Oxide content in the OUI varies from disseminated (15%-20%) to thick massive oxide zones. Ilmenite is the dominant oxide in some OUIs; whereas, titanomagnetite is dominant in others. In almost all instances, the OUIs are spatially arranged along linear trends, suggesting that structural control was important to their genesis. At some localities (northern end of the South Complex), an empirical link between ironformation assimilation near the basal contact and OUI formation is apparent. This relationship suggests that the OUIs were initially formed at depth followed by upward injection of OUI material along fault zones. However, other OUI (southern end of the South Complex) are situated within, or immediately below, layered oxide-rich gabbroic rocks, suggesting that the OUIs formed from a differentiated iron-rich melt that drained down into the cumulate pile along fault zones. These two different OUI groups (north and south) also show some corresponding differences in chemistry. The north OUIs are characterized by relatively higher chromium contents and the south OUIs have relatively higher vanadium contents. All of the OUIs contain titanium mineralization and some sulfide mineralization. A model of origin for the OUIs involving metasomatic replacement of preexisting igneous rock is not considered to be plausible. Also present within the South Complex area are fine-grained granular rocks that are hornfelsed inclusions of basalt and troctolitic-gabbroic-noritic rocks. One of these inclusions, referred to as the FN Unit, is only observed in drill holes in the southern half of the South Complex area. The unit exhibits vesicle-like features in drill core and has often been referred to as a hornfelsed basalt. However, several features argue against a basalt protolith for the FN Unit. These features include the presence of abundant footwall hornfels inclusions within the unit, common gradations into medium-grained intrusive rock, and a "rind-like" overall pattern of the unit at the basal contact at Water Hen. These characteristics suggest that the FN Unit represents an earlier pulse of magma (chilled?) into the footwall rocks that was later hornfelsed by subsequent intrusions of the Complex. The Bear Lake Inclusion, present in numerous outcrops and one drill hole, probably represents a large inclusion of magnetic basalt. The inclusion is a massive rock with no distinct volcanic features, but is similar to magnetic basalt inclusions described elsewhere in the Complex (Colvin Creek Inclusion, and "INCL" unit within the South Kawishiwi intrusion; Severson and Hauck, 1990; Severson, 1994; Patelke, 1996). The Bear Lake Inclusion is over 500 feet thick and dips gently to the southeast. It is located well into the interior of the Complex and is not related to the basal contact (as is the FN Unit). Geochemical plots are constructed for many of the igneous units of the South Complex area. These plots are not particularly instructive in discriminating between the units because many of the spider profiles are fairly similar, and in the X-Y plots only a few units cluster within distinct fields. However, some conclusions can still be drawn from these data. First, similarities in geochemistry indicate that some units of the nearby Partridge River intrusion are present as far south as Water Hen. Second, the FN Unit is chemically similar to both troctolitic to gabbroic rocks, even in the same drill hole. This relationship supports an earlier intrusive protolith rather than a basalt protolith. Third, the north and south OUI can be separated into two groups based on similarities in spider diagram profiles. However, the profiles for the north OUI show similar profiles that alternate with geographic location. The reason for this "leap frog" alternation in profiles is unknown at this time, but may be related to more than one OUI-forming event along a fault zone. Last, rocks of the Bear Lake Inclusion are chemically similar to rocks of the Colvin Creek inclusion (Severson & Hauck, 1990; Patelke, 1996) and the "INCL" unit of the South Kawishiwi intrusion (Severson, 1994); all of which have been inferred to be magnetic basalts. A sample of a semi-massive oxide horizon (0.8 ft. thick), associated with subhorizontal, ultramafic layers (picrite, peridotite, etc.) near the Water Hen area (drill hole SL-19A) has been found to contain anomalous PGE and chromium values (Pt = 737-786 ppb, Pd = 63-106 ppb, Cr = 46,000 ppm). This semi-massive oxide horizon is similar in many respects to PGE- and Cr-enriched semi-massive to massive oxide horizons located elsewhere within the Duluth Complex (Birch Lake and Fish Lake areas). The data suggest that the PGE in SL-19A are magmatic and have not been redistributed by hydrothermal fluids, as has been suggested for other areas within the Complex. Additional targets of vein-like PGE-enriched Cu-Ni ore are also present in the Skibo and Water Hen areas. These targets could potentially have formed via fractional crystallization of a sulfide melt in a vein-like setting.Item Geology, Mineralization, and Geostatistics of the Minnamax/Babbitt Cu-Ni Deposit (Local Boy Area), Minnesota: Part II: Mineralization and Geostatistics(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1991-06) Severson, Mark J; Barnes, Randal JThe Minnamax/Babbitt Cu-Ni deposit, located within the Partridge River Troctolite Series (PRTS) of the Duluth Complex, northeastern Minnesota, contains both troctolite-hosted disseminated ore and footwall-hosted massive sulfide ore. This report pertains to the massive sulfide ore zone, which is restricted to a small portion of the deposit, and is referred to as the Local Boy area. Studies conducted in the Local Boy area include: 1) detailed geologic relogging of drill core; 2) sulfide petrography and microprobe analysis; 3) assaying for Pt, Pd, Au, and Ag in the high-grade Cu ore zones; and 4) geostatistical analysis of the Cu-Ni ore (plus PGEs and precious metals). Detailed relogging of 76 underground drill holes, along with