Browsing by Subject "response inhibition"
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Item The Effect of Go/No-Go Training Dosage on Weight Loss, Food Evaluation, and Disinhibition in Primarily Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial(2021) Jansen, Emily TResponse inhibition trainings have recently been studied as innovative approaches to obesity treatment by targeting the impulsive (unconscious) processes that underlie eating behaviors. Specifically, the go/no-go (GNG) task has resulted in reduced food consumption and small, but significant, weight loss in two brief intervention studies. In the current study, participants were randomized to one of three groups: high intensity food-specific GNG (four times per week for 4 weeks; n = 19), low intensity food-specific GNG (one time per week for 4 weeks; n = 22), or nonfood-specific GNG (i.e., control group, one time per week for 4 weeks; n = 23). Pre- and post-intervention measures assessed for changes in body weight, food evaluation, snack consumption, binge eating, and dietary disinhibition. It was hypothesized that those receiving the food-specific GNG training (high intensity and low intensity groups) would experience greater improvement in outcome measures than those in the nonfood GNG group and that a similar pattern would result between the high intensity and low intensity food-specific GNG groups. Moderators (e.g., dietary restraint, disinhibition) were explored, along with the mechanism of food devaluation. Results of repeated measures ANCOVA's (controlling for BMI and dieting status) for all outcome variables revealed there was no significant difference between groups across time. No studied variable was found to moderate the effects of the training, and the devaluation of foods did not mediate the relationship between GNG training and weight loss. Therefore, regardless of dosage, the GNG training did not have a meaningful effect on any of the outcomes assessed. Future research should focus on identifying the underlying mechanism of food-specific GNG training and its interaction with person specific characteristics.Item A Latent Variable Investigation of the Personality Correlates of Executive Functions Across Three Levels of the Big Five Hierarchy(2017-05) Rautu, AlexA latent variable approach was used to examine the relationship between executive functions (EFs) and personality traits spanning three levels of the Big Five hierarchy (DeYoung, 2015). Participants (N=217) completed online questionnaires of the Big Five, Effortful Control, and trait impulsivity, and, in a separate laboratory session, they also performed nine tasks that were used to assess latent variables of response inhibition, task switching, and working memory capacity. Specific predictions were made for two higher-order traits of the Big Five—Stability and Plasticity. Contrary to the first prediction, Stability was not related to better response inhibition, while support for the second prediction was mixed: Plasticity was significantly related to better task switching when assessed with only one of two Big Five questionnaires. Other significant associations with EFs were found for the Big Five dimensions and their aspects, and Effortful Control. The results and their implications are discussed.Item Longitudinal changes in Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Task performance and relationships with gray matter architecture in adolescent development(2023-08) Weiss, HannahThis dissertation explores the development of response inhibition in adolescence to better understand risk-taking behaviors and risk for psychopathology. The first aim is to evaluate the longitudinal developmental trajectory of motor response inhibition among healthy adolescents and young adults using two tasks. The second aim is to explore relationships between regional gray matter architecture with individual differences and development of response inhibition. Research in this area has predominantly relied upon cross-sectional studies, used only one response inhibition task, lacked exploration of non-linear models, and rarely explored structural brain correlates of response inhibition. To address these limitations, this dissertation incorporated a longitudinal cohort sequential design (baseline ages 11 – 24, N = 148, up to four timepoints two years apart) to assess performance on two response inhibition tasks. Analyses included nonlinear models, retest stability estimates, and examination of between- and within-subjects associations of response inhibition with gray matter architecture. In Study 1, response inhibition as measured by the Stop Signal and Go/No-Go tasks demonstrated an inverse age trajectory with steepest improvements in early adolescence followed by stabilization. Neither task demonstrated sex effects, and each had fair retest stability. Building upon Study 1, Study 2 found that gray matter architecture of the inferior frontal gyrus was related to response inhibition. Distinct associations among gray matter measures, response inhibition tasks, and specific subregions of the inferior frontal gyrus were found. Collectively, this work characterizes the normative pattern of development of response inhibition in adolescence and identifies early adolescence as a specific period of plasticity and potential vulnerability that may be associated with gray matter development in the inferior frontal gyrus. It suggests that motor response inhibition is not a likely candidate for explaining peaks in risk-taking that occur in later adolescence. This work provides evidence for similarities and differences between the Go/No-Go and Stop Signal tasks and demonstrates strengths and weaknesses of each that may guide future research.