pertinent surface drill holes, has been completed within the Local Boy area (from drifts B, C, and D). The data indicates the highly undulatory nature of the basal contact of the Duluth Complex with the footwall Virginia Formation. Intrusive rocks of the Duluth Complex (Unit I of the PRTS) consist of augite troctolite, troctolite, and norite. All exhibit gradational contacts with each other, and all may occur at any stratigraphic position relative to the undulatory basal contact. However, norite is the most common rock type adjacent to sedimentary hornfels inclusions and at the basal contact due to contamination of the magma. The spatial configuration of the intrusive rocks indicates that Unit I was intruded as multiple pulses along bedding planes of the Virginia Formation. The Virginia Formation hosts the majority of the massive sulfide ores that are present within hornfels inclusions positioned above the basal contact, and within the footwall rocks at and below the basal contact. Massive sulfide ore is not as common within the intrusive rocks, and when present, is generally associated with, or in close proximity to, hornfels inclusions. Ore/host rock textures are extremely varied, but all are indicative of structural control in the footwall rocks. Overall, the massive sulfide ores are spatially distributed in a spotty manner in an east-west (EW) direction that corresponds to a major EW-trending anticline present within the footwall rocks. All these factors suggest that an immiscible sulfide melt was injected into structurally prepared footwall rocks along the anticlinal axis in a "vein-like" setting. At some later period, the footwall-hosted massive sulfide ore zone was re-intruded by multiple sills (which collectively make up a portion of Unit I) along bedding planes of the Virginia Formation. The end result is a disjointed zone of mineralized inclusions and mineralized footwall rocks separated by "barren" intrusive rocks. Sulfide textures indicate that the sulfides formed by cooling of a monosulfide solid solution (MSS) followed by limited replacement at very low temperatures. Minerals contained within the sulfide ore are dominantly pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, and pentlandite. Locally present are maucherite, sphalerite, bornite, talnakhite, mackinawite, and an unknown Cu-sulfide ("Cp"). Also present in minor amounts are native silver (primary and secondary), parkerite, chalcocite, covellite, godlevskite, violarite, magnetite, and zincian hercynite. Although no discrete PGE minerals were identified, analytical results of the high-grade (>1% Cu) massive sulfide ore confirms the presence of several anomalous PGE values. These spot values are mainly confined to an EW-trending zone that also roughly corresponds to the EW-trending anticline. Maximum values obtained within the Local Boy massive sulfide ores include: Pd = 11,100 ppb; Pt = 8,300 ppb; Au = 10,900 ppb; and Ag = 34 ppm. Native silver (primary) was found within several maucherite grains in this investigation, and PGE mineral inclusions have previously been found in maucherite (Ryan and Weiblen, 1984). Generally, the drill holes that contain the anomalous PGE values also contain the native silverbearing maucherite; whereas, homogeneous maucherite is more characteristic of drill holes with little to no anomalous PGE values. This suggests that PGEs were scavenged from the sulfide melt by early-formed maucherite, and thus the PGEs are related to a primary (magmatic) process. However, a hydrothermal origin for the PGEs is also indicated. Anomalous PGE values are commonly associated with Cl-drop encrusted massive sulfide drill core. The spatial distribution of the Cl-drop encrusted drill core also coincides with the EW-trending anticline. Presence of the Cldrops indicates that the rocks of the Local Boy area were invaded by Cl-bearing solutions that may have been capable of transporting and concentrating PGEs. Therefore, both primary/magmatic (sulfides injected into a "vein-like" setting) and later secondary/hydrothermal processes appear to have been factors in controlling PGE distribution in the Local Boy area. However, it is difficult to separate the primary and secondary processes. This is due to the coincidence of several features within the EW-trending zone, which include: 1) anticline in the footwall rocks; 2) overall massive sulfide spatial distribution; 3) spatial distribution of anomalous PGE values; and 4) spatial distribution of Cl-drop encrusted core. Reactivation of structures that controlled the initial "vein-like" massive sulfide distribution could have been responsible for channeling later hydrothermal solutions. Geostatistical analysis of the underground drill holes (Drifts B, C, and D), and pertinent surface drill holes, yields five main conclusions: 1) the top of the Biwabik Iron-formation (BIF) is a critical datum, with the higher grade Cu-material located between 100 and 400 feet above the BIF (mainly within the Virginia Formation near the basal contact); 2) inter-variable correlations between Cu and Ni are high, indicating that selective mining of Cu and Ni is physically possible; but, selection on ore grade Cu and Ni will not necessarily capture all the ore grade PGEs and other precious metals; 3) the available drilling gives a spacial range of geologic influence of about 150 feet; 4) potentially economic ore reserves do exist in the Local Boy area; and 5) the property is under-valued due to the inclusion of many "barren" (unassayed) intervals into the compositing process. A coarse block model, and in situ geologic reserves, are presented for the Local Boy area.Item Great Lakes Coastal Diatoms(2014-06-13) Reavie, Euan D; Brady, Valerie; akireta@nrri.umn.edu; Kireta, Amy R; Natural Resource Research Institute, University of Minnesota DuluthA Great Lakes Environmental Indicators (GLEI) project. Diatom community data were collected from periphytic substrates at approximately 0.5-3.0 m depths along two different land-use transects from more than 200 wetlands, bays, and high energy sites on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes coastline. Collections included four within-site replicates and approx. 10 percent re-sampling over a three year period. Additionally, approximately 25 offshore, open water samples were collected from surface sediment at depths up to 30 m. The data link with other GLEI datasets to provide water chemistry, site, and landscape information. This study represents the most extensive synoptic diatom dataset of the Great Lakes and includes both undescribed species and species that have not been previously identified in the Great Lakes. The major goal of this GLEI subproject was to develop diatom ecological indicators, and these indicators are presented in a number of publications. The diatom data in this database include the complete raw counts from all samples that were enumerated under the GLEI program, as well as corresponding (condensed) environmental data that were used to develop the indicators.Item Identification of Karst Features in the Portsdown Chalk Fm. from Aerial Photography, Dorset, UK(2020-01-14) Hammer, Morena N; Burley, Paul D; Mooers, Howard DCranborne Chase in south central England contains extensive archaeological evidence supporting a large Neolithic population from approximately 3600-3440 BC. Little to no data exists recording the environment that the Neolithic people were living in and how they influenced the landscape through cultivation and related impacts. Typical data archives that would be used for paleoenvironmental reconstruction, such as lakes or peat fens, do not exist in Cranborne Chase because of the well-drained karst landscape. However, during the summer of 2018 a significant drought enhanced the identification of karst features. These features were mapped with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and aerial photography to assist in the identification of potential paleoenvironmental and archeological archives.Item Mapping Industrial Clay Potential in the Minnesota River Valley(University of Minnesota Duluth, 1998-12) Zanko, Lawrence M; Oreskovich, Julie A; Heine, John J; Grant, James A; Hauck, Steven A; Setterholm, Dale RItem National Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (NUSEL): Geological Site Investigation for the Soudan Mine, Northeastern Minnesota(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2003) Peterson, Dean M; Patelke, Richard LItem Project Information Literacy: Findings Report, University of Minnesota Duluth(2024-04-03) Head, Alison J; Fister, Barbara; Geofrey, Steven; Hostetler, KirstenBeliefs and attitudes about climate change vary widely in our divided country, according to the latest polls. Yet few studies have explored how Americans encounter, engage with, and respond to climate change news and information and how these interactions inform their perceptions about the worldwide climate emergency. Between September 2023 and February 2024, two online surveys were deployed to a total sample of more than 6,000 U.S. respondents. One survey was completed by members of the public (N=4,503) and the other by college students enrolled at nine U.S. institutions (N=1,593). These data were used to examine how Americans’ information worlds — collective arrangements of information flows, personal belief systems, and community alliances — influence their understanding, beliefs, and attitudes about climate change and their willingness to take action. This report discusses seven key trends identified from a sample of students (N=478) completing the survey at the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) in February 2024.Item Salary Details for UMD(2015)Item Technical Reference for Minnesota's Industrial Mineral Wastes/By-Products(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2004-09) Oreskovich, Julie A; Zanko, Lawrence M; Patelke, Richard L; Heine, John JItem The Economic Impact of Sustainable Practice in the Airline Industry: A Comprehensive Analysis(2024-10-21) Kroeger, Caleb; Wilmot, NeilSustainability is our society's ability to exist and develop without depleting all of the natural resources needed to live in the future. The airline industry accounts for 12% of all CO2 emissions produced per year. There is limited research addressing how certain airline companies can implement sustainable airline practices under economically profitable conditions. We investigated the implementation of sustainable airline practices including the implementation of sustainable aviation fuels, electric ground power systems, and research towards the demographics of sustainable conscious customers. For the implementation of sustainable aviation fuels, a DCF model was created to project the ten year value of investing in said fuels. A cost benefit analysis was created to explore the potential profitability of implementing electric ground support equipment. Finally we conducted market research to determine the demographics of sustainable conscious consumers, and reviewed the sustainable practice participation of the ten largest airlines. We found that within five years sustainable aviation fuels cross the threshold into profitability and continue to increase by around 10 million dollars per year. Our cost benefit analysis showed an upfront implementation cost of 55 million dollars, with a decreasing cost in further years to under 10 million dollars per year. Market research showed that out of the 10 airliners, the largest contributors to sustainability were Delta Air Lines, FEDEX Freight, and SAS Airlines. Looking at the demographics of sustainable conscious consumers, our research found that the majority of consumers included females over the age of 40 years old with a household income of 40,000-60,000. These findings create an economic view on how airliners could potentially implement sustainable practices into their everyday functions. Further research is needed to determine how these practices will affect the short and long term functioning of airliners.